葡萄糖二酸研究进展

葡萄糖二酸是一种葡萄糖衍生物,可作为原料制备多种聚合物和生物质新能源,在化工领域具有广泛的应用价值,被认为是"最具价值的生物炼制产品"之一。葡萄糖二酸也具有调控体内激素、提高机体免疫功能、减少癌症病发的作用,它在食品和医药领域的关注度和市场需求逐年增加。目前葡萄糖二酸的制备主要依靠化学氧化法生产,用微生物法合成的研究还处于初级探索阶段。本文综述了葡萄糖二酸的在医药、化工等领域的应用前景,阐述了其生产方法及测定手段,并对微生物法生产葡萄糖二酸进行了展望。     

代谢工程改造酿酒酵母合成葡萄糖二酸

葡萄糖二酸是一种高附加值的有机酸,广泛用于食品、医药和化工领域。为获得生产葡萄糖二酸的微生物细胞工厂,通过共表达小鼠来源的肌醇加氧酶(MIOX)及恶臭假单胞菌来源的醛酸脱氢酶(Udh),在酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C中构建了葡萄糖二酸合成途径,产量为(28.28±3.15)mg/L。在此基础上,通过调控前体肌醇的合成途径,发现肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶(INO1)是葡萄糖二酸合成途径的限速酶,过量表达INO1,葡萄糖二酸产量达到(107.51±10.87)mg/L,提高了2.8倍。进一步弱化竞争支路中磷酸果糖激酶(PFK1)的表达,最终葡萄糖二酸的产量达到(230.22±10.75)mg/L,为进一步获得高产葡萄糖二酸细胞工厂提供基础。     

构建葡萄糖二酸指示系统筛选肌醇加氧酶突变株

葡萄糖二酸是一种高附加值天然有机酸,已经广泛应用于疾病防治、生产聚合物材料等领域。在葡萄糖二酸的合成途径中,肌醇加氧酶MIOX所催化的肌醇转换为葡萄糖醛酸的过程是整个途径的限速步骤。通过应用将葡萄糖二酸浓度与绿色荧光蛋白荧光强度相结合的筛选系统,从突变体文库中筛选出3株有潜力的肌醇加氧酶突变体(K59V/R60A、R171S和D276A),使MIOX活性得到提高。重组菌株Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)/MU-R171S的葡萄糖二酸产量相比于未突变菌株提高了36.5%。     

代谢工程改造黑曲霉生产葡萄糖二酸

葡萄糖二酸是葡萄糖的一种二元羧酸衍生物,是重要的平台化合物,被应用于医药、化工等领域。本研究以黑曲霉为底盘细胞,通过表达来自恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida KT2440的糖醛酸脱氢酶基因ppudh,成功在黑曲霉中实现了葡萄糖二酸的合成,产量为18.74 mg/L;在此基础上通过共过表达黑曲霉自身来源的肌醇加氧酶(anmioxA)和肌醇-1-磷酸合酶(aninoA)、酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C来源的羧酸转运蛋白(scJEN1),强化了合成通路和外泌途径,将产量提高至102.10 mg/L;通过表达来自乳酸乳球菌Lactococcus lactis subsp.cremoris MG1363的NADH氧化酶(llnox),建立NAD⁺辅因子循环系统,使产量进一步提高至115.65 mg/L;利用RNA干扰技术对竞争支路中的关键酶磷酸果糖激酶(pfkA)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(zwf)进行弱化表达,葡萄糖二酸最终的产量达到313.65 mg/L。本研究为微生物高效生产葡萄糖二酸和下游相关产品生产奠定基础。     

番茄P56和部分来源多糖裂解酶家族Ⅰ的其它蛋白的系统演化分析

果胶裂解酶包含果胶酸裂解酶(pectate lyase)和果胶酸酯裂解酶(pectin lyase)二种形式,是一类多糖裂解酶,由细菌、真菌、植物和线虫等生物产生,分布在5个多糖裂解酶家族,果胶酶在食品与饮料、纺织与洗涤、制药等工业中有广泛的应用。利用NCBI BLASTX服务器,搜索与番茄P56蛋白氨基酸序列相似且都属于多糖裂解酶家族Ⅰ的果胶裂解酶蛋白序列共28条,用DNAMAN软件分析其保守区,用CLUSTALX8.0软件进行序列比对和Bi-oEdit软件进行文件转换,进一步用PUAP4.0软件构建系统进化树。构建的MP树(phylogenetic trees)和NJ树(neighbor-joining)显示:来自植物的果胶酸裂解酶、真菌的果胶酸酯裂解酶、细菌的果胶酸裂解酶分别可聚为一个独立的类群;相对于细菌果胶酸裂解酶和真菌果胶酸酯裂解酶而言,构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)的果胶酸裂解酶A和植物的果胶酸裂解酶之间有较近的亲缘关系;细菌Pseudomonas syringae的果胶酸酯裂解酶和真菌的果胶酸酯裂解酶之间的亲缘关系较近。     

2—KLG产生菌混合发酵特性及最佳混生模式的研究

氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌合成的2－KLG对巨大芽孢杆菌的生长繁殖具有明显的抑制作用,可缩短其生长周期。发酵体系中巨大芽孢杆菌的存在是氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌的生长繁殖和合成2－KLG所必需的,发酵过程中巨大芽孢杆菌裂解所释放的活性物质可能是刺激氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌合成2－KLG的主要原因。二菌混合发酵需在适宜的混生模式下才可达到最佳效果。     

极性非质子溶剂中酸强度对纤维素降解制备脱水糖的影响

在极性非质子溶剂中,酸催化剂对于纤维素降解制备脱水糖的反应起到重要作用。本文考察不同强度酸催化剂在极性非质子溶剂1,4-二氧六环中对纤维二糖、纤维素降解制备左旋葡聚糖(levoglucosan, LGA)以及LGA脱水制备左旋葡萄糖酮(levoglucosenone, LGO)的影响。结果表明:酸性过强(pK_a<-3)或酸性过弱(pK_a>-2)的催化剂对脱水糖制备催化性能较差,而pK_a为-3～-2的酸催化剂,如,对甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸、浓硫酸等对纤维素、纤维二糖制备LGA以及LGA脱水制备LGO的反应催化效果较好。以纤维二糖为反应物,甲磺酸为催化剂时,可得到最高的LGA碳收率为45.87%。     

理性设计和构建过量合成莽草酸的大肠杆菌代谢工程菌

利用代谢工程手段理性改造野生大肠杆菌的莽草酸(Shikimic acid,SA)合成途径及相关代谢节点,以构建高产莽草酸的工程菌株.根据细胞代谢网络分析,利用Red-Xer重组系统连续删除了野生型大肠杆菌CICIMB0013的莽草酸激酶基因(aroL、aroK),葡萄糖磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)的关键组分EIICBglc的编码基因(ptsG)以及奎宁酸/莽草酸脱氢酶基因(ydiB)并系统评价了基因删除对细胞的生长、葡萄糖代谢和莽草酸积累的影响.aroL、aroK的删除阻断了莽草酸进一步转化成为莽草酸-3-磷酸,初步提高莽草酸的累积.删除ptsG基因使大肠杆菌PTS系统部分缺失,细胞通过GalP-glk(半乳糖透性酶-葡萄糖激酶)途径,利用ATP将葡萄糖磷酸化后进入细胞.利用该途径运输葡萄糖能够减少PEP的消耗,使得更多的碳代谢流进入莽草酸合成途径,从而显著提高了莽草酸的产量.在此基础上删除ydiB基因,阻止了莽草酸合成的前体物质3-脱氢奎宁酸转化为副产物奎宁酸(Quinic acid,QA),进一步提高了莽草酸的累积.初步发酵显示4个基因缺失的大肠杆菌代谢工程菌生产莽草酸的能力比原始菌提高了90多倍.     

Komagataeibacter rhaeticus 3-15全基因组及葡萄糖脱氢酶基因缺失体的构建

细菌纤维素(BC)是一种新型的可再生、可降解的生物高分子材料。为了最大程度的发挥BC生产菌株K. rhaeticus 315的生产能力,本文首先对K. rhaeticus 315进行全基因组测序,通过功能基因的注释、分析碳源代谢流向。结果显示,该菌株碳代谢特征之一是缺乏磷酸果糖激酶的编码基因,不能通过EMP途径代谢糖类碳源,而是主要通过PPP途径和TCA途径代谢碳源,维持菌体生长和BC合成。由于葡萄糖脱氢酶的存在,该菌株在合成BC的同时生成大量副产物—葡萄糖酸。为此,本文通过敲除葡萄糖酸合成酶相关基因,即葡萄糖脱氢酶基因gcd,构建葡萄糖脱氢酶基因缺失重组株(gcd-),将葡萄糖酸的生成量降低了77%。     

3,4-二羟基扁桃酸在大肠杆菌中的生物合成

3,4-二羟基扁桃酸是许多药物和香料合成的重要中间体,具有较强的抗氧化和清除自由基的活性。旨在实现3,4-二羟基扁桃酸在大肠杆菌中的从头合成。通过在大肠杆菌MG1655/ΔA中过表达来源于天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)的对羟基扁桃酸合酶(HmaS)和大肠杆菌的羟化酶(HpaBC)基因,实现了以葡萄糖为原料生物合成3,4-二羟基扁桃酸;并经IPTG和蛋白诱导温度初步优化后,摇瓶发酵36 h 3,4-二羟基扁桃酸的产量达到240 mg/L。     

Studies on the growth of Candida utilis on d-galacturonic acid and the products of pectin hydrolysis

Candida utilis was found to utilize d-galacturonic acid for cell growth, the incubation conditions being similar to those reported for growth on other substrates. At concentrations of d-galacturonic acid below 3 g l⁻¹cell yields were similar to those obtained using glucose, although at higher concentrations cell yields were reduced. Small, regular increases in the concentration of d-galacturonic acid substantially increased cell yields under the incubation conditions employed. Poly-d-galacturonic acid, hydrolysed by a fungal polygalacturonase [poly(1,4-α-d-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.15] prior to cell growth, yielded 27 g C. utilis cells/100 g substrate. Acid-hydrolysed pectin yielded 23 g cells/100 g substrate but no cell growth was found using pectin which had been degraded by alkali. The possibility of using pectin materials for the production of singlecell protein in a modified Symba process is discussed.     

Biotechnological routes based on lactic acid production from biomass

Lactic acid, the most important hydroxycarboxylic acid, is now commercially produced by the fermentation of sugars present in biomass. In addition to its use in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, lactic acid can be regarded as a feedstock for the green chemistry of the future. Different potentially useful chemicals such as pyruvic acid, acrylic acid, 1,2-propanediol, and lactate ester can be produced from lactic acid via chemical and biotechnological routes. Here, we reviewed the current status of the production of potentially valuable chemicals from lactic acid via biotechnological routes. Although some of the reactions described in this review article are still not applicable at current stage, due to their “greener” properties, biotechnological processes for the production of lactic acid derivatives might replace the chemical routes in the future.     

Metabolism of uronic acids in plant tissues: partial purification and properties of uronic Acid oxidase from citrus leaves

A new enzyme, named uronic acid oxidase, was extracted and purified 67-fold by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation and CM-Sephadex column chromatography from ethylene-treated Shamouti orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) leaves. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of d-galacturonic acid and d-glucuronic acid to the corresponding hexaric acids in the presence of molecular oxygen with the production of H(2)O(2). The pH optimum for the oxidation of d-galacturonic acid and d-glucuronic acid is between 7 and 8. The enzyme is highly specific for d-galacturonic acid and d-glucuronic acid. It also oxidizes polygalacturonic acid. The apparent Michaelis constant values of the enzyme for d-galacturonic acid and d-glucuronic acid are 0.13 and 0.5 mm, respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme, as determined by gel filtration, is about 98,000. The enzyme is inhibited by sodium hydrosulfite and other sulfites, indicating that it contains a flavin prosthetic group.     

Identification in the mold Hypocrea jecorina of the first fungal D-galacturonic acid reductase

A d-galacturonic acid reductase and the corresponding gene were identified from the mold Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei). We hypothesize that the enzyme is part of a fungal d-galacturonic acid catabolic pathway which has not been described previously and which is distinctly different from the bacterial pathway. H. jecorina grown on d-galacturonic acid exhibits an NADPH-dependent d-galacturonic acid reductase activity. This activity is absent when the mold is grown on other carbon sources. The d-galacturonic acid reductase was purified, and tryptic digests of the purified protein were sequenced. The open reading frame of the corresponding gene was then cloned from a cDNA library. The open reading frame was functionally expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A histidine-tagged protein was purified, and the enzyme kinetics were characterized. The enzyme converts in a reversible reaction from d-galacturonic acid and NADPH to l-galactonic acid and NADP. The enzyme also exhibits activity with d-glucuronic acid and dl-glyceraldehyde.     

Production of lactic acid from wastepaper as a cellulosic feedstock

Lactic acid promises to be an important commodity chemical in the future as a monomer for the production of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA). As the demand for lactic acid increases, the need to explore alternative feedstock sources and process options that are inexpensive and efficient is bound to gain importance. This paper reports the results of a study of the production of lactic acid from wastepaper as a representative cellulosic feedstock, using a batch, bench-scale simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. The effect on process performance of operating parameters such as pH, temperature, enzyme loading, solids concentration, and enzyme preparation has been examined. A lactic acid product yield of 84% of theoretical was achieved at a solids loading of 5%, using 25 filter paper units (FPU) of cellulase per gram of cellulose, at 45°C and pH 5.0. The pH and temperature of operation have been selected to achieve good performance of both the cellulase and the microoganism in the SSF process. Our studies show that a feedstock such as wastepaper offers considerable promise and opportunity in the future for development of a biomass-based process for lactic acid production. Received 09 January 1996/ Accepted in revised form 22 August 1996     

An investigation into the pectolytic activity of the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuliger

Saccharomycopsis fibuliger cells produce an inducible hydrolase, tentatively characterized as a polygalacturonase [poly(1,4-α-d-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.15], which is associated with the yeast cells and which causes the partial hydrolysis of pectin or poly-d-galacturonic acid. No evidence of pectinesterase (pectin pectyl hydrolyase, EC 3.1.1.11) or pectate lyase [poly(1,4-α-d-galacturonide) lyase, EC 4.1.1.1] activity has been found. Enzyme production took place at an optimum temperature of 28°C, whereas optimum activity was at ～45°C. The optimum pH for pectolytic activity was similar to the optimum pH for cell growth. A reduction in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the culture medium and an increase in cell age caused an increase in the rate of pectin decomposition within the limits employed. Products of pectin decomposition consisted of a mixture of uronides including d-galacturonic acid.     

Aluminium reactions with polygalacturonate and related organic ligands

Aluminium (Al), in inorganic monomeric forms, has been recognised as a limiting factor for root growth in many acid soils. Plant tolerance to Al may be achieved by the detoxification (complexation) of Al by organic ligands present in the rhizosphere. The Al-complexing ability of seven organic ligands, citric, oxalic, gluconic, glucuronic, mucic, galacturonic and polygalacturonic (pectin) acids, was investigated. The proportion of organically-complexed Al was determined using colorimetric methods based on differences in reaction rate with pyrocatechol violet or aluminon. The colorimetric methods confirmed that citric acid forms a strong complex with Al at pH 4.2. In contrast, pectin and related organic ligands weakly complexed Al in acidic conditions. In an additional study, the Al-binding ability of pectin and Ca-pectate was compared at a biologically significant concentration of 32 µM Al. Only 29% of free Al remained in solution in the presence of Ca-pectate, while 54% remained when pectin was present. This suggests that Ca-pectate, rather than pectin, is responsible for binding Al in root cell walls and consequently plays an important role in Al toxicity to plants. Root growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) confirmed differences in the ability of citrate, oxalate and galacturonate to complex Al.     

聚合级L-乳酸的非粮生物质发酵研究进展

乳酸在化工、医药和食品加工等领域有着广泛的用途。随着聚乳酸产业的兴起,对聚合级L-乳酸的需求量也不断增加。开发低成本的非粮生物质乳酸发酵工艺、实现发酵-分离耦合是降低聚合级L-乳酸成本、摆脱原料价格不断上涨压力的技术趋势。文中简要综述了近2~3年使用非粮生物质发酵生产聚合级L-乳酸的技术进展,并对未来乳酸发酵工艺作了展望。     

Induction of polygalacturonase and the formation of oxalic acid by pectin in brown-rot fungi

Extracellular polygalacturonase (PG) production was estimated in vitro, using liquid cultures of three species of brown-rot decay fungi (Postia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Serpula incrassata), by cup-plate assay, assay of reducing sugars, and decrease in viscosity. Although all three experimental assays demonstrated that PG was induced by pectin in all three fungi, decrease in viscosity gave the best correlation with decay capacity in soil block tests. PG activity, determined as an increase in reducing sugar activity, was greatest in G. trabeum and weakest in S. incrassata. The optimum pH for PG activity was between pH 2.5 and 4.5. Oxalic acid production was also enhanced by pectin and functioned synergistically with PG activity. We conclude that these fungi produce PG that is best induced by pectin and that PG activity exceeds production of xylanase and endoglucanase activity in vitro. Polygalacturonase is likely to act synergistically with oxalic acid to solubilize and hydrolyse the pectin in pit membranes and middle lamellae. Thus, production of PG and oxalic acid should facilitate early spread of hyphae and enhance the lateral flow of wood-decay enzymes and agents into adjacent tracheids and the wood cell wall, thus initiating the diffuse decay caused by brown-rot fungi.The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in co-operation with the University of Wisconsin. This article was written and prepared by US Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright.