A Comparative Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of the East Side and the West Side of the Northern Gaoligong Mts . in Northwestern Yunnan,China

The differences in rainfall and temperature between the east and west sides of the northern GaoligongMts. leads to distinct differences in the plant diversity and floristic characteristics between the two sides . Recorded taxa on the east side include 1 475 native species and 192 varieties (or subspecies) belonging to 580 genera in 152 families and for the west side include 1 804 native species and 186 varieties ( or subspecies) belonging to 659 genera in 162 families . Based on the statistics and analysis of families, genera, and species, a comparative floristic study on the seed plants for the east side and the west side of the northern Gaoligong Mts. was carried out. The results are as follows: 1) The present flora on the east and west sides of the northern Gaoligong Mts . have the same floristic origins, but the relative contribution from these different sources has changed through time . The result is that the floristic similarity of families, genera, and species between the east side and the west side has decreased through time; 2) The floristic characteristic of seed plants for the west side has become more greatly influenced by tropical floristic elements than has that of the east side, and the influence by the temperate floristic elements has become less influenced on the west side but greater on the east side; 3) The flora of the west side is more closely linked with that of the eastern Himalayans than is the flora of the east side, and the flora of the east side is more closely linked with the other floras farther to the east. Owing to the obstruct of the Gaoligong Mts. ridge itself, it is seemingly difficult for the species interchange between the two sides of the northern Gaoligong Mts. ; 4) The ecological-geographical environment has made it more conducive to species conservation and the speciation on the west side than on the east side, so the west side is not only a refuge for some ancient floristic elements but also as a cradle of some new species.     

Ontogeny of Daucus carota Infected with Meloidogyne hapla

The ontogeny of carrots (Daucus carota cv. ''Spartan Premium'') grown under greenhouse conditions in pots of organic soil infected with Meloidogyne hapla was influenced detrimentally as early as 4 days after seeding, as determined through analysis of plant surface area, dry weight, fresh weight, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, and leaf-area ratio. Only 58% of the diseased carrots were suitable for fresh market, compared with 97% of those grown in nematode-free soil. Growth and development of the shoot system (height, surface area, dry weight, and fresh weight) were retarded by M. hapla as early as 12 days after seeding. During the first 12 days after seeding, root dry weight was greater for diseased plants than for controls. Root growth and development (surface area, dry weight, and fresh weight) associated with this nematode, however, were retarded as early as 16 days after seeding. M. hapla caused a delay in the occurrence of 2nd-, 4th-, and 5th-order roots, and an increase in the occurrence of 6th-order roots in infected plants. Parasitized plants had 44% fewer roots (primary through 6th-order) and 50% less total root length.     

Insect drift over the northern Arabian sea in early summer

Air borne insects, mostly carried by wind currents, were trapped over the northern Arabian sea (16‡ to 20‡ N; 68‡ to 72‡ E), in the course of cruise No. 111, ORVSAGAR KANYA (March 14 to April 7, 1996). A total of 2,301 insects belonging to 8 different orders, 47 families and 173 species were trapped. Of these, Hymenoptera was represented by the largest number (1082), which was followed by Hemiptera (586), Diptera (552), Coleoptera (51), Neuroptera (10), Trichoptera (03), Lepidoptera (03) and Orthoptera (01). The trapped insects were mostly between 0.6 mm to over 11 mm long. The data was examined for α-diversity as well as for possible correlations between various parameters like the diversity index, size and number of insects trapped on one hand and the distance of the nearest land mass in wind direction, on the other. Deceased.     

Seasonal variation in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in northern Israel

The incidence of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) and ischemic stroke vary across seasons. Most studies examining seasonal variation in sICH have been conducted in countries with significant climatic changes across seasons, whereas studies from the Mediterranean region, which has a relatively mild winter, are limited in number and have produced inconsistent results. Further studies from the region are called for, especially from countries where sICH seasonality has not yet been explored. A total of 974 patients with sICH between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2014 were included in this study. The seasonal, monthly and weekday distribution of hospital admissions, in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay and functional outcome at discharge were examined. We found that most hospital admissions due to sICH occurred in the winter (n = 286, 29%), whereas the fewest admissions occurred in the summer (n = 205, 21%; p = 0.0011). In terms of monthly distribution, most admissions were in January (n = 107, 11%), and the fewest admissions were in September (n = 60, 6%; p = 0.0004). There were no differences in the distribution of sICH between weekdays and weekends. Also, we found no significant weekday or seasonal variations in in-hospital mortality or functional outcome of sICH. Our results suggest that temporal patterns impact the natural course of sICH in northern Israel. The identification of factors, including biological ones, responsible for seasonal variation in regions with mild seasonal changes requires further research but could aid in the design of strategies for preventing sICH.     

北疆荒漠的锈菌

本文报告新疆北部荒漠的锈菌11属92种。大多数标本是作者1986年8—9月间在巴尔鲁克山、塔尔巴哈台山、准噶尔盆地西缘及南缘地区、西天山的巩留及博格达山等地采得。这一带植被主要由超旱生灌木、半灌木及草本所组成,天山北坡山地发育着较丰茂的草甸及森林植被,植物区系属于中亚荒漠植物区系。文中描述了一个新种,即葛缕子生柄锈Puccinia caricola J.Y.Zhuang;我国新记录种有12个,它们是葱杨栅锈Melampsora allii-populina Kleb.、柳叶栅锈Melampsora epitea Thuem.、尖头多胞锈Phragmidium acuminasum(Fr.)Cooke、胀柄多胞锈Phragmidium bulbosum(Str.)Schlecht.、阿尔及利亚柄锈Puccinia algerica Patouill.、伯内特柄锈Puccinia burnettiiGriff.、巨堆柄锈Puccinia gigantea Karst.、科马罗夫柄锈Puccinia komarovii Tranz.、高山蓼柄锈Puccinia polygoni-alpini Cruchet & Mayor、新塔花柄锈Puccinia zizi-phorae Sydow、柴胡单胞锈Uromyces bupleuri P.Magn.及角果藜单胞锈Uromycesceratocarpi Sydow。所有标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

A hot summer,cold winters,and the geographical limit of Trochocochlea lineat in Somerset

The common or toothed topshell, Trochocochlea lineata (da Costa, 1778), is at its northeastern geographical limit in the south and west of the British Isles. It is likely that these limits are related to some feature of air or water temperature. Along the Somerset coast, as elsewhere in southern Britain, the summer of 1995 was warmer for longer than most of its predecessors and the 1995–1996 winter was colder for longer than any since 1978. This combination of circumstances prompted an investigation into the relative effects of these two seasons. Recruitment of the 1995 cohort was unusually successful at some sites but the subsequent cold winters have removed much of that advantage on Gore Point, probably the easternmost permanent population in the Bristol Channel. The two most easterly populations, either side of Helwell Bay (Watchet), did not survive the winter of 1996–1997. The conclusion from these observations is that a hot summer can encourage recruitment but that the geographical limit in Somerset may be maintained by cold weather in winter.     

Early functional maturity of captive male northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)

A male northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) that was conceived in captivity was stillborn February 14, 1981, at Mystic Marinelife Aquarium in Mystic, Connecticut. Either of two males in the exhibit could have sired the pup. Both were only 3 yr at the time of conception.     

Type locality of Hylobates concolor leucogenys

Kloss [1929] restricted the type locality of the northern white-cheeked gibbon, Hylobates concolor leucogenys, on the basis of two specimens that were collected at Muang Khi, Laos, not at Muang Pak-Lay, Laos, as conventionally assumed. The locality difference is zoogeographically important because Muang Khi is east of the Mekong River, within the known range of H. c. leucogenys, whereas Muang Pak-Lay is west of the river, outside the known range of the subspecies. The type-locality restriction is appropriately amended.     

Short‐term effects of low intensity fire on soil macroinvertebrate assemblages in different vegetation patch types in an Australian tropical savanna

Abstract Early dry season fires are a common land management regime employed across the tropical savannas of northern Australia. The rationale is that this reduces fuel loads and so reduces fire risk in the latter part of the dry season. Despite the acceptance of fire as a major management tool the ecological effects of fire remain uncertain. Vegetation patches and their associated macroinvertebrates play a critical role in the capture and recycling of water and nutrients. The aim of this study was to examine the responses of soil macroinvertebrates, within different types of vegetation patches, to early dry season fires in tropical savanna woodland in northern Australia. The abundance of major macroinvertebrate taxa and functional groups, and taxon richness were quantified in three vegetation patch types 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after burning. Termites dominated the soil macroinvertebrate assemblage sampled. Fire led to significant decreases in ant and spider abundances and overall taxon richness. Functional group analyses showed significant overall declines in the abundances of macropredators and litter transformers. There were also interactions between fire and patch type; in tree patches, fire significantly reduced total macroinvertebrate abundance, as well as the abundance of termites and ecosystem engineers. These changes in soil macroinvertebrates will potentially influence patch functionality, with important implications for soil processes and landscape health.     

反向Northern Blotting对绵羊卵巢组织差异表达 ESTs的鉴定

利用地高辛DNA标记与检测技术反向Northern斑点杂交,对小尾寒羊和滩羊卵巢组织差异显示ESTs进行鉴定,避免同位素放射性污染,安全性很高且操作简单,提高了实验的准确性,一种鉴定差异显示ESTs简单而有效的方法。在研究基因表达、比较不同环境条件下动物组织的mRNA差异表达等方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Pleistocene phylogeography and phylogenetic concordance in cold-adapted spring snails (Bythinella spp.)

Previous studies on Pleistocene phylogeography of European taxa are biased towards (i) vertebrates, (ii) terrestrial taxa, (iii) single species, and (iv) taxa that survived the Pleistocene in southern refugia. Relatively little is known about whether evolutionary patterns of vertebrate and terrestrial taxa are also applicable to freshwater invertebrates, whether cold-adapted freshwater species could survive in extensive permafrost areas without retreating into refugia, and whether Pleistocene phylogeographical patterns are influenced by phylogeny. Here, the widespread and species-rich European spring snail genus Bythinella Moquin-Tandon, 1856 is utilized in an attempt to mitigate this bias. These strongly cold-adapted freshwater animals mostly occur in springs — highly isolated habitats that are relatively unaffected by anthropogenic influences. Phylogenetic and phylogeographical analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA sequence data were conducted in 458 specimens from 142 populations occurring throughout Europe. The study provides evidence that most Bythinella spp. survived the Pleistocene in restricted northern glacial refugia that largely correspond to refugia previously recognized for other European biota. However, survival of Bythinella spp. in extensive permafrost areas outside of refugia can likely be rejected. Low dispersal ability and the isolation and fragmentation of spring habitats, as well as the distribution of perennial springs within permafrost regions, may account for this result. Tests involving a total of 29 nominal species showed that phylogenetically closely related Bythinella species did not occupy similar refugia. This lack of phylogenetic concordance could possibly be explained by the stochasticity of survival and dispersal in spring snails.     

苏皖北部新元古代微生物化石

苏皖北部新元古代海相泥页岩,粉砂岩及燧石中富含微生物化石,其中,通过化学浸解法,从碎屑岩中获得14个形态属种的微生物化石;6个形态属种的蓝细菌化石呈三维立体状态保存在燧石切片中。浸解获得的泥页岩,粉砂岩相微生物化石,在刘老碑组中-上部的主要是片形和球形：Laminarites antiquis-simus,Leiosphaeridia pelucida,Spumiosa alara及Asperatopsophosphaera bavlinensis;在九里桥组,贾园组和赵圩组主要为多面形和球形;Monilinema quadratucella及Synsphaeridium sp.而史家组,金山寨组和沟后组则有丰富的球形,片形,梭形和带形个体;Leiosphaeridia hyperboreica,Trachysphaeridium simplex,Annulum difuminatum,Nucellosphaeridium asperatum,Tophoporata sp.Symplassosphaeridium sp,Macroptycha uniplicata及Taenia-tum simplex。该微生物组合可与河北及天津蓟县的新元古界景儿峪组和下马岭组的相对比,虽然上述微生物化石的系统古生物学仍在研究中,但却为我们了解新元古代大冰期前夕近岸海相环境生物圈提供了有关浮游植物的信息。苏皖北部新元古代倪园组及九顶山组的燧石中,保存良好的微生物三维立体化石为丝形和球形蓝细菌遗留物,包括Siphonophycus sp,Eoentophysalis belcherensis,Eozygion grande,Tetraphycus conjionceum,Globophycus rugosum及Caryospharoides pristine。该蓝细菌组合可能是底栖的,它们出现在非叠层石的碳酸盐沉积环境。     

Infection of Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum) by Kabatiella caulivora

Kabatiella caulivora is a serious pathogen of clover ( Trifolium ) spp. Subterranean clover ( T. subterraneum ) cv. Woogenellup was inoculated with K. caulivora , to study the attachment and germination of conidia, germ-tube penetration of the plant surface, and histochemistry and ultrastructure of changes in the host associated with lesion development. The foliar architecture caused the conidia to concentrate at the base of leaflets and on the petiolules (between the leaflets and petioles). Epidermal cells immediately beneath conidia and, occasionally, also adjacent cells developed a yellow-brown discoloration 1 day post-inoculation. Penetration appeared to be directly through the cuticle, characterized by constricted hyphae at the point of entry. No appressoria were observed. In leaves, invasion was restricted to the area proximal to the petiolule and leaf mid-rib. In petioles and petiolules, the hyphae initially remained between the epidermal cells and first layer of mesophyll cells before moving intercellularly through the mesophyll tissue towards phloem tissues. The cuticle was occasionally degraded in petiole and petiolule infections, the loss of epidermal and mesophyll cell wall components was detected, and chloroplasts and starch grains were disrupted. Plants developed macroscopic symptoms 10–11 days post-inoculation with necrotic lesions occurring on leaves, petioles and petiolules. Sporulation occurred approximately 15–18 days post-inoculation when affected plants collapsed. This information may be useful for breeding programmes aimed at selecting varieties with improved resistance to the clover scorch disease.     

Natural 15N abundance of vegetation and soil in the Kapalga savanna,Australia

Abstract The natural abundance of the stable isotope ¹⁵N was measured in different vegetation components and in the soil of a northern Australian savanna. Most of the vegetation was found to be ¹⁵N-depleted compared to atmospheric N₂. Herbaceous legumes, perennial grasses, tree legumes, non-legume trees and annual grasses exhibited mean δ¹⁵N of ? 1.7, ? 0.8, ? 0.7, 0.0 and + 0.3‰, respectively. These results are in good agreement with previous studies. Legumes exhibit slightly negative values, indicating that they are likely to be nitrogen-fixing plants. Non-legume plants have a δ¹⁵N close to zero, which could equally result from non-symbiotic fixation, soil organic matter mineralization, or fresh root litter mineralization. In contrast, soil organic matter was ¹⁵N-enriched. Values of δ¹⁵N increased with depth and were + 2.5, + 5.2 and +6.1‰ in the 0–10, 10–20 and 20–40cm layers, respectively. Soil organic matter δ¹⁵N shows a typical profile of mature soils.     

Genetic characterization of 18 novel microsatellite loci in northern pike (Esox lucius L.)

The northern pike (Esox lucius L.), an important predatory freshwater species, is undergoing significant population decline. In this study, 18 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and used for assessing genetic variation in the Chinese Ulungur and Hungarian Balaton populations of the species. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 13, observed heterozygosity from 0.154 to 0.920 and expected heterozygosity from 0.145 to 0.921, thereby indicating the specific usefulness of these suites of markers for investigating genetic variability.     

华北地区昆虫秋季迁飞的雷达观测

1999年9－10月利用昆虫雷达对华北地区昆虫秋季回迁的观测表明,秋季迁飞主要发生于19：00－05：00时,飞行高度一般在300－2000m。迁飞方向与风向一致,多为从东北向西南方向迁飞。运行速度和飞行高度成正相关,迁飞个体的平均运行速度由392m高度的4.8m/s增加到2000m处的27.8m/s。空中灯光诱捕表明,甜菜夜蛾和棉铃虫为优势迁飞种类。     

Influence of Glomus fasciculatum and Meloidogyne hapla on Allium cepa in Organic Soils

The influence of Meloidogyne hapla and Glomus fasciculatum on Allium cepa (onion) grown in organic soil was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. In the absence of G. fasciculatum, M. hapla significantly retarded the growth of A. cepa cv. Krummery Special and MSU 8155 × 826, but had no detrimental influence on Downing Yellow Globe, Spartan Banner, or Spartan Sleeper. All five cultivars maintained populations of M. hapla, Final root population densities of M. hapla associated with Spartan Banner, Krummery Special, MSU 8155 × 826, and Spartan Sleeper were significantly greater than those recovered from Downing Yellow Globe. Final root population densities of M. hapla were directly proportional to the initial population densities. Root colonization of onion by G. fasciculatum significantly enhanced the growth and development of Downing Yellow Globe. The rate of increase of A. cepa growth and the final spore density were directly proportional to the initial spore density of G. fasciculatum. Final population densities of M. hapla in the presence of G. fasciculatum were generally greater than in the absence of the fungus. After 15 weeks, A. cepa plants grown in the presence of both M. hapla and G. fasciculatum were significantly larger than those grown in the presence of only M. hapla.