松辽盆地上白垩统嫩江组一段介形类生物地层研究

在对杏104井,杏1—丁3—检323井和塔3井等3口优选井的介形类化石鉴定的基础上,通过对3口优选井涉及研究层位的87块介形类化石样品进行统计分析和编制介形类主要种的地层分布延限图、开展介形类生物地层学研究,建立松辽盆地晚白垩世嫩江组一段介形类化石带7个,包括新建介形类化石带1个,修订介形类化石带1个,并详细描述这7个介形类化石带。     

浙江长兴煤山二叠纪末大灭绝化石记录的置信区间分析

化石的保存与采集普遍具有随机性,以至直接观察结果往往不能反映真实的生物分类单元延限以及生物事件,而必须对化石记录进行统计分析,从定量的角度发掘其可信内涵,。浙江长兴煤山财区二叠系－三叠系剖面的化石资料经过数十年采集研究,已提出多期生物群灭绝模式,文中运用置信区间作了分析,。说明了长兴期末生物大灭绝为突发性,灾难性事件。     

古生物多样性统计方法及其适用性分析

以化石产出记录为对象,以时间段为单位的编目式物种多样性统计分析是古生物多样性研究的主要内容。由于地层和化石记录本身的不完整性,以及不同地区和时段各门类化石系统古生物学、生物地层学等方面研究程度的差异,使得多样性统计结果往往存在一定偏差,同时不合理的数学统计方法的选用也会对多样性演化形式产生进一步的误读。基于单一时间段内,不同化石延限类型对该时段物种多样性的贡献度的不同看法,存在多种不同的多样性统计方法。而针对时间段跨度、短延限分子比例和生物群多样性变化形式的不同情况,每一种统计方法各自具有一定的适用范围,合理的方法选择能够良好模拟真实情况;反之,不恰当的统计方法则会人为引进更多的偏差。提高原始数据精度、合理划分时间单元和采用不同统计方法对比研究,可以有效的减小偏差。     

扬子台地西北缘志留纪笔石Oktavites spiralis (Geinitz, 1842)发育过程研究

Oktavites spiralis(Geinitz,1842)是志留系特列奇阶(Telychian)的笔石带化石,其形态特征明显,在全球范围内广泛分布,地层对比意义较强。然而,该种宽泛的化石定义以及缺乏居群变异研究,造成了对该化石延限的争议,不利于地层的精确对比。笔者对产自陕西紫阳、岚皋地区特列奇阶Oktavites spiralis带至Cyrtograptus lapworthi笔石带的45个Oktavites spiralis不同发育阶段的幼体标本进行研究,建立了较完整的发育序列,从而对该种的始部特征有了更为深入的了解,增加了描述的精确性。同时,通过始部特征的对比研究,可将Oktavites spiralis和与之共生的Oktavites contortus(Perner,1897)明确区分为2个独立的种。此外,对Oktavites spiralis和Oktavites contortus发育过程的研究,也可成为该属进一步精确厘定的主要依据之一。     

人工智能原理在古生物化石归类中的应用

一、引言当前定性的形态描述仍作为古生物研究的基本手段,因此,对古生物学来说,定性资料的自动化处理显得尤其迫切.实际上,在微机普及的今天,这完全可以借助于计算机的自动推理功能得以实现.自动推理方法免去了古生物研究中的一些机械的和重复性的劳动.本文着重讨论人工智能原理在古生物化石归类中的应用以及在微     

内蒙古第三纪介形类的新属种

本文记述的介形虫化石,产于内蒙古自治区乌中后旗巴音抗盖公社以北的两个水文钻孔中,化石十分丰富,保存完好,文内只描述其中的3属3种。它们的发现对研究此区的新生代地层和沉积环境具有一定的意义。此外对于松辽平原的若干女星介进行了修正。本文承童紫筠、南燕分析样品,黄成彦摄制电子扫描图影,王德山绘制插图,笔者在此表示衷心感谢。     

崛起的门类——钙质超微化石

什么是“超微化石”? 古生物化石大小十分悬殊。一般说,像介形虫、轮藻这种小个体需用显微镜来观察的属于微体化石;“超微化石”是比微体化石还要细小,其直径仅为头髪丝的十分之一,通常借助于扫描电子显微镜进行研究。“超微化石”有钙质的和硅质的两类。硅质超微化石通常指的是硅鞭毛藻,种类不多。而平常所说的“超微化石”主要指的是钙质超微化石(即钙质超微浮游生物化石)。它们种类繁多、数量极大,在地层中广泛分布。钙质超微化石首先指的是颗石类。据研究,颗石是颗石藻身上的骨骼(图一)。颗石藻是一类具有鞭毛的单细胞生物,几乎全是海生浮游的。其大小只有3—35微米,相当于粘土与粉砂的界线。颗石的大小一般在     

湖北宜昌奥陶纪特马豆克期晚期-桑比期早期牙形刺多样性初探

根据前人发表的和作者现有资料,对宜昌地区奥陶系南津关组至庙坡组(Tremadocian-early Sandbian)所报道的牙形刺属种进行厘定,并根据牙形刺带进行统计分析,初步编制出牙形刺属种的地层延限图。研究表明,牙形刺在奥陶纪的宏演化经历了3次较为明显的辐射事件,分别发生在早奥陶世晚期,Darri wilian期中期和中、晚奥陶世之交,并都与局部环境的变化有关。     

贵州省紫云县宗地剖面早石炭世大塘期一早二叠世栖霞期的[竹蜓]类动物群

贵州省紫云县宗地剖面产出早石炭世大塘期至早二叠世栖霞期连续的[竹蜓]类化石序列。研究结果显示：该段地层中共产出[竹蜓]类36属453种（包括14个新种、14个亚种、47个相似种、18个变种以及30个未定种）。依据化石组合特征,可以识别出13个[竹蜓]类化石带,从老至新为Eostaffella-Eostaffellina富集带,Pseudostaffella富集带,Profusulinella deprati延限带,Profusulinella chaohuensis-P．fenghuangshanensis间隔带,Fusulina-Fusulinella富集带,Protriticites ziyunensis sp．nov．富集带,Triticites hobblensis延限带,Triticites panteleevi富集带,Sphaeroschwagerina subrotunda延限带,Eoparafusulina ovata富集带,Staffella—Pseudoendothyra组合带,Misellina termieri富集带,Misellina pamirensis—Misellina ovalis共存延限带。依据各带中的[竹蜓]类属种分布,宗地剖面的[竹蜓]类化石带序列可以很好地与中国华南、北美得克萨斯、日本中部和俄罗斯等地区同期的[竹蜓]类化石序列对比。     

重庆合川地区晚三叠世须家河组孢粉组合北大核心CSCD

四川盆地南部重庆合川炭坝剖面须家河组中发现丰富的孢粉化石,共计73属150种,其中包括蕨类植物孢子41属89种,裸子植物花粉29属56种,苔藓植物孢子1属3种,藻类化石2属2种。建立一个孢粉组合,命名为Dictyophyllidites-Lunzisporites-Chasmatosporites组合(简称DLC组合),并进一步分为下亚组合和上亚组合。根据孢粉组合内一些重要分子的地质时代延限及与国内外有关孢粉组合的对比,确定其地质时代为晚三叠世晚期,相当于诺利期—瑞替期(Norian—Rhaetian),并且倾向于瑞替期(Rhaetian)。     

Conceptualising ‘fossiliferous deposit’ against ‘palaeontological deposit’: some semantic (and epistemological) considerations

This short essay intends to provide insight into the concepts of ‘fossiliferous deposit’ and ‘palaeontological deposit’ by identifying some of their semantic differences. From the moment that fossiliferous deposits are technically accessible to the palaeontologist, they are ‘palaeontological’ ones, but not before. However, not all palaeontological deposits must inevitably be ‘fossiliferous’ deposits in the sense of containing mineralised remains of the anatomical parts of organisms. As a consequence of the existence of fossiliferous deposits, the science of palaeontology exists, with the result that fossiliferous deposits become ‘palaeontological deposits’, together with the non-fossiliferous strata that are able to provide data on the ecological and/or ethological conditions of fossil beings from remains that are not ‘fossils’. From the point of view of philosophy of science, fossiliferous and palaeontological deposits should be considered as two different epistemological (as well as ontological) categories. Consequently, by identifying semantic differences, the concepts of ‘fossiliferous deposit’ and ‘palaeontological deposit’ can be framed better within the philosophical development of the palaeontological sciences. In addition to the central issue addressed in this essay, a brief discussion on the epistemic value of the dichotomy ‘to deposit’ versus ‘to reposit’ applied to palaeontological museology is brought up.     

Proposing a solution to the Articulata–Ecdysozoa controversy

Recent studies of animal radiation agree on monophyly of the Bilateria, but there is no consensus about the early radiation of the group. Protostomia and Deuterostomia are usually recognized, with two competing theories regarding the division of the Protostomia: one divides them into Spiralia and Cycloneuralia, the other into Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. The main discrepancy concerns the Arthropoda, which are placed with the Articulata within the Spiralia by the first group, and with the Cycloneuralia within the Ecdysozoa by the second. Here I propose that this discrepancy can be resolved by regarding the Ecdysozoa as the sister group of the Annelida within the Articulata. This implies that segmentation has been lost in phyla such as Nematoda and Priapula, but the Kinorhyncha may show a 'reduced segmentation' with serially arranged muscles associated with a ringed cuticle. Morphological, palaeontological and molecular implications of this theory are discussed. While many morphological and palaeontological data can be interpreted in accordance with the theory, the molecular data remain inconclusive.     

Calcareous nannofossil surface sediment assemblages from the Sicily Channel (central Mediterranean Sea): Palaeoceanographic implications

Quantitative analysis of 67 calcareous nannofossil assemblages from surface sediments recovered in a wide area across the Sicily Channel has been carried out in order to improve the interpretation of palaeontological data based on this planktonic group in a key area for Mediterranean palaeoceanographic studies. The investigation focused on three case studies that demonstrate the high potentiality of such a combined approach, taking into account the recent distribution of taxa or groups of taxa on the sea floor and the palaeontological record. The distribution of reworked specimens over the northern Sicily Channel sea floor validates the role of southern Sicily as a source region for reworked nannofossils and the role of rivers as their carrier. Eustatic sea-level fluctuations can be considered to be the main factor that influenced the abundance variations in sedimentary sequences of this area. The distribution of Florisphaera profunda can be explained in terms of topography (positive correlation) and mesoscale oceanographic circulation. In particular, its significant anti-correlation to the amount of chlorophyll-A deduced by satellite imagery validates the use of this species as a proxy for palaeoproductivity reconstructions. Finally, high abundance values of G. oceanica are confined to the westernmost part of the Sicily Channel, coinciding with a water mass salinity minimum. In particular, abundances of up to about 10% were observed in the westernmost part of the African Margin, suggesting the importance of the Atlantic Tunisian Current, whose activity is more pronounced in winter. The comparison of data of this species between 135 and 110 kyr BP, inside and outside the Channel, led us to deduce that the physical transport in almost unmodified waters of Atlantic origin might be the most important factor for its significant occurrence.     

Origin and evolution of fungus farming in wood-boring Coleoptera – a palaeontological perspective

Insect–fungus mutualism is one of the better-studied symbiotic interactions in nature. Ambrosia fungi are an ecological assemblage of unrelated fungi that are cultivated by ambrosia beetles in their galleries as obligate food for larvae. Despite recently increased research interest, it remains unclear which ecological factors facilitated the origin of fungus farming, and how it transformed into a symbiotic relationship with obligate dependency. It is clear from phylogenetic analyses that this symbiosis evolved independently many times in several beetle and fungus lineages. However, there is a mismatch between palaeontological and phylogenetic data. Herein we review, for the first time, the ambrosia system from a palaeontological perspective. Although largely ignored, families such as Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae should be included in the list of ambrosia beetles because some of their species cultivate ambrosia fungi. The estimated origin for some groups of ambrosia fungi during the Cretaceous concurs with a known high diversity of Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae at that time. Although potentially older, the greatest radiation of various ambrosia beetle lineages occurred in the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae during the Eocene. In this review we explore the evolutionary relationship between ambrosia beetles, fungi and their host trees, which is likely to have persisted for longer than previously supposed.     

松辽盆地泉头组三、四段介形类化石的分布特征与扶、杨油层细分

本文简要叙述了松辽盆地泉头组三、四段的沉积特征,详细讨论了泉头组三、四段及其所属扶余、杨大城子油层介形类化石的分布,总结出划分油层和油层组的介形类标志化石。利用这些介形类标志化石可进一步将扶余油层细分为三个油层组,杨大城子油层细分为五个油层组,为油层细分层对比提供了古生物依据。     

Palaeontology in the third dimension: a comprehensive guide for the integration of three-dimensional content in publications

During the last decade, three-dimensional, digital models have become increasingly important in geosciences and in particular in palaeontological research. Although significant advances in hard- and software technology have facilitated the acquisition and creation of such models, the presentation of three-dimensional data is still greatly handicapped by the traditionally two-dimensional means of publication. The ability to integrate three-dimensional (3D) models, which can be interactively manipulated, into portable document format (PDF) documents not only considerably improves their accessibility, but also represents an innovative, but so far neglected, approach for the presentation and communication of digital data. This article introduces and illustrates a comprehensive workflow for the creation of 3D PDFs, incorporating different techniques and methodological steps, and using both commercial and freely available software resources. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and are accompanied by selected examples of digital models. These examples encompass different methods of data acquisition (computed tomography, synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy, photogrammetry) and span a wide range of sizes and taxonomic groups. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this article represents the first application of 3D PDF technology fully integrated into a scientific publication in palaeontology or even geosciences, and not restricted to supplementary material. It provides the reader with extended visual information and facilitates the dissemination of data. As both authors and readers benefit greatly from their usage, it is argued that 3D PDFs should become an accepted standard in palaeontological publications of three-dimensional models.     

贵州兴义发现最原始弓鳍鱼

记述在贵州兴义著名的贵州龙化石层（上三叠统卡尼介）中发现的最原始弓鳍鱼而建立了一新属新种－优美贵州弓鳍鱼（Guizhouamia bellula gen.et sp.nov.)。     

Causality from palaeontological time series

As custodians of deep time, palaeontologists have an obligation to seek the causes and consequences of long‐term evolutionary trajectories and the processes of ecosystem assembly and collapse. Building explicit process models on the relevant scales can be fraught with difficulties, and causal inference is typically limited to patterns of association. In this review, we discuss some of the ways in which causal connections can be extracted from palaeontological time series and provide an overview of three recently developed analytical frameworks that have been applied to palaeontological questions, namely linear stochastic differential equations, convergent cross mapping and transfer entropy. We outline how these methods differ conceptually, and in practice, and point to available software and worked examples. We end by discussing why a paradigm of dynamical causality is needed to decipher the messages encrypted in palaeontological patterns.     

Tomographic techniques for the study of exceptionally preserved fossils

Three-dimensional fossils, especially those preserving soft-part anatomy, are a rich source of palaeontological information; they can, however, be difficult to work with. Imaging of serial planes through an object (tomography) allows study of both the inside and outside of three-dimensional fossils. Tomography may be performed using physical grinding or sawing coupled with photography, through optical techniques of serial focusing, or using a variety of scanning technologies such as neutron tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and most usefully X-ray computed tomography. This latter technique is applicable at a variety of scales, and when combined with a synchrotron X-ray source can produce very high-quality data that may be augmented by phase-contrast information to enhance contrast. Tomographic data can be visualized in several ways, the most effective of which is the production of isosurface-based 'virtual fossils' that can be manipulated and dissected interactively.     

The origins of molluscs

The interrelationships and evolutionary history of molluscs have seen great advances in the last decade. Recent phylogenetic studies have allowed alternative morphology‐based evolutionary scenarios to be tested and, most significantly, shown that the aplacophorans are sister group to polyplacophorans (chitons), corroborating palaeontological and embryological evolutionary scenarios in which aplacophorans are secondarily simplified from a chiton‐like ancestor. Aplacophoran morphology therefore does not represent the plesiomorphic condition for molluscs as a whole. The mollusc crown group radiated in the Early Cambrian, and rapidly thereafter, stem lineages to the major molluscan classes emerged: cephalopods, gastropods, bivalves (= pelecypods), monoplacophorans, rostroconchs (inferred stem scaphopods) and aculiferans. This attests to the fast, adaptive radiation of the crown group during the Cambrian explosion. Kimberella from the latest Ediacaran exhibits several molluscan traits, which justifies its position as a molluscan stem‐group member, rather than as a more basal Lophotrochozoan. The interrelationships among the conchiferan molluscs are still a matter of contention and require further palaeontological and molecular phylogenetic scrutiny.