血管内皮细胞生长因子研究进展

从不同侧面阐述了血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）在新生血管形成中的作用.VEGF诱导新生血管形成,具有血管渗透性,是新生血管形成的主要调控者之一.VEGF mRNA不同剪接,形成5种VEGF变异体(isoform)即VEGF121-206.VEGF诱导新生血管的调控过程、拮抗VEGF成为大家竞相研究的领域.     

血管内皮细胞生长因子及其相关蛋白的结构与功能

血管内皮细胞生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）是在胚胎发生和创伤愈合过程中启动血管形成的一个高度特异的有丝分裂原,也是一种有效的血管通透性诱导因子,ＶＥＧＦ是胱氨酸结生长因子超家族的一员,它与其受体的结构细节和工能特征为设计分子拮抗剂提供了重要依据。其结构特征和生物学特性使之在缺血组织重组侧支循环,肿瘤预后,肿瘤转移乃至实施基因治疗等领域成为重要的研究对象。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子促进成骨作用的研究进展

骨组织的生长和血供密切相关 ,血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)被公认为是诱导血管生成作用最强的一种细胞因子 ,其自身也和骨形成有着直接的关系。通过对VEGF及其受体分子结构、其在骨发育和骨损伤修复中所起作用、以及目前常见应用方式的相关研究作一系统性回顾 ;阐述了VEGF在软骨内成骨、膜内成骨过程中所起的促进作用 ,对成骨细胞和破骨细胞的积极影响 ,增强其表达的相关条件 ,以及各应用方式的利弊 ;从而展示了VEGF在骨缺损修复中的良好的前景。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子基因治疗闭塞性血管病研究进展

概述了近年来利用血管内皮细胞生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）基因治疗闭塞性血管病的成果,初步探讨了ＶＥＧＦ基因的临床疗效及其应用的安全性。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对脑微血管内皮细胞血管新生基因谱和环加氧酶-2表达的影响

本文研究了碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（basic fibroblast growth factor, bFGF）对小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞（microvascular endothelial cell, MVEC）株bEnd．3中血管新生相关基因表达谱的改变,并重点从mRNA、蛋白质和细胞水平检测bFGF对血管新生旁观分子环加氧酶-2（cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）表达的影响。用特异性小鼠血管新生基因芯片高通量检测bEnd．3细胞基因谱表达的改变,分析促血管新生基因及抑制血管新生的基因表达谱的变化;用RT—PCR、Western blot、免疫细胞化学等方法分别从mRNA、蛋白质和细胞水平检测COX-2表达变化及细胞内的定位。结果发现用10ng／ml的bFGF刺激bEnd．3细胞2h后多种促血管新生基因表达明显上调,如Adamtsl、MMP-9、Ang-1、PDGFB、G—CSF、FGFl6、IGF-1等分别上调3、8、120、5．2、4．5、1．7、2．7倍。与此同时,多种抑制血管新生的基因表达相应下调,如TSP-3、TIMP-2、TGFβ1等表达分别下调3．4、1．5和3．5倍。RT-PCR和Western blot的结果证实,bFGF可以上调COX-2mRNA的表达和蛋白质的合成。免疫组化的结果表明,COX-2主要分布在胞浆。以上结果提示：bFGF具有上调促血管新生基因表达,下调抑制血管新生基因表达的作用,两者协同作用,促进血管新生。同时bFGF还可以明显促进血管新生旁观分子COX-2mRNA的表达和蛋白质的合成。本文讨论了bFGF引起MVEC内COX-2表达上调的意义。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子复性条件研究

利用大肠杆菌 BL2 1 (DE3)表达血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF16 5)表达蛋白以包含体形式存在。为了获得有生物活性的蛋白质 ,我们对影响复性的参数 :氧化型、还原型谷胱甘肽比例 ,复性液的 p H值 ,复性时间 ,精氨酸浓度 ,血管内皮细胞生长因子起始浓度进行了较为系统的研究 ,初步获得了具有一定生物活性的 VEGF16 5二聚体蛋白。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子及临床应用策略

血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）是一种特异作用于血管内皮细胞的多功能细胞因子,它能引起血管通透性增加,引起细胞外基质成分改变,诱导血管形成,在炎症,创伤愈合,心脏缺血,动脉粥亲硬化,糖尿病性视网膜病变及肿瘤形成等与血管生成和病变有关的诸多病理过程中起重要作用。     

AIBP基因表达下调促进心肌微血管内皮细胞血管新生

目的:探讨阻断载脂蛋白A-I结合蛋白(AIBP)的表达后对心肌微血管内皮细胞(CMECs)血管新生的作用。方法:消化法分离SD大鼠CMECs,通过慢病毒介导的siRNA转染CMECs下调AIBP基因表达,并设立空白对照组及阴性转染组。RT-PCR法检测AIBP基因的表达;CCK-8比色法检测细胞增殖;Transwell小室评价细胞迁移能力;成管实验评价血管新生能力。结果:RT-PCR结果显示,与空白对照组及阴性转染组相比,转染组CMECs中AIBP表达显著降低(P0.01);CCK-8结果显示,与空白对照组及阴性转染组相比,转染组CMECs增值水平显著增高(P0.01);Transwell法结果显示,与空白对照组及阴性转染组相比,转染组CMECs迁移能力显著增高(P0.01);成管实验显示,与空白对照组及阴性转染组相比,转染组CMECs成管能力显著增高(P0.01)。结论:抑制AIBP表达可以明显促进CMECs增殖,促进其迁移和成管。     

内质网应激条件下血管内皮细胞生长因子在人脑微血管内皮细胞中的表达

为观察内质网应激条件下血管内皮细胞生长因子的表达情况,用不同浓度的衣霉素处理体外培养的人脑微血管内皮细胞,建立内质网应激模型,采用RT—PCR、蛋白质免疫印迹以及免疫细胞化学的方法检测了细胞内血管内皮细胞生长因子的表达。结果发现血管内皮细胞生长因子在人脑微血管内皮细胞中存在一定的表达;内质网应激可诱导血管内皮细胞生长因子表达升高,随着衣霉素浓度的增高,血管内皮细胞生长因子的表达逐渐增加,与mRNA水平相比,血管内皮细胞生长因子蛋白量的增加更明显。实验结果提示人脑微血管内皮细胞中存在血管内皮细胞生长因子自分泌,血管内皮细胞生长因子可能是内质网应激的靶基因。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子与心血管缺血性疾病的治疗

血管内皮细胞生长因子是一种高特异性的促血管内皮细胞生长的因子。由于ＶＥＧＦ在循环中的半衰期短暂,它的基因治将是研究方向。     

Angiogenic and cell survival functions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was originally identified as an endothelial cell specific growth factor stimulating angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Some family members, VEGF C and D, are specifically involved in lymphangiogenesis. It now appears that VEGF also has autocrine functions acting as a survival factor for tumour cells protecting them from stresses such as hypoxia, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The mechanisms of action of VEGF are still being investigated with emerging insights into overlapping pathways and cross-talk between other receptors such as the neuropilins which were not previously associated with angiogenesis. VEGF plays an important role in embryonic development and angiogenesis during wound healing and menstrual cycle in the healthy adult. VEGF is also important in a number of both malignant and non-malignant pathologies. As it plays a limited role in normal human physiology, VEGF is an attractive therapeutic target in diseases where VEGF plays a key role. It was originally thought that in pathological conditions such as cancer, VEGF functioned solely as an angiogenic factor, stimulating new vessel formation and increasing vascular permeability. It has since emerged it plays a multifunctional role where it can also have autocrine pro-survival effects and contribute to tumour cell chemoresistance. In this review we discuss the established role of VEGF in angiogenesis and the underlying mechanisms. We discuss its role as a survival factor and mechanisms whereby angiogenesis inhibition improves efficacy of chemotherapy regimes. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting angiogenesis and VEGF receptors, particularly in cancer therapy.     

Dynamical behavior of the vascular endothelial growth factor: biological implications

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) seems to be the most important regulator of physiological and pathological angiogenesis, being, for this reason, a favorite target for therapies against angiogenesis-related diseases. VEGF is a homodimer in which the monomers are formed by beta-strands interconnected on the poles by three loops. A recent work showed that an intimate relationship between loops-1 and -3 is required for high affinity binding to the receptors (Kiba et al., J Biol Chem 2003;278:13453-13461). In this work, we report the results of a 10-ns molecular dynamics simulation of VEGF. We analyzed the dynamical behavior of the protein (using a dynamical cross-correlation map) and found that it is governed by a high degree of correlation between the motions of the loops. We also performed a principal component analysis and found an overall motion in which the opposite poles are projected against each other, just like the movement of the wings of a butterfly. From the biological point of view, it is likely that this motion would facilitate receptor binding since VEGF must enter a restricted cavity formed by the two subunits of the receptor.     

Non-patient related variables affecting levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in urine biospecimens

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic protein proposed to be an important biomarker for the prediction of tumour growth and disease progression. Recent studies suggest that VEGF measurements in biospecimens, including urine, may have predictive value across a range of cancers. However, the reproducibility and reliability of urinary VEGF measurements have not been determined. We collected urine samples from patients receiving radiation treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and examined the effects of five variables on measured VEGF levels using an ELISA assay. To quantify the factors affecting the precision of the assay, two variables were examined: the variation between ELISA kits with different lot numbers and the variation between different technicians. Three variables were tested for their effects on measured VEGF concentration: the time the specimen spent at room temperature prior to assay, the addition of protease inhibitors prior to specimen storage and the alteration of urinary pH. This study found that VEGF levels were consistent across three different ELISA kit lot numbers. However, significant variation was observed between results obtained by different technicians. VEGF concentrations were dependent on time at room temperature before measurement, with higher values observed 3-7 hrs after removal from the freezer. No significant difference was observed in VEGF levels with the addition of protease inhibitors, and alteration of urinary pH did not significantly affect VEGF measurements. In conclusion, this determination of the conditions necessary to reliably measure urinary VEGF levels will be useful for future studies related to protein biomarkers and disease progression.     

Increased local vascular endothelial growth factor expression associated with antitumor activity of proteasome inhibitor

Inhibition of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex, is an attractive approach to cancer therapy. Here we report that a selective inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome, PSI (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Ile-Glu(O-t-butyl)-Ala-leucinal) may inhibit growth of solid tumors not only through apoptosis induction, but also indirectly--through inhibition of angiogenesis. Two murine tumors: colon adenocarcinoma (C-26) and Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) were chosen to study the antitumor effect of PSI. In an in vivo model of local tumor growth, PSI exerted significant antitumor effects against C-26 colon carcinoma, but not against 3LL lung carcinoma. Retardation of tumor growth was observed in mice treated with both 10 nmoles and 100 nmoles doses of PSI and in the latter group prolongation of the survival time of tumor-bearing mice was observed. PSI inhibited angiogenesis in the C-26 growing tumors with no such effect in 3LL tumors. Unexpectedly, that activity was associated with upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at the level of mRNA expression and protein production in C-26 tumors treated with PSI. C-26 cells treated with PSI produced increased amounts of VEGF in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We demonstrated that in C-26 colon adenocarcionoma higher VEGF production may render endothelial cells susceptible to the proapoptotic activity of PSI and is associated with inhibition of tumor growth.     

Crystallization of the receptor binding domain of vascular endothelial growth factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor with a unique specificity for vascular endothelial cells. In addition to its role in vasculogenesis and embryonic angiogenesis, VEGF is implicated in pathologic neovascularization associated with tumors and diabetic retinopathy. Four different constructs of a short variant of VEGF sufficient for receptor binding were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, refolded, purified, and crystallized in five different space groups. In order to facilitate the product on of heavy atom derivatives, single cysteine mutants were designed based on the crystal structure of platelet-derived growth factor. A construct consisting of residues 8 to 109 was crystallized in space group P2₁, with cell parameters a = 55.6 Å, b = 60.4 Å, c = 77.7 Å, β = 90.0°, and four monomers in the asymmetric unit. Native and derivative data were collected for two of the cysteine mutants as well as for wild-type VEGF. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

血管内皮生长因子的脑保护及其机制研究进展

血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是一种重要的血管发育调节因子,最早发现于肿瘤细胞。上世纪90年代,人们发现VEGF在神经细胞上也有广泛表达,并具有神经细胞保护作用。此外,VEGF显著促进成年哺乳动物结构性神经元再生区(constitutive neurogenic regions)和非神经元再生区(non-neurogenic regions)的神经元再生/更新(neurogenesis/regenera-tion),显示了VEGF在神经损伤性及退行性疾病治疗中的潜在意义。本文着重讨论VEGF在脑缺血损伤中的神经保护(neuroprotection)和神经修复(neural repair)及其细胞和分子机制研究进展。     

Porcine placental immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor,placenta growth factor,Flt-1 and Flk-1

Porcine embryo mortalities cause economic losses. Development of the placental vascular bed is required for successful gestation and postnatal survival. We studied the temporal and spatial distributions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placenta growth factor (PlGF) and their receptors, Flt-1 and Flk-1. We used crossbred swine placental tissues from 30, 60, 80, 90 and 114 (term) days of gestation. Both VEGF and PlGF were present during gestation. At early pregnancy and at term, VEGF probably acts through Flt-1; during intermediate periods, its function is mediated by Flk-1. By day 90, factors other than members of VEGF family appear to be involved.     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in the porcine corpus luteum during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy

The present study was undertaken to determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors, fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt-1) and fetal liver kinase-1/kinase insert domain-containing receptor (Flk-1/KDR), in the porcine corpus luteum (CL) during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Immunohistochemical studies localized proteins of VEGF ligand-receptor system in the cytoplasm of luteal cells and in some blood vessels. Western blot analysis revealed significantly higher levels of VEGF protein during early and mid-luteal phase (vs. late luteal phase; P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). Quantification of VEGF mRNA in the CL showed increased mRNA levels during entire luteal phase (vs. Days 16-17; P<0.05). Expression of Flt-1 protein remained high during luteal phase (P<0.001), but the mRNA levels tended to increase from the early to the late luteal phase. Elevated protein expression of Flk-1/KDR was found in the mid-luteal phase (vs. Days 16-17; P<0.05). However, induction of Flk-1/KDR mRNA expression occurred earlier, in early luteal phase. The lowest VEGF, Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR mRNA and protein levels were observed in regressed CL (P<0.001). During pregnancy, VEGF, Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR mRNA and protein expression was comparable to the mid-luteal phase. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated dynamic expression of VEGF and its receptors in the porcine CL during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. These data suggest that the VEGF ligand-receptor system may play an important role in the development and maintenance of the CL in pigs.     

Effect of local neutralization of basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor by a specific antibody on the development of the corpus luteum in the cow

Active angiogenesis and progesterone (P) synthesis occur in parallel during development of the corpus luteum (CL). Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are known to stimulate angiogenesis and P synthesis in vitro. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of bFGF or VEGF on the CL development in the cow by using a specific antibody against bFGF or VEGF. bFGF antibody, VEGF antibody, or saline as a control (n = 4 cows/treatment) were injected directly into the CL immediately after ovulation (Day 1), and the treatment was continued for 3 times/day over 7 days. Luteal biopsies were applied on Day 8 of the estrous cycle to determine the expression of genes associated with P synthesis and angiogenesis. Intraluteal injections with the bFGF antibody or the VEGF antibody markedly decreased the CL volume, plasma P concentration and StAR mRNA expression. bFGF antibody treatment decreased the mRNA expression of bFGF, FGF receptor-1, VEGF120, and angiopoietin (ANPT)-1, and increased ANPT-2/ANPT-1 ratio. However, VEGF antibody treatment decreased ANPT-2 mRNA expression and ANPT-2/ANPT-1 ratio. These results indicate that local neutralization of bFGF or VEGF changes genes regulating angiogenesis and P synthesis, and remarkably suppresses the CL size and P secretion during the development of CL in the cow, supporting the concept that bFGF and VEGF control the CL formation and function.