民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带人工梭梭群落与水土因子的关系

作为绿洲可持续发展的重要生态屏障,人工梭梭群落的演替关系着民勤绿洲的生态安全。以民勤绿洲边缘人工梭梭群落为研究对象,在野外调查的基础上,采用双向指示种分类(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)数量生态学方法分析了人工梭梭群落与水土环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)TWINSPAN方法将人工梭梭群落划分为4个群丛类型:群丛I梭梭+白刺-沙蒿-盐生草(Haloxylon ammodendron+Nitraria tangutorum-Artemisia frigida-Halogeton glomeratus)、群丛Ⅱ梭梭+沙拐枣-沙米(Haloxylon ammodendron+Calligonum mongolicum-Agriophyllum squarrosum)、群丛Ⅲ梭梭+白刺-芦苇(Haloxylon ammodendron+Nitraria tangutorum-Phragmites australis)、群丛Ⅳ梭梭+柽柳+盐爪爪(Haloxylon ammodendron+Tamarix ramosissima+Kalidium foliatum);(2)CCA排序第1轴代表生境水分及有机质梯度的变化,第2轴代表生境土壤盐分的环境梯度。Monte Carlo检验和前项选择结果表明,人工梭梭群落演替的环境调控因子排序为土壤水分(10%)有机质(9.7%)pH(8.8%)速效磷(8.4%)土壤沙粒(7.8%)地下水埋深(7.8%)样方距离绿洲之间的距离(7.2%)全氮(6.9%)电导率(6.7%)。TWINSPAN分类结果在CCA样方-环境因子排序图中有较好的反映,分类和排序结果较为吻合。(3)土壤含水量、酸碱度、沙粒体积百分比、速效磷、有机质、全氮、电导率与空间因子样方与绿洲的距离解释了物种格局变化的19.8%,其中土壤因子占15.6%,地下水因子占1.1%,土壤与地下水因子交互作用解释部分占3.1%。对于50%以上未能被解释的变异部分,可能归咎于未被选取的环境因子如降水、风蚀沙埋、封禁或者随机过程。     

松嫩草甸3种主要植物群落土壤脲酶的初步研究

 松嫩草甸羊草（Leymus chinensis）群落、碱茅（Puccinellia tenuiflora）群落和虎尾草（Chloris virgata）群落土壤脲酶活性的季节动态呈单峰曲线变化,在土体中随土层的加深,其活性逐渐递减。各群落0～10 cm土层中的土壤脲酶活性与月平均降雨量呈幂函数关系,与土壤温度呈指数函数关系。土壤脲酶活性受多种土壤理化因子的共同影响,对于羊草群落,各因子的影响程度依次为：pH值>有机质>速效氮>C/N>容重>全氮>速效磷;碱茅群落为：有机质>C/N>全氮>容重>速效磷>速效氮>pH值;虎尾草群落为：全氮>有机质>速效氮>pH值>C/N>速效磷>容重。对该地区土壤肥力影响因子的主成分分析表明：有机质、全氮、速效氮、C/N和土壤容重对土壤肥力的贡献率占主导地位,土壤脲酶活性所占的比重较小,它不能完全反映土壤肥力状况。     

科尔沁沙地自然植被与生境因子的MRT分类及DCCA分析

在科尔沁阿古拉生态水文试验区沿着3条经线布设了19个50 m×50 m的自然植被样地,依据调查的12个生境因子及48种植物的重要值,选用多元回归树(MRT)和除趋势典范对应分析法(DCCA)对调查样地、主要科植物种、不同生活型植物种与生境因子的相应关系进行了探讨,并通过前向选择结合Monte Carlor检验,筛选出对植物群落分布格局产生显著影响的生境因子。结果表明:(1)采用MRT数量分类方法,将植被划分为4个群类型,与样地在DCCA二维排序图上的散布格局具有一致性,将4个群落分别命名为:狗尾草(Setaria viridis)+沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)-差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)群丛,大籽蒿(Artemisia sieversiana)+花苜蓿(Medicago ruthenica)+羊草(Leymus chinensis)群丛,叉分蓼(Polygonum divaricatum)-木岩黄芪(Hedysarum fruticosum)+小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)群丛,走茎灯心草(Juncus amplifolius)+芦苇(Phragmites australis)群丛。(2)DCCA排序结果表明,菊科植物和禾本科植物在研究区的4个群落中均有分布,而豆科植物多出现在固定程度较好的沙丘群落中,随着沙丘固定程度的提高,植物种生活型演变过程为:一年生→一年生+多年生→一年生+多年生+灌木、半灌木→一年生+多年生;(3)对群落产生显著影响的生境因子主要有土壤电导率、黏粒含量、有机质含量和毛管上升含水率4个变量,DCCA排序图明显反映出排序轴的生态意义,第1轴从左到右突出反映了沙丘群落和草甸群落间断分布,主要梯度影响因子是土壤电导率和黏粒含量,第2轴反映了土壤有机质含量和毛管上升含水率对不同固定程度状态下沙丘群落的分布起决定性作用。     

半干旱沙地封育草场的植被变化及其与土壤因子间的关系

封育措施是一种主要的草场恢复和重建的措施。通过对半干旱沙地完全封育、季节封育和未封育地的比较分析,量化了不同封育措施下植被变化及其与土壤因子的关系。对3种封育措施群落组成和生物多样性的多响应置换过程(M RPP)分析结果表明,封育改变了群落的组成成分并增加了生物多样性,群落的指示种分析及样方相似性指数计算结果则显示,完全封育(>10a)的群落逐渐向旱生化发展,各植物种分布的空间异质性显著提高,放牧价值开始降低,而季节性封育则明显处于一种非平衡的稳定状态。对不同措施下植物种与土壤因子间关系除趋势对应分析(DCA)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)排序结果表明,土壤水分状况是限制3种措施中植物种组成的决定性因子,生物结皮盖度、土壤有机质和土壤容重等因子均在一定的程度上对水分产生影响,其中最为突出的因子是生物结皮盖度,由于长期缺少牲畜的践踏,完全封育区内结皮发育较好,这也是导致群落向旱生化发展的原因之一,同时一些重要因子诸如降水的时空变化或由此而引发的土壤水分的时空变化在本研究中可能被忽略。相关分析表明3种措施的生物多样性除了受土壤水分状况(土壤含水量和结皮盖度)的影响外,还与土壤速效氮呈正相关,与速效磷呈负相关。     

广东内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害与生态因子的关联度分析

用灰色关联度分析对广东内伶仃岛草本群落、草灌(或灌草)丛群落和灌木林受薇甘菊危害与环境因子的关联性进行分析。结果表明薇甘菊对草本群落的危害与环境因子的关联度中主要受土壤水分和电导率的影响较大,对草灌丛群落的危害与各环境因子的关联度差异不大,但其中受土壤含水量、pH值和群落透光度的影响稍大些,对灌丛群落的危害与各环境因子的关联度差异也不大,其中受土壤有机质、群落透光度和土壤含水量的影响较大。各环境因子对不同群落受薇甘菊危害的影响由强到弱的顺序为土壤含水量>土壤pH值、有机质含量>群落透光度、土壤养分。     

苏北大丰生态工程区两种植物群落土壤酶活性比较

土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面扮演着重要的角色.研究了大丰海滨湿地中实施微地貌水文饰变生态工程后的芦苇群落和互花米草群落土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶的季节变化动态,并对两种群落的3种土壤酶活性与各理化因子之间作了相关性分析,结果表明:(1)芦苇群落和互花米草群落土壤中磷酸酶活性季节变化动态均为单峰型曲线,过氧化氢酶活性均为单谷型曲线,最大值和最小值都出现在夏季(8月份),土壤脲酶活性季节变化规律不明显.(2)相关分析表明,互花米草群落土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤含盐量、植物生物量显著相关,而其过氧化氢酶活性与二者呈显著负相关;芦苇群落土壤磷酸酶活性与有机质和速效磷含量呈显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性则与二者均呈显著负相关.此外,两种群落中的土壤脲酶活性与所测土壤理化因子均无明显相关关系.(3)两种植物群落中土壤酶活性受土壤理化因子的共同影响.通径分析表明,在互花米草群落中,各因子对磷酸酶活性的影响程度依次为:土壤含盐量＞速效钾＞速效磷＞有机质＞铵态氮;对脲酶活性的影响程度依次为:有机质＞速效钾＞速效磷＞土壤含盐量＞铵态氮;对过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度为:速效钾＞土壤含盐量＞有机质＞速效磷＞铵态氮.在芦苇群落中,各因子对磷酸酶活性的影响程度依次为:速效磷＞土壤含盐量＞有机质＞铵态氮＞速效钾;对脲酶活性的影响程度依次为:有机质＞速效钾＞土壤含盐量＞铵态氮＞速效磷;对过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度为:铵态氮＞速效钾＞土壤含盐量＞速效磷＞有机质.(4)微地貌水文饰变生态工程在一定程度上改良了土壤,有利于实现芦苇对互花米草的替代.     

陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒群落排序及演替

根据2003和2005年分别对36和34块撂荒群落及其生境的调查结果,分析了撂荒群落的排序演替规律、演替速度及演替趋同或趋异性。结果表明：（1）对陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒群落影响较大的因子主要有撂荒年限、海拔、土壤水分含量及变异量、有机质、全氮和速效氮、速效磷等,而坡度、坡向等对撂荒群落分布及动态影响较小;（2）排序图也反映了撂荒演替过程中主要环境因子的变化,即随着撂荒年限的增加,土壤水分含量减少,变异量增加。土壤养分方面,除速效磷呈减少趋势外,土壤有机质,全N、P、K,速效N、K都有增加的趋势;（3）农田撂荒后,群落演替速度有先降低后增大的趋势。提出一个关于撂荒演替速度的分阶段循环往复式的理论模型,认为植被演替从总体上讲是逐渐变慢的,可根据生长、生活型和优势植物种等分为几个阶段,每个阶段初期演替速度较快,以后逐渐变慢达到阶段稳定状态。之后,随着下一阶段主要植物的入侵,阶段稳定状态被打破,演替进入下一阶段。（4）演替趋同、趋异性方面,两年的结果不一致,与样地选择有关。     

滇西北高原纳帕海湖滨湿地退化特征、规律与过程

采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,研究了滇西北高原纳帕海湖滨湿地退化特征、规律与过程.结果表明: 纳帕海湖滨湿地植物群落可以划分为4个群丛,群落演替规律为水生植物群落→沼泽植物群落→沼泽化草甸植物群落→草甸植物群落.随植物群落演替,群落盖度、密度、多样性指数、物种丰富度和地上生物量均增大,群落高度减小;植物水分生态型演替规律为水生植物→沼生植物→湿生植物→中生植物.随群落演替,湿地水体矿化度、硬度和碱度均降低,氨氮和总磷含量升高,总氮和硝态氮含量变化不明显;土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量逐渐降低,全磷和全钾含量逐渐升高,速效氮和速效磷含量先增大后减小.CCA分析表明,群落结构和物种组成主要受水分梯度影响,土壤pH、全磷和湿地水的总氮、氨氮对湿地植物物种分布和群落演替影响显著.     

山西七里峪茶条槭群落特征及物种多样性研究

运用TWINSPAN对山西七里峪茶条槭群落类型进行划分,并采用Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Alatalo指数研究群落的物种多样性。结果表明:TWINSPAN将茶条槭群落的73个样方划分为10个群丛;各群丛的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数之间存在差异,群丛Ⅲ和Ⅶ的丰富度指数和多样性指数较高,群丛Ⅰ的多样性指数较低;各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的物种多样性也存在差异,多样性指数大致表现为草本层高于灌木层高于乔木层。土壤中的有机质、速效钾、含水量是影响茶条槭群落物种多样性的主要因素。     

Community characteristics and species diversity research of Acer ginnala in Qiliyu, Shanxi

运用TWINSPAN对山西七里峪茶条槭群落类型进行划分,并采用Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Alatalo指数研究群落的物种多样性.结果表明:TWINSPAN将茶条槭群落的73个样方划分为10个群丛;各群丛的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数之间存在差异,群丛Ⅲ和Ⅶ的丰富度指数和多样性指数较高,群丛Ⅰ的多样性指数较低;各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的物种多样性也存在差异,多样性指数大致表现为草本层高于灌木层高于乔木层.土壤中的有机质、速效钾、含水量是影响茶条槭群落物种多样性的主要因素.     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418