Relationships between physical activity and musculoskeletal disorders in former athletes

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and risks for musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in relation to previous athletic status and current physical activity level in former athletes. Main anthropometric data, sports history, current physical activity and MSD were estimated using a questionnaire in 219 (148 males, 71 females) former athletes (35-75 years old) and 79 controls (33 males, 46 females). According to the previous participation in top-level sports, former athletes were divided into three groups: (a) endurance, n=120 (76 males, 44 females); (b) speed-power, n=57 (43 males, 14 females); (c) team sports, n=42 (29 males, 13 females). The most prevalent MSD among the male and female ex-athletes were back and knee pain. The endurance ex-athletes group (both males and females) had significantly higher risk for the knee problems than the control group (Odds ratio--OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.7-20.00, p < 0.05). Team sports athletes (males and females) showed significantly higher risk for Achilles' tendon injuries (OR 3.19 95% CI 1.19-8.5, p < 0.05) as compared to controls. Back pain did not show any significant associations with previous physical activity and current physical activity level. Current physical activity was significantly associated with a lower risk for the knee and hip pain. Body mass index was positively associated with knee problems. In conclusion, our study results revealed that previous participation in enduranve sports events is associated with a significantly higher risk for knee problems. At the same time current regular physical exercise 6-11 times per month is associated with a lower prevalence of knee and hip problems as compared to those who exercised less than 6 times per month.     

Associations between screen time and physical activity among Spanish adolescents

Background

Excessive time in front of a single or several screens could explain a displacement of physical activity. The present study aimed at determining whether screen-time is associated with a reduced level of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in Spanish adolescents living in favorable environmental conditions.

Methodology/Principal Findings

A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select 3503 adolescents (12–18 years old) from the school population of Gran Canaria, Spain. MVPA, screen-time in front of television, computer, video game console and portable console was assessed in the classroom by fulfilling a standardized questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted by a set of social-environmental variables were carried out. Forty-six percent of girls (95% CI±2.3%) and 26% of boys (95% CI±2.1%) did not meet the MVPA recommendations for adolescents. Major gender differences were observed in the time devoted to vigorous PA, video games and the total time spent on screen-based activities. Boys who reported 4 hours•week⁻¹ or more to total screen-time showed a 64% (OR = 0.61, 95% CI, 0.44–0.86) increased risk of failing to achieve the recommended adolescent MVPA level. Participation in organized physical activities and sports competitions were more strongly associated with MVPA than screen-related behaviors.

Conclusions/Significance

No single screen-related behavior explained the reduction of MVPA in adolescents. However, the total time accumulated through several screen-related behaviors was negatively associated with MVPA level in boys. This association could be due to lower availability of time for exercise as the time devoted to sedentary screen-time activities increases. Participation in organized physical activities seems to counteract the negative impact of excessive time in front of screens on physical activity.     

Temporal associations between daytime physical activity and sleep in children

Objectives

We examined temporal associations between objectively-measured physical activity (PA) during the day and in the evening, and sleep quantity and quality.

Study Design

PA and sleep were measured by actigraphs for an average of one week in an epidemiological cohort study of 275 eight-year-old children.

Results

For each one standard deviation (SD) unit of increased PA during the day, sleep duration was decreased by 0.30, sleep efficiency by 0.16, and sleep fragmentation increased by 0.08 SD units that night. For each one SD unit increase in sleep duration and efficiency the preceding night, PA the following day decreased by 0.09 and 0.16 SD units, respectively. When we contrasted days with a high amount of moderate to vigorous activity during the day or in the evening to days with a more sedentary profile, the results were essentially similar. However, moderate to vigorous PA in the evening shortened sleep latency.

Conclusions

The relationship between a higher level of PA and poorer sleep is bidirectional. These within-person findings challenge epidemiological findings showing that more active people report better sleep. Since only a few studies using objective measurements of both PA and sleep have been conducted in children, further studies are needed to confirm/refute these results.     

Relationship between plasma renin activity and physical fitness in normal subjects

The relationship between plasma renin activity (PRA) at rest and physical fitness was studied in 40 normal young subjects on a liberal sodium intake. Plasma renin activity was measured in arterial blood withdrawn at the end of a 30-min period of rest in recumbency, while physical fitness was expressed by the highest oxygen uptake achieved during an uninterrupted graded exercise test performed in the sitting position on an electromagnetically braked ergometer bicycle (peak VO2). Log PRA correlated significantly and inversely with peak VO2 adjusted for body weight (r = -0.34; P less than 0.05) in single regression analysis. Using multiple regression and adjusted peak VO2, age, urinary sodium excretion and mean intra-arterial pressure as independent variables, no combination of two or more independent variables yielded significant partial correlation coefficients with log PRA. This correlation suggests that PRA at rest is inversely related to the subject's physical fitness.     

Differences in physical activity between non-overweight, overweight and obese children

The purpose of the study was to find out differences in moderate to vigorous physical activity among non-overweight, overweight and obese children, and between boys and girls. The sample included 364 children (179 boys and 185 girls), aged 6.4 years (+/- 0.3 SD). Physical activity was assessed by 7-day questionnaire. Age adapted BMI was used as overweight and obesity indicator. The children were divided into non-overweight, overweight and obese groups. It was found out, that there are significant differences in non-overweight, overweight and obese children (p < 0.05). Boys were significantly (p < 0.05) less moderate to vigorous physical active than girls, especially in indoor activities. There were also significant differences (p < 0.05) in moderate to vigorous physical activity among non-overweight and obese boys and among overweight and obese boys in weekends and total weekly activity. In girls there are significant differences (p < 0.05) in non-overweight, overweight and groups in weekends and total weekly activity. It is possible to conclude, that obese boys and overweight and obese girls, are prone to less physical activity.     

Relation between voluntary physical activity and oxidant/antioxidant status in rats

The relationship between voluntary distance running and antioxidant capacity was studied in rats after three weeks voluntary running. Hydroxyl radical level, reduced glutathione level, activities of glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase were measured in plasma, liver, brain, soleus and gastrocnemius white muscle. Hydroxyl radical level of liver negatively correlated with the running distance (r=-0.616, P<0.001). The reduced glutathione levels of liver and brain increased depending on the running distance and the correlation was confirmed between them in liver (r=0.638, P<0.01) and brain (r=0.766, P<0.001). The hydroxyl radical level in liver positively correlated with the activities of glutathione reductase (r=0.464, P<0.05) and superoxide dismutase (r=0.549, P<0.05). A significant positive correlation was detected between the hydroxyl radical level and superoxide dismutase activity in brain (r=0.488, P<0.05). These results demonstrate that physical activity correlates well with glutathione level and anti-oxidant enzyme activities in liver, suggesting a close relation between physical activity and induction of antioxidant systems.     

Genetic variation in the pleiotropic association between physical activity and body weight in mice

Background

A sedentary lifestyle is often assumed to lead to increases in body weight and potentially obesity and related diseases but in fact little is known about the genetic association between physical activity and body weight. We tested for such an association between body weight and the distance, duration, and speed voluntarily run by 310 mice from the F₂ generation produced from an intercross of two inbred lines that differed dramatically in their physical activity levels.

Methods

We used a conventional interval mapping approach with SNP markers to search for QTLs that affected both body weight and activity traits. We also conducted a genome scan to search for relationship QTLs (relQTLs), or chromosomal regions that affected an activity trait variably depending on the phenotypic value of body weight.

Results

We uncovered seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting body weight, but only one co-localized with another QTL previously found for activity traits. We discovered 19 relQTLs that provided evidence for a genetic (pleiotropic) association of physical activity and body weight. The three genotypes at each of these loci typically exhibited a combination of negative, zero, and positive regressions of the activity traits on body weight, the net effect of which was to produce overall independence of body weight from physical activity. We also demonstrated that the relQTLs produced these varying associations through differential epistatic interactions with a number of other epistatic QTLs throughout the genome.

Conclusion

It was concluded that individuals with specific combinations of genotypes at the relQTLs and epiQTLs might account for some of the variation typically seen in plots of the association of physical activity with body weight.     

A comparison between Andersen (ACFM) and Reuter Centrifugal Sampler (RCS-plus) for indoor sampling of airborne molds

This paper shows first results regarding thecollection efficiency and suitability of theAndersen-6-stage cascade impactor (ACFM,Graseby Andersen) and the Reuter CentrifugalSampler (RCS-plus, Biotest Diagnostics Corp.,Denville, NJ) in measuring concentrations ofindoor airborne viable mold spores. The ACFMshowed significantly higher numbers of colonyforming units than the RCS-plus. For exposureassessment the lower sampling efficiency of theRCS-plus in comparison to the ACFM is not soimportant, as no sampler is able to record theactual concentration of airbornemicroorganisms. For fungal exposure assessmentit is more important to compare indoor andoutdoor mold spore concentration and theindoors and outdoors occuring species. The ACFMdoes not overload as quickly as the RCS-plus,so there is not so much overgrowing andinhibition of colonies and it is easier tomaintain pure cultures. The advantages of theRCS plus are the simpler handling and, the optionof changing flow-rate. Even though each sampler hasits set of advantages and disadvantages, bothcan serve a useful function in airborne fungalspore sampling.     

Traffic accidents and environmental physical activity

Environmental physical activity (EPA) is considered as one of main regulators of human homeostasis. Evidence is growing that components of this activity through the “human factor” (i.e., changing human physiological and psychological status) can affect the dynamics of traffic accidents (TA)—the modern life epidemic. This paper presents results of studies conducted in order to reveal the potential influence of EPA [solar (SA), geomagnetic (GMA) and cosmic ray (CRA) activities] on the number of TA and related casualties in the years of the maximum and declining phase of SA cycle 23 (2000–2005). We selected the 7,160 most severe TA and their related 7,558 deaths and 1,647 severe injuries, registered in the Grand Baku Area (Azerbaijan, middle latitudes), for analysis. A significant increase of TA and victims was observed during the whole year and also during the last months of the year. The monthly numbers of TA and victims were inversely related to SA (probability p = 0.0002), and non-significantly to background GMA, but were significantly affected by major geomagnetic disturbances and storms. A strong correlation between CRA variations (cosmic ray intensity measured by ground-based neutron monitors on the Earth’s surface) and the number of TA (p = 0.001) has been observed. It was found that the number of TA which occur within a month depends significantly on the particular month of the year, the CRA, and the SA levels (inverse correlation). The increase of the number of TA is also significantly linked to geomagnetic storms, but not to steady GMA. These effects can be related to changes in human functional and behavioral markers provoked by EPA influences.     

A comparison between histochemically demonstrable Golgi-associated and bile canalicular TDP-ase activity in liver

Summary Histochemically demonstrable Golgi-associated TDP-ase activity in liver cells from cat, chicken, rat and frog has been investigated.This activity is highly substrate-specific, insensitive to aldehyde fixation, ethanol, acetate, lead and most enzyme inhibitors. It is stimulated by divalent manganese, calcium, magnesium and cobalt and optimum pH is at pH 6 to 7.The characteristics are identical for all four species but significant differences exist at a comparison with bile canalicular activity, Golgi-associated activity in other cells and biochemical findings.This study was supported in part by a grant from the Swedish Medical Research Council.     

Intracellular phospholipase activity in rat heart: comparison between endogenous and exogenous substrates

Two methods were used to estimate the intracellular phospholipase activity in rat heart: one using exogenous radioactive substrate dispersed as unilamellar vesicles; the other using endogenous membrane hydrolysis and subsequent phospholipid and lysophospholipid separation by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantification by phosphorus determination. We found that the endogenous method provided a higher hydrolysis rate than the exogenous method and that phosphatidyl ethanolamine was a better substrate than phosphatidyl choline.     

Relationship between energy conservation in buildings and indoor air quality

1. 1. Problems with regard to the relationship between energy conservation and indoor air quality in buildings are discussed with a brief history of legislation and practices in Japan since the oil crisis in 1973.

2. 2. In spite of energy conservation as widely advocated the sick building syndrome has hardly been manifested in most of the office spaces in Japan owing to the Law on the Assurance of Healthy Conditions in Buildings which enforced CO₂ concentration to be kept lower than 1000 ppm.

A comparison of two air samplers for recovery of indoor bioaerosols

Summary A preliminary study was performed using two sampling instruments for airborne bacteria and fungi collection. A Reuter Centrifugal Sampler (RCS) and the open-faced type membrane filter sampler (Sartorius MD8) were compared for evaluating their capability of viable particles recovery. 61 series of parallel samples were collected in the air of a microbiological laboratory. Bacteria and fungi per cubic metre of air were enumerated using appropriate culture media and reported in terms of colony forming units (CFU). Performances of the two instruments for fungi were comparable and significantly correlated, particularly when the Rose Bengal Agar (RBA) medium was used (geometric mean: 237 CFU/m³ for RCS and 247 CFU/m³ for MD8; correlation coefficient: 0.78). Bacterial counts from MD8 resulted consistently lower than those obtained from RCS. The observed high variability suggests the existence of selective collection efficiencies which tend to underestimate the actual occurrence of airborne microrganisms.     

Osteoporosis,calcium and physical activity.

Sales of calcium supplements have increased dramatically since 1983, as middle-aged women seek to prevent or treat bone loss due to osteoporosis. However, epidemiologic studies have failed to support the hypothesis that larger amounts of calcium are associated with increased bone density or a decreased incidence of fractures. The authors examine the evidence from controlled trials on the effects of calcium supplementation and physical activity on bone loss and find that weight-bearing activity, if undertaken early in life and on a regular basis, can increase the peak bone mass of early adulthood, delay the onset of bone loss and reduce the rate of loss. All of these factors will delay the onset of fractures. Carefully planned and supervised physical activity programs can also provide a safe, effective therapy for people who have osteoporosis.     

Measuring hiking specialization and identification of latent profiles of hikers

Previous specialization studies have only measured single items or the sum of responses across dimensions, making it impossible to classify recreationists by their degree of multidimensional specialization. The purpose of the present study is to test a three-dimensional model and its traditional components (i.e., items) of specialization in hikers. Applying a latent profile analysis, the present study examined hikers who shared similar profiles based on multiple dimensions of specialization and classified them based on latent class characteristics and structures. Data from 587 hikers on Namhansanseong Trail in South Korea were analyzed. Four subgroups were identified: novice (32 %), behavior-oriented (18 %), veteran (30 %), and potential veteran (20 %). These groups showed differential patterns in the behavioral and cognitive dimensions of specialization. In particular, the component items of hiking experience and setting experience in the behavioral dimension differed by group.     

Factors that may mediate the relationship between physical activity and the risk for developing knee osteoarthritis

Studies investigating the effect of physical activity on risk for developing osteoarthritis at weight-bearing joints have reported conflicting results. We examine evidence to suggest that this may be due to the existence of subgroups of individuals who differ in their response to physical activity, as well as methodological issues associated with the assessment of knee joint structure and physical activity. Recommendations for future studies of physical activity and the development of knee osteoarthritis are discussed.     

Adiposity and age explain most of the association between physical activity and fitness in physically active men

Background

To determine if there is an association between physical activity assessed by the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness.

Methodology/Principal Findings

One hundred and eighty-two young males (age range: 20–55 years) completed the short form of the IPAQ to assess physical activity. Body composition (dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry), muscular fitness (static and dynamic muscle force and power, vertical jump height, running speed [30 m sprint], anaerobic capacity [300 m running test]) and cardiorespiratory fitness (estimated VO₂max: 20 m shuttle run test) were also determined in all subjects.Activity-related energy expenditure of moderate and vigorous intensity (EEPA_moderate and EEPA_vigorous, respectively) was inversely associated with indices of adiposity (r = −0.21 to −0.37, P<0.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO₂max) was positively associated with LogEEPA_moderate (r = 0.26, P<0.05) and LogEEPA_vigorous (r = 0.27). However, no association between VO₂max with LogEEPA_moderate, LogEPPA_vigorous and LogEEPA_total was observed after adjusting for the percentage of body fat. Multiple stepwise regression analysis to predict VO₂max from LogEEPA_walking, LogEEPA_moderate, LogEEPA_vigorous, LogEEPA_total, age and percentage of body fat (%fat) showed that the %fat alone explained 62% of the variance in VO₂max and that the age added another 10%, while the other variables did not add predictive value to the model [VO₂max  = 129.6−(25.1× Log %fat) − (34.0× Log age); SEE: 4.3 ml.kg⁻¹. min⁻¹; R² = 0.72 (P<0.05)]. No positive association between muscular fitness-related variables and physical activity was observed, even after adjusting for body fat or body fat and age.

Conclusions/Significance

Adiposity and age are the strongest predictors of VO₂max in healthy men. The energy expended in moderate and vigorous physical activities is inversely associated with adiposity. Muscular fitness does not appear to be associated with physical activity as assessed by the IPAQ.     

Residential magnetic field measurements in France: comparison of indoor and outdoor measurements.

Residential magnetic field (MF) measurements were performed for the first time in a representative sample of French dwellings. Exposure levels were assessed by two methods: indoor and outdoor measurements. Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with the time-weighted average (TWA) home MF. TWA magnetic field magnitudes were approximately log-normally distributed with geometric means under 0.010 microT for both indoor and outdoor measurements. Only 5% of the dwellings presented indoor MF levels greater than 0.120 microT (1.2 mG). Both indoor and outdoor MF variations were explained by three factors: wiring configuration, the dwelling's location (i.e., urban or rural), and housing characteristics (individual houses or apartment building). The reliability of outdoor spot measurements with 30-min bedroom recordings was assessed by an intraclass correlation coefficient. The measurements were accurate in rural areas and small towns. In urban centers, local MF variations spoil the outdoor measurement's reliability. If indoor measurements are taken as the reference method, the use of outdoor instead of indoor measurement leads to an important decrease in statistical power. Further assessment of MF near high power transmission lines is necessary to evaluate the usefulness of outdoor spot recordings near such lines. The urban MF environment also has to be explored to identify extraneous sources.