Quantitative method for measurement of aerotolerance of bacteria and its application to oral indigenous anaerobes

An index which expressed the aerobic to anaerobic potential was made for bacteria with intermediate tolerance for oxygen. One method used for this analysis was measurement of the relative bacterial growth ratio. The other method was based on the pattern of the absorbancy versus depth plot. The index was applied to oral indigenous anaerobes.     

不同营养评价方法对住院患者营养状况评价的比较及意义

目的:分析比较身高标准体重法、体质指数法(BMI法)、体质指数校正法与生物电阻抗测量方法在住院患者营养评价中的意义。方法:随机抽取我院内科176名患者作为观察对象,用以上4种方法分别进行营养状况评价,测量结果采用单因素卡方分析法和Ridit分析比较。结果:用4种方法评价同一群体住院病人的营养状况时,其结果的差异有显著意义。结论:评判体脂和肥胖时应该首选能反映身体脂肪量及比例和身体内脂肪分布的腰臀比指标。标准体重法、BMI法和BMI校正法三种方法,在评价住院患者的营养状况时,最好能将腰臀比指标与其他指标共同使用。     

森林立地指数的地统计学空间分析

森林生态系统立地质量的评估是森林生态系统经营管理和造林营林的重要理论基础与规划方法,也是研究森林生态系统生产力的重要内容。森林立地指数是一种已被普遍接受的评价森林立地质量的方法,然而由于技术所限,传统的森林立地指数调查方法因其耗时长、花费大,很难大面积的对森林立地指数进行估测和空间分析,地统计学结合地理信息系统技术为研究森林立地及空间格局提供了一条新的途径。以杉木人工林为研究对象,地统计学及地理信息系统技术为手段,根据江西省景德镇枫树山林场杉木立地指数空间分布特点,选取合适的变异函数理论模型,对其森林立地指数进行了估测和空间分析,并在精度验证的基础上对结果进行了评价。研究结果表明,江西省枫树山林场杉木人工林立地指数有中等程度的空间相关。通过模型模拟结果和实测结果对比,K-贝塞耳函数(K-Bessel)模型有较好的拟合效果和较高的精度,说明地统计学在森林立地指数的估测和空间分析中有一定的应用价值。     

陆桥岛屿环境下社鼠种群数量的估算方法

根据2010年3月—11月在千岛湖地区2个岛屿上社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)的标志重捕数据,分别用Jolly-Seber法、修正Lincoln指数法、Schnabel法和MNA法计算两个岛屿上社鼠种群数量,并深入探讨在陆桥岛屿环境下估算社鼠种群数量的适用方法。研究结果显示,在满足Jolly-Seber法的条件下,通过该方法计算的结果与修正Lincoln指数法无显著差异。但在野外实验中,并不是所有的重捕数据都满足Jolly-Seber法的条件,而且该方法不能估算头尾两月的数量。因此,修正Lincoln指数法更适于估算陆桥岛屿环境下社鼠的种群数量。可为今后开展陆桥岛屿环境下鼠类种群生态学研究奠定基础。     

Quantification of tumor cellularity and mitotic index in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of stereologically estimated tumor cell counts in the mitotic index as well as to investigate its correlation with the currently used method and test the reproducibility of the method. STUDY DESIGN: The stereologic method described by Simpson et al was used to estimate tumor cellularity in 50 invasive ductal carcinomas. Mitotic counts were also performed, and the mitotic index was calculated by the use of estimated tumor cell counts. Estimated cell counts and the mitotic index calculated were compared statistically with the actual cell counts and the traditional mitotic grades, respectively. Interobserver reproducibility of the method was also tested. RESULTS: Stereologically estimated tumor cell counts had a good correlation with actual cell counts (r = .891, P < .001). Besides, the mitotic indices calculated with tumor cell counts (calculated with both estimated and actual cell counts) in the denominator of the fraction of the mitotic index were in agreement with the currently used method (P < .01 for both). There was no statistically significant difference between the counts of two observers (P = .068). CONCLUSION: The suggested method, considering tumor cellularity as an influencing factor, was practical, reproducible and in agreement with the traditional method. This method should be studied in a large group of patients with follow-up data to determine the threshold values for different grades and determine its prognostic value during the disease course.     

林木分布格局多样性测度方法: 以阔叶红松林为例

林木分布格局是森林结构的重要组成部分, 直接影响森林生态系统的健康与稳定, 维持森林结构多样性被认为是保护生物多样性的最佳途径。本研究探讨了林木分布格局多样性的测度方法, 以期为揭示森林结构多样性提供理论依据。格局多样性研究的关键在于选择合适的生物多样性测度方法和具有分布属性的格局指数。本研究通过统计角尺度分布频率和Voronoi多边形边数分布频率, 运用Simpson指数分别计算角尺度多样性和Voronoi多边形边数分布多样性, 作为表达林木分布格局多样性指数的方法, 并以我国东北吉林蛟河的3个100 m × 100 m的阔叶红松(Pinus koreansis)林长期定位监测标准地为例, 分析了林木分布格局的多样性。结果表明: 无论是角尺度分布还是Voronoi多边形的边数分布都接近正态分布, 角尺度分布中随机分布林木的频数最多, 占55%以上; Voronoi多边形的类型多达10个以上, 50%以上的林木有5-6株最近相邻木。利用Simpson指数衡量林木格局多样性, 角尺度分布与Voronoi多边形的边数分布都显示出聚集分布的林分比随机分布林分的格局多样性高。研究还发现, 两种格局判定方法得出的Simpson指数值有所不同, 角尺度分布的多样性数值明显低于Voronoi多边形的边数分布的多样性数值, 主要原因是二者的等级数量不同。可见, 林木分布格局多样性研究应选择具有分布属性的格局指数, 但由于各指数反映的角度不同, 所以在分析比较不同林分格局多样性时应采用相同的分析方法。     

三江平原湿地生态脆弱性研究

建立了湿地生态脆弱性评价指标体系和方法,并利用该方法对三江平原湿地进行了评价,依据湿地生态特征和发展演化规律选择评价指标,利用层次分析法（AHP）进行指标权重,用综合指数法评价湿地生态脆弱性程度,实践表明该方法科学,实用,对湿地资源的合理利用与保护具有指导意义,具有推广价值。     

草莓种苗壮苗指数模型的构建与质量评价

随着我国草莓栽培面积逐年增加,草莓种苗需求量越来越大,为了确保种苗育苗质量,亟需开展壮苗评价的研究。本研究以生长40 d的‘红颜’穴盘苗为对象,在测定地上部和地下部生长、鲜重、干重等16项指标的基础上,分别构建单项指标隶属函数,使用加权模糊评判法计算种苗综合评价指数;利用主成分分析筛选的关键指标组成多个壮苗指数模型,与种苗综合评价指数进行相关性分析后,确定最佳草莓壮苗指数模型并进行验证。结果表明: 随机选取的320株草莓种苗16项指标存在显著差异,综合评价指数为0.165～0.817,可作为壮苗指数模型构建和种苗质量评价的依据。主成分分析将16项指标划分为地上部相关指标、地下部相关指标和色素指标3个主成分,累计贡献率达到79.7%;从每个主成分中选择贡献值最大的3个指标随机组成27种壮苗指数模型,通过相关性分析筛选出与综合评价指数相关性最大的5个壮苗指数模型,其中“地上干重×根系表面积×叶绿素a”的相关性最高,用‘红颜’、‘香野’和‘甜查理’种苗验证相关系数均最大,分别为0.879、0.924和0.975,确定可作为草莓壮苗指数计算模型。以综合评价指数为种苗质量分级依据,可将种苗健壮程度分为3个等级:等级Ⅰ(综合评价指数≥0.5,壮苗指数≥4.0)为优质苗,等级Ⅱ(综合评价指数0.3～0.5,壮苗指数0.5～4.0)为合格苗,等级Ⅲ(综合评价指数≤0.3,壮苗指数≤0.5)为弱苗。研究结果可为草莓或其他种苗壮苗指数计算和种苗健壮程度评价提供理论依据与科学方法。     

顾及地形起伏的InVEST模型的生物多样性重要区识别——以云南省为例

精确识别生物多样性重要区是生态学和生物多样性研究的关键问题之一,也是生态保护红线划定和国土空间规划的重要基础。本研究以中国典型高原山区云南省为研究案例,分别用净初级生产力(NPP)定量指标法、InVEST模型和顾及地形起伏的InVEST模型识别研究区生物多样性重要区。结果表明: NPP定量指标法不适用于垂直地带性发育明显的高原山区,其识别区域仅包含自然保护地的26.1%;InVEST模型较NPP定量指标法在云南省具有较高的识别精度,识别区域包含自然保护地的49.4%,但在滇西北破碎化格局明显;顾及地形起伏的InVEST模型提高了生物多样性重要区的识别精度,包含71.7%的自然保护区,同时弥补了NPP定量指标法对水域识别的缺漏,解决了InVEST模型的破碎化问题;云南省生物多样性重要区面积达119466.94 km²,是云南省国土面积的30.3%,空间分布整体呈现“三屏两带一区多点”的格局。     

贵州马比木内生真菌的多样性研究

为了解贵州省马比木内生真菌的多样性,通过采集贵阳修文、遵义播州、铜仁万山3个县区的不同季节的健康马比木植物不同组织部位样本进行内生真菌的分离,分析分离菌ITS rDNA序列,采用分子系统学方法,对3个地区的不同季节马比木植物不同组织部位的内生真菌进行鉴定、归类,并进行多样性评价。结果表明,从1 444个马比木组织块中分离出1 037株内生真菌,分别隶属于30个属,其中间壳座属Diaporthe为优势属,分离率与分离频率分别为40.24%与57.58%;夏季内生真菌的多样性指数最高,4个季节的相似度在0.40-0.71之间,贵阳的相似性指数最高,三地的相似性指数在0.42-0.55之间,果实的多样性指数最高,各个组织部位的相似性指数在0.00-0.54之间。表面植株生长环境及部位对内生真菌的组成和多样性均有影响。     

Potential use of spectral image analysis for the quantitative evaluation of estrogen receptors in breast cancer

Evaluation of estrogen receptor (ER) content is an important factor in the choice of therapy and prognosis of breast cancer patients. In this study, we demonstrate a new spectral image analysis technique for objective and quantitative evaluations of stained specimens. The SpectraCube system was used to analyze nuclear antigens in thirteen cases of breast cancer stained by the immunoperoxidase method with hematoxylin counterstain. Spectral imaging segregated the spectrum of diaminobenzidine (DAB) from the background color of hematoxylin and a spectral index was calculated. The spectral index essentially agreed with the pathologist's index (on a scale of 0 to 3) in seven out of the thirteen cases. A substantial number of ER positive pixels was detected in the two cases scored as 0 by the pathologist's index. In a test case scored as 1 by the pathologist's index we detected a significant number of pixels, representing 47% of the nuclei, with DAB-intensity values higher than the cut-off value of 1.2. These data suggest that spectral image analysis is a sensitive method providing intensive information with high reproducibility. Our spectral imaging method is highly flexible, enabling the user to define the spatial resolution of the analyzed specimen by choosing the number of pixels per one nucleus.     

Amphiphilicity index of polar amino acids as an aid in the characterization of amino acid preference at membrane-water interfaces

MOTIVATION: An amphiphilicity index of amino acid residues was developed for improving the method of transmembrane helix prediction. RESULTS: The transfer energy of a hydrocarbon stem group beyond the gamma-carbon was calculated from the accessible surface area, and used to index the amphiphilicity of the residue. Non-zero amphiphilicity index values were obtained for lysine, arginine, histidine, glutamic acid, glutamine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Those residues were found to be abundant in the end regions of transmembrane helices, indicating their preference for the membrane-water interface. The moving average of the amphiphilicity index actually showed significant peaks in the end regions of most transmembrane helices. A dispersion diagram of average amphiphilicity index versus average hydrophobicity index was devised to facilitate discrimination of transmembrane helices. AVAILABILITY: The amphiphilicity index has been incorporated into a system, SOSUI, for the discrimination of membrane proteins and the prdiction of tranmembrane helical regions (http://sosui.proteome.bio.tuat.ac.jp/sosuiframe0.html).     

Remote sensing-based assessment of ecosystem health by optimizing vigor-organization-resilience model: A case study in Fuzhou City,China

Although remote sensing technology has been used to evaluate regional ecosystem health for a long time, it is still necessary to find a suitable index system to better evaluate ecosystem health. This study aims to improve the ecosystem health measurement ability of remote sensing technology. This research was carried out in Fuzhou under the traditional Vigor-Organization-Resilience (VOR) framework by optimizing and improving the construction method of sub-indexes. Sub-indexes were constructed using spectral index analysis, landscape theoretical ecology model and spatial measurement. Three remote sensing datasets were used (1996, 2008 and 2021) to carry out remote sensing diagnosis of regional ecosystem health in the Fuzhou administrative region. The main research findings and conclusions were as follows. A new comprehensive vigor index (CVI) was developed by the principal component analysis (PCA) based on the four indicators: fractional vegetation cover (FVC), global vegetation moisture index (GVMI), vegetation temperature condition index (VTCI), normalized differential build-up and bare soil index (NDBSI). A new organizational index was constructed based on the landscape index. Four types of indexes, namely landscape heterogeneity (LH), landscape connectivity (LC), the shape characteristics of forest patches (CS) and the connectivity of forest patches (CC) were used as the main factors for calculating the organizational index. A resilience index calculation framework was proposed based on the habitat quality model. The temporal and spatial characteristics of ecosystem health were evaluated and analyzed. The regional ecosystem health value of the whole region reduced gradually, with average values of 0.3521 (1996), 0.3445 (2008) and 0.3345 (2021) respectively. The average reduction rate was 0.0007 per year (1996–2021). The proposed remote sensing diagnosis method provides a complete framework for solving the problems of measuring the dynamic evolution process and characteristics of regional ecosystem health.     

A comparison of methods to calculate a total merit index using stochastic simulation

Background

Modern dairy cattle breeding goals include several production and more and more functional traits. Estimated breeding values (EBV) that are combined in the total merit index usually come from single-trait models or from multivariate models for groups of traits. In most cases, a multivariate animal model based on phenotypic data for all traits is not feasible and approximate methods based on selection index theory are applied to derive the total merit index. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare a full multitrait animal model with two approximate multitrait models and a selection index approach based on simulated data.

Methods

Three production and two functional traits were simulated to mimic the national Austrian Brown Swiss population. The reference method for derivation of the total merit index was a multitrait evaluation based on all phenotypic data. Two of the approximate methods were variations of an approximate multitrait model that used either yield deviations or de-regressed breeding values. The final method was an adaptation of the selection index method that is used in routine evaluations in Austria and Germany. Three scenarios with respect to residual covariances were set up: residual covariances were equal to zero, or half of or equal to the genetic covariances.

Results

Results of both approximate multitrait models were very close to those of the reference method, with rank correlations of 1. Both methods were nearly unbiased. Rank correlations for the selection index method showed good results when residual covariances were zero but correlations with the reference method decreased when residual covariances were large. Furthermore, EBV were biased when residual covariances were high.

Conclusions

We applied an approximate multitrait two-step procedure to yield deviations and de-regressed breeding values, which led to nearly unbiased results. De-regressed breeding values gave even slightly better results. Our results confirmed that ignoring residual covariances when a selection index approach is applied leads to remarkable bias. This could be relevant in terms of selection accuracy. Our findings suggest that the approximate multitrait approach applied to de-regressed breeding values can be used in routine genetic evaluation.     

长江经济带生态安全测度研究

长江经济带城镇化发展迅速,但随之出现的诸多生态安全问题已严重制约其高质量发展。为综合特征指数法与指标体系法优势,并诠释社会经济与生态共生发展这一生态安全新内涵,在分析城镇化发展与自然生态相互作用基础上,选取2006年至2017年长江经济带沿线11个省市数据为研究样本,运用"驱动-压力-状态-影响-响应（DPSIR）"模型、R聚类法及变异系数法确定生态安全指标及其权重,再利用城镇化-自然生态Lotka-Volterra共生模型获得具备生态经济内涵的受力指数、综合特征指数,实现指标与指数的耦合,更进一步推导出生态安全预警依据。最后进行实证测度,并根据测度结果进行指标回溯分析生态安全问题成因,完成逆向解耦。研究结果表明：（1）2006-2017年长江经济带城镇化系统发展迅猛,尤其是城镇化驱动力得到强化,但长江经济带生态环境状况改善幅度并不明显且长期处于城镇化高速发展而生态环境遭受损害的偏害发展模式;（2）长江经济带11个省市生态安全格局差异显著,呈现"东西较高,中间偏低"格局;（3）通过指标回溯发现,产业结构发展不均衡、城镇人口过度扩张、城镇化子系统对生态环境空间的侵占等因素是造成长江经济带生态安全问题的重要原因。     

Medical genetic study of the population of Turkmenia. VI. An analysis of the genetic component of fertility dispersion in the population of Nokhor

The index of the total opportunity for selection (the Crow index) and the genetic part of total variance in progeny size was studied in small Turkmenian isolated population "Nochur". The average number of children per family in families that had completed their reproductive period was 6.84, the variance being 12.31. The index of total opportunity for selection was computed by the standard method of J. Crow: Jm = 0.313, Jf = 0.454, Jtot = 0.909. Some correlation coefficients of the progeny size were calculated. The sister-sister correlation coefficient was significantly distinguished from 0 and was equal to +0.22. Thus, the genetic part of total variance of the progeny size is 0.4-0.5. It is essential for understanding of the Jf estimation.     

Indices of calcium availability and degree of dispersion in soils

Summary A comparison of the various indices of calcium availability and degree of dispersion of the soils showed that Mehlich's 1.0 me H method may be a good index of calcium availability for a particular group of soils, but the modified calcium-release value of the exchangeable phase was a superior index when a more diversified group of soils was involved. The type of the clay, cation-exchange capacity, organic matter content,etc. were the most likely factors to influence the choice of the method.The indices based on exchangeable ions were superior to those based on ion concentration in solution for predicting the dispersability of the soil.     

In vivo debonding strength and enamel damage in two orthodontic debonding methods

Bracket debonding strength related to diverse debonding methods and enamel damage has not been assessed in vivo. The study hypothetized a direct relationship between these three parameters. Debonding strength was measured clinically in the wings method and base method on 50 patients in a split mouth method using a calibrated debonding plier. Brackets from 30 of these patients were scanned in SEM and EDAX for adhesive remnant index and enamel calcium remnants. Base method debonding force was significantly greater than wings method (163.5+/-68.7 N, 106.1+/-66.2 N, respectively, p < 0.001). A positive adhesive remnant index score was found in both methods (68.7%, 66.7%, respectively). Debonding strength vs. adhesive remnant index or calcium index scores were not correlated. However, the latter two were significantly correlated (0.524 < R < 0.895, p < 0.031). Half of the debonding failures developed at the adhesive enamel interface. The results warnts the potential of enamel damage during debonding.     

Determination of the mitotic index by microinjection of fluorescently labelled tubulin

The microneedle injection technique is one of the most established procedures for the introduction of proteins into living cells. To analyse injected proteins which are important in cell cycle progression it is often necessary to determine the mitotic index. Measuring the mitotic index after microinjection is complicated because only a limited number of cells of the whole cell population is microinjected. Therefore, we attempted to establish a new method to determine the mitotic index using microinjection of fluorescently labelled alpha/beta-tubulin into mammalian cells which allows to monitor the injected cells simultaneously with the determination of the mitotic index. We demonstrated that fluorescently labelled tubulin incorporates efficiently into the mitotic spindle apparatus. Fluorescence remains stable for several hours which is sufficient to observe the progression of cells through the M-phase of the cell cycle. The determination of the mitotic index with the method presented here gave similar results to those determined using other methods. With this method also different stages of mitosis can be visualized by analysing various steps of spindle formation. Thus, this rapid method allows the monitoring of the injected cells after microneedle injection and simultaneously the determination of the mitotic index.     

元宝山南方红豆杉种群分布格局及动态

采用相邻格子样方法取样数据,应用方差 /均值比的t检验法、负二项参数、格林指数、Cassie指标、扩散型指数、丛生指标、平均拥挤度和聚块性指数等方法及分布模型,研究了南方红豆杉种群的空间分布格局及其动态.结果表明,南方红豆杉种群空间格局为集群分布,从幼苗到大树,其集群程度减小,大树呈随机分布.