栽培条叶龙胆根中龙胆苦苷含量差异的研究

采用高效液相色谱法,测定栽培条叶龙胆根中龙胆苦苷的含量,结果表明:花末期(9月3日)龙胆苦苷含量高于果期(9月18日)和枯萎期(10月10日);同一根系中二龄根的含量显著高于一龄根;有性后代个体之间龙胆苦苷含量差异显著,对条叶龙胆进行高含量育种研究是可行的。     

野生坚龙胆及其组培苗中龙胆苦苷的含量分析

利用含有α-萘乙酸(NAA)、6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和激动素(KT)等激素的MS固体培养基,对野生坚龙胆进行组培苗诱导培养。同时,应用高效液相色谱技术对野生坚龙胆和其组培苗的根、茎和叶中的龙胆苦苷进行含量分析和比较研究。结果发现,野生坚龙胆中的龙胆苦苷主要储存于根部,而组培坚龙胆中龙胆苦苷在根中的含量甚微,主要集中在茎、叶部位,且在出根初期组培坚龙胆叶中的龙胆苦苷含量近似于或略大于野生坚龙胆根中的含量。研究结果提示,坚龙胆中的绿色组织是龙胆苦苷合成的部位,这些部位同时具有龙胆苦苷的储藏功能。     

粗糙龙胆地下器官龙胆苦苷和可溶性糖含量的动态研究

对两个栽培地点北安和呼兰产粗糙龙胆的主要有效成分龙胆苦苷的含量和可溶性糖含量进行了研究。结果表明:龙胆苦苷含量随发育节律而波动,6月份虽然有一个积累高峰,但含水率高,不宜定为采收期,适宜采收期均应是花期和休眠期。可溶性糖含量相应在6月份出现先低后高的趋势,在生长后期则积累较多。     

条叶龙胆根培养物中龙胆苦苷的产生和含量

条对龙胆愈伤组织中龙胆苦苷含量较低,根的分化可以提高龙胆苦苷的含量。培养的离休根中龙胆苦苷的含量则更高。随着继代次数的增加,愈伤组织中龙胆苦苷含量下降快,而分化根的愈伤组织和离体培养根中龙胆苦苷含量下降较慢。在愈伤组织的液体培养中,1/2MS培养基附加低浓度的植物激素,龙胆苦苷含量有所提高。植物激素配比促进愈伤组织中分化根的形成,也促进龙胆苦苷的产生;但促进愈伤组织的生长时,不利于龙胆苦苷产生。在离体根培养中,添加 1mg/L的金雀花碱,促进龙胆苦苷的产生,含量可达1.48％,明显高于愈伤组织(0.52％)和分化根的愈伤组织(0.65％),也高于试管苗根的龙胆苦苷含量(1.01％)。     

苦龙胆酯苷的研究进展

苦龙胆酯苷是一种裂环烯醚萜苷类化合物,又称为苦龙苷或龙胆苦酯苷。其分子式为:C27H28O14,分子量为576.52,是已知最苦的裂环烯醚萜苷类化合物。目前已证明可从川东獐牙菜、印度獐牙菜、龙胆草以及辐花肋柱花中提取。辐花肋柱花是最新证明的可提取苦龙胆酯苷的植物。苦龙胆酯苷具有助消化,保肝,抗皮肤肿瘤,抗黑热病等药理活性。在古代印度传统医药以及中药藏药中,苦龙胆酯苷的来源植物是治疗消化系统相关疾病的一味常见的草药,如保肝、抗糖尿病等。在体内药代动力学研究中,兔静脉注射苦龙胆酯苷,在血中有较快的清除率(2.62±0.41 L/h/kg)和广泛的体内组织分布(1.08±0.44 L/kg);采用游离、脂质体和囊泡体形式给仓鼠用药具有明显保护肝肾功能且未发现明显不良反应。     

藏药麻花秦艽中苦苷类成分的含量测定及品质评价

建立了反相高效液相色谱检测藏药麻花秦艽药材中主要苦苷类成分龙胆苦苷与落干酸含量的分析方法,对栽培和野生藏药植物麻花秦艽中苦苷类成分进行了定性、定量分析,对栽培麻花秦艽代替野生麻花秦艽入药进行了品质评价,结果表明,栽培植物藏药麻花秦艽不仅可代替野生药材入药,并具有深度开发的前景。     

藏药提宗龙胆和线叶龙胆花中四种苦苷类成分的HPLC测定

应用HPLC分析方法同时测定藏药提宗龙胆和线叶龙胆两种植物花中落干酸、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苷4种苦苷类成分的含量.采用Econosphere C18色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-0.5%乙酸为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min;检测波长为245 nm.结果表明,除提宗龙胆中未检出獐牙菜苦苷外,其它成分均在两种植物中存在,但含量存在一定的差异.     

响应面法优化线叶龙胆中龙胆苦苷提取工艺

采用响应面法优化乙醇热回流提取线叶龙胆中龙胆苦苷的提取工艺。在单因素试验基础上,选择乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间为自变量,以龙胆苦苷提取率为响应值,进行Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计,采用响应面法(RSM)评估其对龙胆苦苷提取率的影响。在乙醇浓度71%,液料比34:1,提取时间83min时,提取率达4.52%。     

龙胆苦苷镇痛抗炎药理作用研究

本文采用小鼠醋酸扭体法和热板法观察龙胆苦苷(gentiopicroside)的镇痛药理作用,采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀急性炎症模型及大鼠肉芽肿慢性炎症模型,考察龙胆苦苷的抗炎药理作用.龙胆苦苷经皮下注射给药,在小鼠醋酸扭体和热板法实验中,减少了扭体次数,提高了小鼠痛域阈值,呈良好的量效关系.明显减轻了二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀,降低蛋清致大鼠足趾肿胀,抑制了大鼠肉芽肿.结果表明龙胆苦苷对热和化学刺激引起的疼痛反应有明显的镇痛作用,对急、慢性炎症反应均有一定的抑制作用.     

Identification and characterization of xanthone biosynthetic genes contributing to the vivid red coloration of red-flowered gentian

Cultivated Japanese gentians traditionally produce vivid blue flowers because of the accumulation of delphinidin-based polyacylated anthocyanins. However, recent breeding programs developed several red-flowered cultivars, but the underlying mechanism for this red coloration was unknown. Thus, we characterized the pigments responsible for the red coloration in these cultivars. A high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, including flavones and xanthones, as well as the accumulation of colored cyanidin-based anthocyanins. The chemical structures of two xanthone compounds contributing to the coloration of red-flowered gentian petals were determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The compounds were identified as norathyriol 6-O-glucoside (i.e., tripteroside designated as Xt1) and a previously unreported norathyriol-6-O-(6′-O-malonyl)-glucoside (designated Xt2). The copigmentation effects of these compounds on cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were detected in vitro. Additionally, an RNA sequencing analysis was performed to identify the cDNAs encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these xanthones. Recombinant proteins encoded by the candidate genes were produced in a wheat germ cell-free protein expression system and assayed. We determined that a UDP-glucose-dependent glucosyltransferase (StrGT9) catalyzes the transfer of a glucose moiety to norathyriol, a xanthone aglycone, to produce Xt1, which is converted to Xt2 by a malonyltransferase (StrAT2). An analysis of the progeny lines suggested that the accumulation of Xt2 contributes to the vivid red coloration of gentian flowers. Our data indicate that StrGT9 and StrAT2 help mediate xanthone biosynthesis and contribute to the coloration of red-flowered gentians via copigmentation effects.     

广西人工栽培铁皮石斛内生菌根的研究

通过光学生物显微镜及Qwin图像分析系统,对人工繁育栽培的铁皮石斛各生长期植株的内生菌根进行了观察分析。结果表明:铁皮石斛具有典型的内生菌根;铁皮石斛根内共生菌不是其原有的,而是通过栽培基质传与铁皮石斛的根而共生。被真菌侵染的区域大,其植株生长茂盛,真菌对铁皮石斛的生长发育可能有促进的作用。     

Effect of storage time on the composition and content of wood extractives in Eucalyptus cultivated in Brazil

Lipophilic wood extractives commonly referred to as pitch, cause significant problems for the pulp and paper industries. The reduction of these extractives is an important aspect that concerns industries around the world. In the present work the change in the amount and chemical composition of lipophilic extractives from Eucalyptus spp. stored for 20, 40, 60, 100, 140 and 180 days after harvesting was investigated. The results showed a decrease in extractives content with storage time, with the most significant decrease occurring 60 days after harvesting. In addition, fatty acids and sterols were the main classes of compounds responsible for the significant decrease in extractive content. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis. PC1 explains approximately 99% of the total variance, and beta-sitosterol was the major compound responsible for the differentiation. These studies demonstrate that in terms of economical aspects, quality of the pulp and paper and minimization of pitch formation, the best period of wood storage is 60 days.     

不同类型灵芝品种的农艺性状、显微结构以及功能成分的比较

以育粉灵芝‘G-HN01’、‘G-XZ01’、‘G-LQ01’和育芝灵芝‘G-LQ02’两类品种为比较研究对象,进行袋料栽培实验。观测比较发现4个灵芝品种的菌丝生长速度和袋料栽培模式的子实体农艺性状差异显著;利用扫描电镜观测比较两种类型灵芝品种子实体显微结构差异,无孢子品种在显微结构上与其他3种育粉灵芝有着明显的区别;测定4个品种代料栽培子实体中功效成分及总的抗氧化能力,结果显示3个育粉品种之间功效成分和抗氧化活性上有显著差异,但育粉品种和育芝品种之间含量差异不显著。     

Arthrospira platensis biomass with high protein content cultivated in continuous process using urea as nitrogen source

Aims: Arthrospira platensis has been studied for single‐cell protein production because of its biomass composition and its ability of growing in alternative media. This work evaluated the effects of different dilution rates (D) and urea concentrations (N₀) on A. platensis continuous culture, in terms of growth, kinetic parameters, biomass composition and nitrogen removal. Methods and results: Arthrospira platensis was continuously cultivated in a glass‐made vertical column photobioreactor agitated with Rushton turbines. There were used different dilution rates (0·04–0·44 day^?1) and urea concentrations (0·5 and 5 mmol l^?1). With N₀ = 5 mmol l^?1, the maximum steady‐state biomass concentration was1415 mg l^?1, achieved with D = 0·04 day^?1, but the highest protein content (71·9%) was obtained by applying D = 0·12 day^?1, attaining a protein productivity of 106·41 mg l^?1 day^?1. Nitrogen removal reached 99% on steady‐state conditions. Conclusions: The best results were achieved by applying N₀ = 5 mmol l^?1; however, urea led to inhibitory conditions at D ≥ 0·16 day^?1, inducing the system wash‐out. The agitation afforded satisfactory mixture and did not harm the trichomes structure. Significance and Impact of the Study: These results can enhance the basis for the continuous removal of nitrogenous wastewater pollutants using cyanobacteria, with an easily assembled photobioreactor.     

The ethnobotany of cultivated plants of the Maohi of the society islands

Biases in the ethnohistoric literature of the Maohi have resulted in a misconception that cultivation practices were not well developed in the Society Islands. Though observations of cultivation practices are indeed few and far between in these sources, taken together they clearly indicate the importance of cultivated plants to many aspects of Maohi life. This paper documents 47 taxa, and many more varieties, that the Maohi relied on for food and technology. Cultivation techniques ranged from minimum tillage, to major modifications of the landscape. Few of these crops, and their associated cropping techniques, are used by the Maohi today.     

Influence of bacteria on cell size development and morphology of cultivated diatoms

Vegetative cell division in diatoms often results in a decreased cell size of one of the daughter cells, which during long‐term cultivation may lead to a gradual decrease of the mean cell size of the culture. To restore the initial cell size, sexual reproduction is required, however, in many diatom cultures sexual reproduction does not occur. Such diatom cultures may lose their viability once the average size of the cells falls below a critical size. Cell size reduction therefore seriously restrains the long‐term stability of many diatom cultures. In order to study the bacterial influence on the size diminution process, we observed cell morphology and size distribution of the diatoms Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cymbella affiniformis and Nitzschia palea for more than two years in bacteria‐free conditions (axenic cultures) and in cultures that contain bacteria (xenic cultures). We found considerable morphological aberrations of frustule microstructures in A. minutissimum and C. affiniformis when cultivated under axenic conditions compared to the xenic cultures. These variations comprise significant cell length reduction, simplification and rounding of the frustule contour and deformation of the siliceous cell walls, features that are normally found in older cultures shortly before they die off. In contrast, the xenic cultures were well preserved and showed less cell length diminution. Our results show that bacteria may have a fundamental influence on the stability of long‐term cultures of diatoms.     

栽培基质中添加砻糠灰对甜瓜生长和果实品质的影响

为减少不可再生资源草炭的使用,降低无土栽培基质生产成本,以甜瓜品种‘羊角蜜’为试验材料,将砻糠灰和市售成品栽培基质按照不同体积比［1∶5(T₁)、2∶4(T₂)、3∶3(T₃)、4∶2(T₄)、5∶1(T₅)］进行混配,以未添加砻糠灰的市售成品栽培基质为对照(CK),研究不同配比基质的理化性质及其对甜瓜生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数以及果实品质的影响。结果表明：(1)在市售栽培基质中添加一定量的砻糠灰可显著改善基质通气状况,提高混配基质的pH、电导率(EC),显著抑制基质中微生物数量。(2)与对照相比,适量砻糠灰混配基质能够显著促进甜瓜植株的生长,其中T₂处理下,甜瓜植株的株高、根系活力、根冠比相比于CK分别显著提高了14.69%、19.73%、23.08%。(3)在T₂处理下,甜瓜叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著升高。(4)T₂处理下甜瓜横径、纵径、单果重和单株产量与对照相比均显著提高,其单果重增幅达到20.3%,并且果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、蔗糖、葡萄糖等含量显著增加,蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性有明显增强。研究发现,混配适量砻糠灰可有效改善栽培基质理化特性,显著促进甜瓜植株生长,提高甜瓜叶片光合作用能力,改善甜瓜果实品质,并以砻糠灰与市售成品栽培基质体积比为2∶4的混配基质配方最为适宜,可替代传统基质用于甜瓜栽培。