褐色脂肪组织

介绍了一种特异化的产热组织－褐色脂肪组织（Ｂｒｏｗｎａｄｉｐｏｓｅｔｉｓｓｕｅ,ＢＡＴ）并对其产热机理进行了简单阐述。     

褐色脂肪组织及其产热研究进展

褐色脂肪组织(BAT)及非颤抖性产热(NST)是生理生态学和生物能学研究中的一个热点。国外学者已从解剖学、组织学、生理学、细胞学及生物化学等各个方面,从细胞,亚细胞、分子及线粒体水平上对BAT及其产     

褐色脂肪组织产热及其调节机制

褐色脂肪组织产热受至体内各种生理因素的调节,其线粒体的解偶联蛋白的调节已成为褐色脂肪组织产热调节的关键。交感神经释放的去甲肾上腺素,甲状腺素,Ｔ３和胰岛素等内分泌激素可以从基因表达水平影响到解偶联蛋白的含量,从而调节褐色脂肪组织的产热能力。     

褐色脂肪组织代谢与肥胖

肥胖是由于机体能量储存与消耗的失衡而产生的.褐色脂肪组织通过产热的形式,能够将体内过多的能量释放出来,以减少能量积累,避免造成肥胖.现从褐色脂肪组织的结构、分布、功能以及调控机制等方面,对褐色脂肪组织与肥胖症的关系作一综述,旨在为防治肥胖症及相关疾病寻找理论基础和实验依据.     

褐色脂肪组织适应性产热的研究方法

本文从个体水平、细胞水平和分子水平３个层次综述了当前关于褐色脂肪组织适应性产热研究的方法进展,并对比讨论了各方法的优、缺点,旨在为各种生理性、病理性产热机制的研究和动物对环境适应机制等有关褐色脂肪组织的研究方面提供一些方法的参考和借鉴。     

长爪沙鼠褐色脂肪组织的适应性产热

低温（５±２℃）环境暴露１天、１周、４周长爪沙鼠的静止代谢率和非颤抖性产热、褐色脂肪组织蛋白质含量、线粒体细胞色素－Ｃ氧化酶和α－磷酸甘油氧化酶活力、钠钾泵活力以及环腺苷酸含量、血清Ｔ３含量等项产热指标逐渐提高;而低温驯化８周动物各项指标基本维持在４周水平上,表明长爪沙鼠在冷适应过程中产热能力逐渐提高,而后维持一稳定水平,其中褐色脂肪组织起重要调节作用。     

光照和温度对高原鼠逸褐色脂肪组织产热特征的影响

测定了高原鼠兔在驯化２周后褐色脂肪组织的蛋白含量,线粒体蛋白含量和细胞色素ｃ氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,低温或短光照可刺激这些指标的增加;最高值出现在低温加短光照组。说明在季节性驯化过程中,光照和温度协同作用,以诱导动物的产热调节。     

光照和温度对根田鼠褐色脂肪组织产热能力的影响

测定了根田鼠在室内驯化2周后褐色脂肪组织（BAT）的蛋白含量、线粒体蛋白含量和细胞色素C氧化酶活性的变化。动物进行如下4种处理:23℃,16L:8D;23℃,8L：16D;5℃,16L：8D和5℃,8L:16D.。结果表明,短光照可刺激根田鼠的BAT线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶的活性增加;低温驯化可导致根田鼠的BAT线粒体蛋白含量增加;短光照加低温可进一步促进酶的活性增加。结合个体水平的产热特点,说明根田鼠在产热能力的季节驯化过程中,光周期是一主要的季节调节信号,环境温度进一步增强光照的作用,环境温度和光周期共同作用以诱导其产热能力等方面的生理调节。研究结果支持了环境温度和光周期共同作用以调节动物产热变化的学说。     

光照和温度对高原鼠兔褐色脂肪组织产热特征的影响

测定了高原鼠兔（ Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａ ｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ） 在驯化２ 周后（ 分４ 种处理： ２３ ℃,１６ Ｌ：８ Ｄ; ２３ ℃, ８ Ｌ：１６ Ｄ; ５℃,１６ Ｌ：８ Ｄ 和５ ℃, ８ Ｌ：１６ Ｄ） 褐色脂肪组织（ＢＡＴ） 的蛋白含量、线粒体蛋白含量和细胞色素ｃ 氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明, 低温或短光照可刺激这些指标的增加; 最高值出现在低温加短光照组。说明在季节性驯化过程中, 光照和温度协同作用, 以诱导动物的产热调节。这与高原鼠兔群居性差、不筑巢的行为习性、栖息于开阔的矮蒿草草甸以及高寒地区的昼夜温差较大、气候多变等因素有关。     

高原鼠兔褐色脂肪组织及肝脏产热的季节性变化

非颤抖性产热(nonshtverlng thermogenesis, NST)是小哺乳动物在低温环境下增加产热的有效途径(Foster等1978.Can JPhyslol,56:110~122)。NST主要产生于褐色脂肪组织(BAT),所有影响BAT结构与功能的因素均可影响NST能力(Cannon等,1993．Life in the cold．369～379)。 高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)为高寒草甸生态系统中非冬眠的小哺乳类动物,其生态学特征已被进行了广游酊探^的研究．王德华等(1990。兽类学报10(1)：40～53; 1993．兽类学报13(4)：271～276)对高原鼠兔NST能力,BAT组织成分及线粒体蛋白的季节性变化进行了研究。本文在此工作的基础上。试图从细胞承千上进一步探讨高原鼠兔产热的季节性变化及适应意义。     

褐色脂肪组织研究的最新进展和科学意义

哺乳动物体内存在着褐色脂肪组织。有别于白色脂肪组织储存能量的功能,褐色脂肪组织的主要功能是通过产热作用来维持机体的能量代谢平衡。陆续有研究阐明调控褐色脂肪组织分化与能量代谢过程的分子机制,逐渐揭示了褐色脂肪组织分化与能量代谢过程中涉及的信号通路与转录调控。这不仅让我们更好地理解褐色脂肪组织在能量代谢调控中的重要作用,而且为基于褐色脂肪组织的肥胖治疗提供了理论依据。本文阐述了近年来研究发现的褐色脂肪组织分化与代谢过程中发挥重要作用的信号通路与转录调控,并讨论了多种基于针对褐色脂肪组织的肥胖治疗手段的有效性与可行性。     

Microarray Based Gene Expression Analysis of Murine Brown and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue: Significance with Human

BackgroundTwo types of adipose tissues, white (WAT) and brown (BAT) are found in mammals. Increasingly novel strategies are being proposed for the treatment of obesity and its associated complications by altering amount and/or activity of BAT using mouse models.ConclusionOur study provides evidence for inter species (mouse vs human) differences in differential gene expression between sWAT and BAT. Critical understanding of this data may help in development of novel ways to engineer one form of adipose tissue to another using murine model with focus on human.     

Brown Adipose Tissue in Cetacean Blubber

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in thermoregulation in species living in cold environments, given heat can be generated from its chemical energy reserves. Here we investigate the existence of BAT in blubber in four species of delphinoid cetacean, the Pacific white-sided and bottlenose dolphins, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens and Tursiops truncates, and Dall’s and harbour porpoises, Phocoenoides dalli and Phocoena phocoena. Histology revealed adipocytes with small unilocular fat droplets and a large eosinophilic cytoplasm intermingled with connective tissue in the innermost layers of blubber. Chemistry revealed a brown adipocyte-specific mitochondrial protein, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), within these same adipocytes, but not those distributed elsewhere throughout the blubber. Western blot analysis of extracts from the inner blubber layer confirmed that the immunohistochemical positive reaction was specific to UCP1 and that this adipose tissue was BAT. To better understand the distribution of BAT throughout the entire cetacean body, cadavers were subjected to computed tomography (CT) scanning. Resulting imagery, coupled with histological corroboration of fine tissue structure, revealed adipocytes intermingled with connective tissue in the lowest layer of blubber were distributed within a thin, highly dense layer that extended the length of the body, with the exception of the rostrum, fin and fluke regions. As such, we describe BAT effectively enveloping the cetacean body. Our results suggest that delphinoid blubber could serve a role additional to those frequently attributed to it: simple insulation blanket, energy storage, hydrodynamic streamlining or contributor to positive buoyancy. We believe delphinoid BAT might also function like an electric blanket, enabling animals to frequent waters cooler than blubber as an insulator alone might otherwise allow an animal to withstand, or allow animals to maintain body temperature in cool waters during sustained periods of physical inactivity.     

Brown Adipose Tissue Quantification in Human Neonates Using Water-Fat Separated MRI

There is a major resurgence of interest in brown adipose tissue (BAT) biology, particularly regarding its determinants and consequences in newborns and infants. Reliable methods for non-invasive BAT measurement in human infants have yet to be demonstrated. The current study first validates methods for quantitative BAT imaging of rodents post mortem followed by BAT excision and re-imaging of excised tissues. Identical methods are then employed in a cohort of in vivo infants to establish the reliability of these measures and provide normative statistics for BAT depot volume and fat fraction. Using multi-echo water-fat MRI, fat- and water-based images of rodents and neonates were acquired and ratios of fat to the combined signal from fat and water (fat signal fraction) were calculated. Neonatal scans (n = 22) were acquired during natural sleep to quantify BAT and WAT deposits for depot volume and fat fraction. Acquisition repeatability was assessed based on multiple scans from the same neonate. Intra- and inter-rater measures of reliability in regional BAT depot volume and fat fraction quantification were determined based on multiple segmentations by two raters. Rodent BAT was characterized as having significantly higher water content than WAT in both in situ as well as ex vivo imaging assessments. Human neonate deposits indicative of bilateral BAT in spinal, supraclavicular and axillary regions were observed. Pairwise, WAT fat fraction was significantly greater than BAT fat fraction throughout the sample (Δ_WAT-BAT = 38%, p<10⁻⁴). Repeated scans demonstrated a high voxelwise correlation for fat fraction (R_all = 0.99). BAT depot volume and fat fraction measurements showed high intra-rater (ICC_BAT,VOL = 0.93, ICC_BAT,FF = 0.93) and inter-rater reliability (ICC_BAT,VOL = 0.86, ICC_BAT,FF = 0.93). This study demonstrates the reliability of using multi-echo water-fat MRI in human neonates for quantification throughout the torso of BAT depot volume and fat fraction measurements.     

Microbiota Depletion Impairs Thermogenesis of Brown Adipose Tissue and Browning of White Adipose Tissue

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Regulation of Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by MAPK Phosphatase 5

Obesity and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes have become a major threat to public health globally. The mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes have not been well understood. In this study, we show that mice deficient in MAPK phosphatase 5 (MKP5) develop insulin resistance spontaneously at an early stage of life and glucose intolerance at a later age. Increased macrophage infiltration in white adipose tissue of young MKP5-deficient mice correlates with the development of insulin resistance. Glucose intolerance in MKP5-deficient mice is accompanied by significantly increased visceral adipose weight, reduced AKT activation, enhanced p38 activity, and increased inflammation in visceral adipose tissue when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Deficiency of MKP5 resulted in increased inflammatory activation in macrophages. These findings thus demonstrate that MKP5 critically controls inflammation in white adipose tissue and the development of metabolic disorders.