链霉菌信号肽与真核基因的分泌表达

链霉菌作为新的表达体系正日益受到关注,其显著特点是可以获得外源真核基因的分泌表达产物。克隆基因的分泌表达由信号肽介导,本文重点介绍常用链霉菌信号肽及已知真核基因在链霉菌中的分泌型表达。     

人肿瘤坏死因子β(hTNFβ)在变铅青链霉菌中的表达研究

以变铅青链霉菌为宿主研究了人INFβ(hTNFβ)的异源表达。应用链霉菌S.VENEZUELAC cbs762.70分泌产生的枯草杆菌蛋白酶抑制剂vsi基因的启动子、表达调控序列和分泌信号肽序列,分别对hTNFβ进行了直接分泌表达、分泌融合表达和胞内表达。将hTNFβ的cDNA分别直接融合于vsi信号肽序列下游2个氨基酸处、vsi全长基因之后以及vsi起始密码子ATG的下游,获得的表达盒分别克隆至链霉菌高拷贝质粒pIJ486,转化Streptomyces lividans TK24,获得了重组菌株S.lividans(pIJ486-hTNFβ),s.LIVIDANS(PIJ486-vsi-hTNFβ)和S.lividans(pIVPA-hTNFβ)。分别对不同的重组菌株进行摇瓶培养,对其培养的上清液和细胞裂解液进行SDS—PAGE和Westen杂交,结果表明：hTNFβ在重组菌株中均获得了表达,且直接分泌产物和胞内表达产物均具有生物学活性。hTNFβ直接分泌表达产物的分子量约为16kDa,NB培养基中培养48h时表达水平约为0．7mg／L。胞内表达产物分子量与对照重组hTNFβ一致(18．7kDa),但随培养时间的延长远步降解为16kDa,NB培养基中培养48h时的表达水平(25．1mg／L)远高于其直接分泌表达水平。     

一个热诱导穿梭表达载体的构建及其在链霉菌中的应用

为探索大肠杆菌λ噬菌体表达调控元件在链霉菌中的应用,构建了一个链霉菌大肠杆菌穿梭表达载体pHZ1080,并将来自链霉菌FR-008的聚酮合酶(PKS)基因置于其中的λ噬菌体启动子P_R下游,得到表达PKS的穿梭质粒pHZ1067。与在大肠杆菌中一样,该质粒在变铅青链霉菌中也受热诱导表达100kD的PKS蛋白;表达的PKS蛋白可由SDSPAGE和Western-blot实验检测到。PKS在链霉菌中的热诱导表达表明,构建的载体也能用于链霉菌诱导表达外源基因。       

鲑鱼降钙素在链霉菌中的分泌表达

利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术分别扩增鲑鱼降钙素的编码序列(sCT-Gly)和抗生链霉菌melCl的信号肽编码序列及其上游的调控序列,将鲑鱼降钙素编码序列融合在melCl信号肽编码序列后,定向克隆到链霉菌质粒载体pIJ680中的新霉素磷酸转移酶基因的启动子(Paph)下游,得到的表达质粒pMS680转化变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans TK54)进行分泌表达。酶联免疫测定法(EIA)显示重组菌株在YEME培养基中的分泌表达水平于96h达到最高,表达量大于100μ/L培养液。实验表明表达产物能降低大鼠血清钙的浓度。高压液相色谱(HPLC)结果表明,表达产物中主峰的保留时间与鲑鱼降钙素标准品的保留时间基本一致。以上结果提示,鲑鱼降钙素在链霉菌中获得了成功的分泌表达。     

人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

采用加长引物5＇端的方法克隆了hGM-CSF的编码基因,克隆过程中对该基因的局部做了密码子优化。然后克隆进毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K,电击转化毕赤酵母。PCR、SDS-PAGE与Western blotting证实hGM-CSF已整合进酵母基因组,摇瓶水平粗蛋白表达量达389mg/L,动物实验证实蛋白产物活性正常,SDS-PAGE与N-糖苷酶F去糖基化分析发现hGM-CSF被糖基化。     

人可溶性血管内皮细胞生长因子受体Flt-1基因在链霉菌中的克隆表达

应用RT－PCR技术,从人脐静脉内皮细胞中扩增出编码人可溶性血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）受体Flt-1胞外区前四个结构域的基因片段,亚克隆至pUC18质粒进行测序,将目的基因片段连接至链霉菌表达载体pSGLgpp,获得重组质粒pSGLgpp-F,将其转化至Streptomyces lividans TK24,获得基因工程菌株Sreptomyces lividans(pSGLgpp-F),对其培养上清液进行SDS－PAGE及Western blot分析,结果显示,在63．6kD处有特异性条带出现,表明sFLT-1在链霉菌中获得了成功表达,受体配基结合实验显示表达产物与VEGF可特异性结合,表明其具有配基结合生物活性。     

可溶性55kD人肿瘤坏死因子受体(shTNFR55)在变铅青链霉菌中的分泌表达

从 Ｈｅ Ｌａ 细胞中提取总 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ,采用反转录 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 技术,从该总 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ 中扩增了约 ５３０ ｂｐ 的ｓｈ Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ Ｒ５５ 基因的 ｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ,并克隆至质粒 ｐ Ｕ Ｃ ｍ ｅｌ中酪蛋白酶 ｍ ｅｌ Ｃｌ 分泌信号肽编码序列的下游,构建成含融合基因 ｍ ｅｌ／ Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ Ｒ 的重组质粒 ｐ Ｕ Ｃ ｍ ｅｌ／ Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ Ｒ．把融合基因 ｍ ｅｌ／ Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ Ｒ 插入链霉菌表达质粒 ｐ Ｉ Ｊ４５９ 的多克隆位点,使之位于 ｅｒｍ 强启动子的下游,得到重组表达质粒 ｐ Ｉ Ｊ４５９ ｍ ｅｌ／ｓ Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ Ｒ．经 Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交证明重组质粒 ｐ Ｉ Ｊ４５９ ｍ ｅｌ／ｓ Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ Ｒ 插入了 ｓ Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ Ｒ５５ 基因片段．对重组菌株 Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍ ｙｃｅｓ ｌｉｖｉｄａｎｓ（ｐ Ｉ Ｊ４５９ ｍ ｅｌ／ｓ Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ Ｒ）的发酵液进行 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ Ｐ Ａ Ｇ Ｅ、受体配基杂交（ Ｌｉｇａｎｄ ｂｌｏｔ）分析、对 Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ 敏感的 Ｌ９２９ 细胞的细胞毒性中和试验表明,可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体 ｓ Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ Ｒ５５ 在链霉菌中得到了分泌表达,表达产物具有生物学活性．表达产物的分子量约在 ２６～２８ ｋ Ｄ 之间．     

链霉菌基因克隆载体及基因文库的构建

利用麦迪霉素产生菌中分离的质粒pSMY1(10．8kb),将pIJ30的硫链丝菌素抗性基因(tsr)克隆到psMY1上,获得了具有硫链丝菌素抗性选择标记质粒pSJ10。通过DNA体外缺失,片段播入、λ-COS片段的插入及与大肠杆菌质粒的重组等基因技术,获得了一系列psMY1衍生质粒,包括双标记质粒pSM3,大肠杆菌／链霉菌穿梭质粒pBMJ2和穿梭粘粒pNMJ1。通过对这些质粒的分析,确定了质粒psMY1的复制必需区为3．06kd的EcoRI—sphI片段。质粒pSJ10、pSM3、pNMJ1具有可选择标记,多个单一确切的可克降位点,有一定范围的宿主并能在链霉菌中稳定存在等特点,故可作为链霉菌基因克隆的载体。其中pNMJl(11．15kb)是大肠杆菌／链霉菌穿梭粘粒,能有效地运载28—38kb的外源DNA片段,并能在体外包装λ噬菌体外壳,转导大肠杆菌。利用载体pNMJl,通过λ-噬菌体蛋白体外包装,在大肠杆菌中建立了螺旋霉素产生菌的基因文库,其基因覆盖率可达90％。重组DNA分子可通过转化转移到链霉菌中。     

人可溶性血管内皮细胞生长因子受体Flt-1基因在链霉菌中的克隆表达

应用RTPCR技术,从人脐静脉内皮细胞中扩增出编码人可溶性血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)受体Flt1胞外区前四个结构域的基因片段,亚克隆至pUCl8质粒进行测序,将目的基因片段连接至链霉菌表达载体pSGLgpp,获得重组质粒pSGLgppF,将其转化至Streptomyces lividans TK24, 获得基因工程菌株Sreptomyces lividans (pSGLgppF),对其培养上清液进行SDSPAGE及Western blot分析,结果 显示,在636kD处有特异性条带出现,表明sFLT1在链霉菌中获得了成功表达,受体配基结合实验显示表达产物与VEGF可特异性结合,表明其具有配基结合生物活性。     

甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因Bt cry1Ac和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt/bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB/rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar基因为筛选标记基因．基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株．对转基因植株进行外源基因Bt cry1Ac和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明：外源基因Bt cry1Ac和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中．转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明：转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质．研究结果还表明：bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因．建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系．     

Bioreactor operation for transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cell cultures and continuous production of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by perfusion culture

The production of hGM-CSF was investigated in both a flask and a 5-l bioreactor, using transgenic Nicotiana tabacum suspension cells. While the maximum cell density and secreted hGM-CSF in the flask were 15.4 g l⁻¹ and 6.5 μg l⁻¹, respectively, those in the bioreactor were 15.6 g l⁻¹ and 7.6 μg l⁻¹. No detectable growth inhibition, shorter production of hGM-CSF and reduced cell viability in the batch bioreactor were observed under the specific conditions used compared with the flask culture. To improve the productivity, a perfusion culture was carried out in the bioreactor, with three different perfusion rates (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 day⁻¹). In all cases, the hGM-CSF in the medium was significantly increased during the overall culture period (16 days), with maximum values 3.0-, 9.4- and 6.0-fold higher than those obtained in the batch cultures, respectively, even though the intracellular hGM-CSF content was not significantly varied by the perfusion rate. In terms of the total amount of hGM-CSF secreted, 205.5, 1073.2 and 1246.3 μg accumulated in the perfusate within 16 days at the perfusion rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 day⁻¹, respectively. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of perfusion on the production of hGM-CSF originated from the reduced proteolytic degradation due to the lower protease activity caused by the perfusion. Additionally, the cell growth and physiology in the perfusion culture were somewhat negatively affected by the increased perfusion rate, although the dry cell density steadily increased, and as a result, 19.4, 22.4 and 22.9 g l⁻¹ of maximum cells were obtained with perfusion rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 day⁻¹, respectively. This work highlighted the importance of proteolytic degradation in plant cell cultures for the production of secretory proteins and the feasibility of perfusion strategies for the continuous production of foreign proteins by the prevention of protein loss due to proteolytic enzymes.     

Stability enhancement of hGM-CSF in transgenic<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nicotiana tabacum</Emphasis> suspension cell cultures

Proteolytic enzymes existing in plant cell cultured media are the major reason for the loss of secreted human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF). The addition of pepstatin, aprotinin and PMSF relatively decreased the proteolytic degradation of hGM-CSF in a conditioned medium, but sufficient prevention against the proteolytic activity could not be obtained with chemical protease inhibitors. Gelatin, as a competitive substrate for protease, showed a stabilizing effect in a conditioned medium. Compared to the initial hGM-CSF concentration in a conditioned medium, with 10 g/L of gelatin, 68% of the hGM-CSF remained after 5 days. In a cell culture experiment, 5 g/L of gelatin significantly stimulated the hGM-CSF production and accumulation in culture media, with no growth inhibition. Compared to the controls (4.72 μg/L), the extracellular hGM-CSF level could be increased to 39.78 μg/L with the addition of 5 g/L of gelatin.     

A simple purification procedure of biologically active recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) secreted in rice cell suspension culture

A simple purification procedure of bioactive human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) secreted in rice cell suspension culture has previously been described. In this study the protein was purified to apparent homogeneity with an overall yield of 80.1% by ammonium sulfate precipitation and a single chromatographic step involving FPLC-anion exchange chromatography. The purified hGM-CSF revealed at least five glycosylated forms ranging from 21.5∼29 kDa, and its biological activity was independent of the glycosylation pattern. This is the first purification report of recombinant hGM-CSF to apparent homogeneity from rice cell suspension cultures.     

Increased hGM-CSF production and secretion with Pluronic F-68 in transgenic<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nicotiana tabacum</Emphasis> suspension cell cultures

The effects of Pluronic F-68, a nonionic surfactant, on the production and secretion of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) in a transgenicNicotiana tabacum cell suspension culture were investigated in this study. The addition of Pluronic F-68 was shown to extend cell survival in the stationary phase, but had no influence on effective initial cell growth. With regard to production, it increased the level of extracellular hGM-CSF two-fold. This may be attributable not only to the enhanced expression level, but also to the improved permeability of the cell membrane due to the interaction between Pluronic F-68 and the cell membrane and cell wall. The effect of Pluronic F-68 on the production and secretion of hGM-CSF in a bioreactor was also evaluated. hGM-CSF production in the bioreactor after the addition of Pluronic F-68 proved more effective than in flask cultures.     

Secretory production of hGM-CSF with a high specific biological activity by transgenic plant cell suspension culture

The human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) gene was introduced into tobacco plants. The cell suspension culture was established from leaf-derived calli of the transgenic tobacco plants in order to express and secrete a biologically active hGM-CSF. The recombinant hGM-CSF from the transgenic plant cell culture (prhGM-CSF) was identified as a yield of about 180 μg/L in the culture filtrate, as determined by ELISA. The addition of 0.5 g/L polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to the plant cell culture medium both stabilized the secreted prhGM-CSF and increased the level of production approximately 1.5-fold to 270 μg/L. The biological activity of the prhGM-CSF was confirmed by measuring the proliferation of the hGM-CSF-dependent cell line, TF-1. Interestingly, the specific activity of the prhGM-CSF was estimated to be approximately 2.7 times higher than that of a commercially available preparation fromE. coli.