Specifically reactive cells in experimental allergic pertussis encephalomyelitis]

Dynamics of emergence of specific reactive cell (SRC) with respect to the brain antigen in the draining regional lymph nodes and peripheral blood was studied in experimental whooping cough allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea pigs. The greatest number of SRC in the regional lymph nodes, that markedly decreased by the 9th day of sensitization, was revealed in the middle of the EAE incubation period (the 6-7th day), whereas the peripheral blood showed the highest SRC number during this period. The SRC number rose in the regional lymph nodes and dropped in the peripheral blood at the height of EAE progress (the 20th day). It is concluded that SRC found may be attributed to T lymphocyte population.     

Vascular bed of a lymph node and lymphodynamics after leg lengthening by the G. A. Ilizarov method

In the experiments performed on dogs, the right shin has been elongated, lymph movement has been studied in the extremity, as well as in the arteries of the popliteal and medial iliac lymph nodes. The lymph movement rate immediately after fracture decreases 6 times, and during the elongation process it gradually restores with normalization on the 14th day of distraction. The integrity of the arterial bed in the lymph node is not disturbed during the elongation process of the shin. The intraorganic bed of the regional lymph nodes reacts to the shin elongation by increasing diameter of the arteries and the number of the functioning vessels. The changes in the arterial bed demonstrate an acceleration of the blood stream in the lymph nodes under the elongation of the shin. After osteogenesis normalization in the lymph stream takes place.     

Morphology of the submandibular lymph nodes of white rats adapting to alpine conditions

A field experiment has been performed in white noninbred rats in order to study morphometrically structural reconstructions and cellular composition characteristics in the submandibular lymph nodes on the 1st, 3d, 7th, 14th, 21st, 30th and 50th days after lifting them to the altitude of 3,375 m above sea-level. The data obtained demonstrate a stable increase in small lymphocytes contents during the days of the observations; they are accompanied with an increasing specific area of the folliculi and a decreasing area of the cortical plateau. An essential decrease in the plasmic cells and dividing cells contents noted during the whole experiment is regarded to demonstrate an inhibition of the organism's immune reactivity at hypoxic hypoxia. Certain time periods are revealed which are accompanied, during the adaptation period to the high-mountain conditions, with general reactions of definite cell types and the lymph node structures: the 1st-7th days; the 14th-30th days; the 45th day and more. According to the character of the cell reactions in the experiment performed, it is possible to arrange the main structures of the submandibular lymph nodes in the following order: folliculi, cortical plateau, sinuses, medullary cords.     

IgE formation in the rat following infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: I. Proliferation and differentiation of IgE-bearing cells

Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae, and IgE formation was studied. Before infection, the serum IgE level was less than 0.4 μg/ml. The IgE level began to increase from the 10th day of infection, reached its maximum (50–100 μg/ml) at the 14th day and gradually declined. Reinfection of the rats resulted in an increase of the serum IgE level within 7 days. The IgE antibody response to N. brasiliensis antigens did not parallel the increase of IgE synthesis. In most animals, the antibody became detectable in the serum at the 21st day when the total IgE level already began to decrease. The animals showed a secondary IgE antibody response upon reinfection. Both mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen cell suspensions were examined for the presence of IgE-bearing cells (IgE-B cells) and IgE-forming cells by fluorescent antibody technique. The IgE-bearing lymphocytes became detectable in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen at the 8th day of infection. The proportion of the IgE-B cells in nonadherent cell population gradually increased and reached maximum at the 14th day; about 20% of immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes and 10% of Ig-bearing cells in spleen bore IgE on their surface. Evidence was obtained that these lymphocytes synthesized IgE. The IgE-forming cells were detected in both mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen of the infected animals. The number of IgE-forming cells was greater in the mesenteric lymph nodes than in spleen, indicating that the regional lymph nodes are the major source of serum IgE in the N. brasiliensis-infected animals.     

Progression of armed CTL from draining lymph node to spleen shortly after localized infection with herpes simplex virus 1.

We have examined the generation of CTL immunity immediately after localized footpad infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) using three coordinated in vivo T cell tracking methodologies. Tetrameric MHC class I containing the immunodominant peptide from HSV-1 glycoprotein B (gB) showed that after infection the proportion of Ag-specific T cells peaked at day 5 within draining popliteal lymph nodes and 2 days later in the spleen. Preferential expression of the activation marker CD25 by tetramer-positive cells in draining popliteal nodes but not spleen suggested that gB-specific T cells were initially activated within the lymph node. In vivo cytotoxicity assays showed that Ag-specific effector cells were present within the draining lymph nodes as early as day 2 after infection, with a further 2-day lag before detection in the spleen. Consistent with the very early arming of effector CTL in the draining lymph node, adoptive transfer of CFSE-labeled gB-specific transgenic T cells showed that they had undergone one to four rounds of cell division by day 2 after infection. In contrast, proliferating T cells were first detected in appreciable numbers in the spleen on day 4, at which time they had undergone extensive cell division. These data demonstrate that HSV-1-specific T cells are rapidly activated and armed within draining lymph nodes shortly after localized HSV-1 infection. This is followed by their dissemination to other compartments such as the spleen, where they further proliferate in an Ag-independent fashion.     

Morphocytochemical reaction of the lymph nodes in dogs to the administration of lysozyme

By means of morphological, morphometrical and histochemical methods pelvic and tracheobronchial lymph nodes have been studied in dogs and concentration of lysozyme has been estimated in blood serum, in lymph and the lymph nodes after a single intramuscular injection of lysozyme (2 mg/kg of body mass). In the material investigated total concentration of lysozyme reaches its maximal values in 6 h after injection, then it gradually decreases and in 48 h reaches its control level. Morphometrically changes in cell composition are revealed predominantly of immune-competent cells in T- and B-dependent zones of the lymph nodes. Thus, the volumetric part of lymphoblasts in the germinative centers of the lymphoid nodules reaches its maximal indices by 48 h after lysozyme injection, while plasmatization of the paracortical zone and of medullary cords increases up to the 7th day. By the 14th day the volumetric part of lymphoblasts, immunoblasts and plasmocytes decreases gradually, and in 21 days after injection of the drug contents of the blast forms of the cells in the structural-functional zones of the lymph nodes does not differ from that in the control. The data obtained demonstrate the immunomorphological rearrangement of the lymph nodes in response to the exogenic lysozyme administration.     

The role of dendritic cells in the initiation of immune responses to contact sensitizers. I. In vivo exposure to antigen

Twenty-four hours after skin painting mice with picryl chloride (PIC) there was a four- to fivefold increase in the numbers of dendritic cells (DC) isolated from the lymph nodes. These DC initiated primary proliferative and cytotoxic responses when added to cultures of normal syngeneic lymph node cells. The proliferative response was enhanced when the donors of the responding lymph node cells were sensitized with the same antigen. Contact sensitivity developed in syngeneic mice injected into the footpads with 30,000-50,000 DC from lymph nodes of mice painted with picryl chloride 1 day previously. Thus, 1 day after skin painting mice, there were dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes which were able both to initiate primary stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro and to sensitize recipient mice to give specific delayed hypersensitivity reactions.     

Functional morphology of the lymphatic system of the rat uterus during pregnancy

In the regional lymph nodes of the uterus the comparative volume of the paracortical zone significantly increases, especially within the period of the 13th-17th days of pregnancy. In the popliteal lymph node similar effect is not discovered. From the 7th up to the 11th day edema, vasodilatation, infiltration with special leucocytes are revealed. Endothelium of the postcapillary venules is hypertrophied, contains many migrating lymphocytes, which accumulate around the vessels mentioned. The volume of the microcirculatory bed is moderately increased. By the 17th day plasmoblasts, plasmocytes, Motta's cells, monocytes and especially macrophages appear in the paracortical zone. In B-zones and in medullary sinuses blasts, plasma cells, monocytes, macrophages, mitotically deviding cells increase in number. The part of the reticular cells decreases. The tensometric method demonstrates an increasing pressure of lymph in the iliac lymph node at pregnancy. Collateralies appear in the ovarian vein system, in the broad ligament of the uterus, in the lumbar area. The uterine vascular system is supposed to participate in adaptation to pregnancy. In genesis of the regional lymph node changes, discirculatory shifts, predominating during placental organogenesis, combine with phenomena of cell migration and proliferation (clearly revealed by the time when formation of the placenta is completed).     

胶原诱导性关节炎小鼠CD4^＋T细胞亚群表达酪氨酸羟化酶的作用

目的：本研究应用胶原诱导性关节炎（CIA）的动物模型,通过研究CD4＋T细胞亚群表达酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）的变化与作用,探讨CIM＋T细胞亚群来源的儿茶酚胺与CIA的炎症反应之间的关系。方法：雄性DBA／1小鼠36只随机分为对照组、35天模型组和55天模型组（n=12）。用Ⅱ型胶原（cⅡ）乳剂免疫DBA／1小鼠诱导CIA,在初次免疫后第35天和55天进行关节临床评分并检测血清中抗cⅡ IgG抗体水平的变化。用Western blot法检测肠系膜淋巴结中1h1、Th17、Th2和Treg细胞的特异性转录因子及其细胞因子以及TH表达的变化。用流式细胞术检测肠系膜淋巴结中表达TH的CD4＋T细胞亚群数目的变化。结果：CIA小鼠在发病早期（初次免疫后第35天）和发病晚期（初次免疫后第55天）临床评分和血清中抗cⅡ IgG抗体水平显著升高。CIA小鼠肠系膜淋巴结中1h1和Th17细胞的特异性转录因子和细胞因子表达增加而Th2和Treg细胞的细胞因子表达减少。CIA小鼠肠系膜淋巴结中TH的表达增加,且CD4＋T细胞中TH＋的细胞数目增多,这主要是来自CD4＋T细胞亚群中Thl和rIh17细胞的作用。结论：CIA小鼠肠系膜淋巴结中存在CIM＋T细胞亚群来源的儿茶酚胺的增加,可能在cn的发展过程中具有一定的抗炎作用。     

Sialyl-Lewis(x) on P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is regulated during differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells: a mechanism involving the glycosyltransferases C2GnT1 and ST3Gal I

To fulfil their function as APCs, dendritic cells (DC) and their precursors need to travel from blood to the peripheral tissues and, upon activation, migrate from tissues to draining lymph nodes. Because O-glycans play a role in T cell trafficking, we investigated the O-glycosylation profile of human monocyte-derived DC. Sialyl-Lewis(x) (sLe(x)), a glycan involved in extravasation via selectin binding, was found to be expressed exclusively on P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 in monocytes and immature DC. However, sLe(x) was lost from mature DC even though these cells retained expression of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Maturation of DC led to a rapid change in the expression of glycosyltransferases involved in O-linked glycosylation. A down-regulation of C2GnT1 mRNA and enzymatic activity was observed with a concurrent up-regulation of ST3Gal I and ST6GalNAc II mRNA resulting in a loss of the core 2 structures required for sLe(x) expression as a P-selectin ligand. Interestingly, the early regulation of these glycosyltransferases was mediated by PGE(2), which is known to be required for human DC migration. The pattern of O-glycosylation seen in mature cells was very similar to that expressed by naive T cells, which home to lymph nodes. Our data show that the regulation of O-glycosylation controls sLe(x) expression, and also suggest that O-glycans may have a function in DC migration.     

Structural organization of post-capillary venules in the somatic lymph nodes during total overheating of the body

The structure of the postcapillary venules in the rat lymph nodes has been studied after a single total overheating at 43.5 degrees C. During the first three days an essential role is played by ultrastructural destructive processes, that demonstrate certain unfavourable states in cells. Nevertheless, the postcapillary venules perform their function quite satisfactory and even increase small lymphocytes transfer. The 7th-15th days are characterized with a steady compensation of the functional activity of these microvessels. By the 30th day some unfavourable changes in the endothelial ultrastructure are noted. This is, evidently, connected with a steady effect of the plasma toxic factor on the endothelium.     

Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Chimpanzees

Two chimpanzees were given by mouth large numbers of viable oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii obtained from the faeces of experimentally infected cats. Before the experiment the first chimpanzee had a positive dye test reaction (1:250), an indication that it had undergone an earlier infection of toxoplasmosis; the serum antibody titres remained unchanged, no evidence of illness was found, and oocysts did not appear in its faeces during the subsequent six weeks. The second chimpanzee showed a negative dye test reaction before infection, and this converted to positive on the 7th day, rose to a peak on the 35th day, and remained high for six months. This animal appeared unwell during the first week, and on the 7th day its blood proved infective to mice; on the 40th day the lymph nodes became enlarged and biopsy specimens of a node and muscle in the 11th week were also infective to mice. No oocysts were passed in the faeces. The presumed cycle in the chimpanzee and in man and the relationships between Toxoplasma and Isospora are discussed.     

Studies of the effects of BCG and Corynebacterium parvum vaccines in experimental infection of mice with influenza virus. Foot pad test, splenic indicator and histologic changes in the thymus gland, spleen and lymph nodes

Evaluation of the influence of BCG and Coparvax on reticulo-endothelial system in mouse was performed. Mice were stimulated i.p. with BCG vaccine and Coparvax vaccine. Spleen index and histological changes in thymus, spleen and lymph nodes were evaluated after 14 days in mice vaccinated with BCG and after 7 days in mice vaccinated with Coparvax. Foot pad test was also performed by giving vaccine into three feet. Tuberculin was injected into mouse foot pad on the day 7th and 14th and a lysate of Coparvax vaccine on the day 7th. Spleen index and foot pad test showed higher values in mice vaccinated with Coparvax than with BCG. Histological changes of thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes showed morphological differences depending on the type of vaccine used. Both preparations were characterized by stimulating effect on reticuloendothelial system, which was much more pronounced after giving Coparvax vaccine.     

Contractile activity of pectoral channel and lymph nodes in rats under antiorthostatic influences

It has been established that during short term body antiorthostatic positions lymphatic system carries out compensatory function, unloading the cardiovascular system from redundant exercise. The contractile activity of pectoral channel and lymphatic nodes in weightlessness (antiorthostatic influence) was studied. The functional role of neck lymph nodes is expressed by depositing of liquid during redistribution of the blood. The atony of neck lymph nodes as well as loss of pectoral channel and lymph nodes decrease the receptor sensitivity of vessels and nodes to the action of vasoactive substances.     

Characterization of lymphocyte responsiveness in early experimental syphilis. I. In vitro response to mitogens and Treponema pallidum antigens

Lymphoid cells from spleens and lymph nodes of rabbits infected with T. pallidum respond by proliferation to concanavalin A (Con A) and T. pallidum antigens. Spleen cell responsiveness to treponemal antigens appears 6 days after infection, is 100 to 600 fold higher than the response of uninfected control rabbits, and is maintained throughout the 31-day observation period. Specifically responding cells in the inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes of infected animals are demonstrable on day 10, and the magnitude of the response increases throughout the observation period. Specific responsiveness to T. pallidum antigens in vitro is enhanced in purified T cell populations and is abolished by treatment with goat anti-rabbit thymocyte serum and complement. The response of spleen and lymph node cells to Con A is unaffected during syphilitic infection. These results are consistent with a role for T cell-mediated specific immunity to treponemal antigens early after infection and do not support a hypothesis of depressed cellular immunity during syphilitic infection.     

Structure of the mesenteric lymph nodes in fetuses and offspring of white rats under the effect of indomethacin on the mother-fetus system

Mesenteric lymph nodes in fetuses and offspring of white rats have been studied during various age periods after indomethacin injection in doses 2.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg daily from the 18th up to 21st day of pregnancy. Dose-dependent retardation in formation of main structures of the mesenteric lymph nodes, decreasing amount of the lymphoid type cells have been revealed. Retardation in the capsule, sinuses and reticular fibers of the node takes place, as well as decrease in lympho- and plasmocytopoiesis. It is more pronounced after indomethacin in dose 2.5 mg/kg. Simultaneously, formation of the cerebral substance and appearance of lymphoid nodules and their germinative centers are delayed. After the drug effect (2.5 mg/kg), up to the age of 2 weeks the amount of tissue basophils and eosinophilic granulocytes decreases. When the dose of the drug is 1 mg/kg decreasing amount of these cells is substituted for their compensatory increase on the 2d-3d week. The data obtained demonstrate a decreasing function of the lymph nodes, that depends on the dose of indomethacin.     

Identification of a carbohydrate-based endothelial ligand for a lymphocyte homing receptor

Lymphocyte attachment to high endothelial venules within lymph nodes is mediated by the peripheral lymph node homing receptor (pnHR), originally defined on mouse lymphocytes by the MEL-14 mAb. The pnHR is a calcium-dependent lectin-like receptor, a member of the LEC-CAM family of adhesion proteins. Here, using a soluble recombinant form of the homing receptor, we have identified an endothelial ligand for the pnHR as an approximately 50-kD sulfated, fucosylated, and sialylated glycoprotein, which we designate Sgp50 (sulfated glycoprotein of 50 kD). Recombinant receptor binding to this lymph node-specific glycoprotein requires calcium and is inhibitable by specific carbohydrates and by MEL-14 mAb. Sialylation of the component is required for binding. Additionally, the glycoprotein is precipitated by MECA-79, an adhesion-blocking mAb reactive with lymph node HEV. A related glycoprotein of approximately 90 kD (designated as Sgp90) is also identified.     

Study of rickettsioses in Slovakia. III. Experimental infection of Apodemus flavicollis Melch. by rickettsiae of the spotted fever (SF) group isolated in Slovakia.

Experimental studies of infection of Apodemus flavicollis, and for comparison of rickettsiaemia in Clethrionomys glareolus and of susceptibility and antibody formation in white mice, with rickettsiae of the SF group isolated in Slovakia, gave the following results: the species A. flavicollis reacted by the formation of antibodies on subcutaneous administration of rickettsiae, strain B, in an amount of 10(0.5) EID 50/0.25 ml, whereas the white mouse only in an amount of 10(2.5). Rickettsiae, strain B, administered in an amount of 10(3.5) EID 50/0.25 ml subcutaneously to A. flavicollis were found in smears from the liver and spleen of the inoculated animals up to the 25th day following infection, on detection by the isolation test on chick embryo yolk sacs in the spleen on day 5 and 7, in lymph nodes on day 7 and in the brain on day 15 following infection; on detection by the method of injecting suspension from the organs into the haemocoelom of ticks regularly in the spleen and liver up to the 10th day, in the brain, kidney and lymph nodes regularly up to the 15th and irregularly in the lungs also up to the 15th day, then regularly in the testes up to the 5th day and in the heart, blood and peritoneum up to the 3rd day after infection.     

Initiation of cellular organization in lymph nodes is regulated by non-B cell-derived signals and is not dependent on CXC chemokine ligand 13

The molecular and cellular events that initiate the formation of T and B cell areas in developing lymph nodes are poorly understood. In this study we show that formation of the lymphoid architecture in murine neonatal lymph nodes evolves through a series of distinct stages. The initial segregation of T and B cells is regulated in a CXCL13-independent manner, characterized by the localization of B cells in a ring-like pattern in the outer cortex on day 4. However, during this CXCL13-independent phase of lymph node modeling, CXCL13 is expressed and regulated in a lymphotoxin-alpha1beta2 (LTalpha1beta2)-dependent manner. Surprisingly, neonatal B cells are unable to respond to this chemokine and also lack surface LTalpha1beta2 expression. At this time, CD45+CD4+CD3- cells are the predominant LTalpha1beta2-expressing cells and are also capable of responding to CXCL13. From day 4 on, architectural changes become CXCL13 dependent, and B cells become fully CXCL13 responsive, express LTalpha1beta2, and cluster in anatomically distinct follicles. Because the initial induction of CXCL13 is dependent on LTalpha1beta2, a role for CD45+CD4+CD3- cells in inducing chemokine expression in the developing lymph nodes is proposed and, as such, a role in initiation of the shaping of the microenvironment.     

In vitro tapeworm extract-induced proliferative responses of gut-associated lymphoid cells from Hymenolepis diminuta infected mice

The development of lymphoid cells reactive to tapeworm-associated antigens during the course of Hymenolepis diminuta rejection from mice was studied using an in vitro tapeworm extract (TWE)-induced cell proliferation culture system. Mice infected with three cysticercoids on day 0 developed three adult worms by day 7 but worms were rejected by day 21 post-infection. Concomitant with worm rejection was the development of TWE-sensitized lymphoid cells which responded by proliferation when stimulated in vitro with TWE. Sensitized cells were detected in gut-associated mesenteric lymph nodes but were not detected in spleen, axillary lymph nodes, or Peyer's patches of infected mice, or in lymphoid organs of non-infected mice. These studies suggest that rejection of H. diminuta from mice is associated with the activities of gut-associated, tapeworm antigen-sensitized immune cells localized in the mesenteric lymph nodes.