陕西秦岭半仓山蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004~2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensisChouetRan的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末~6月上旬为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬~8月中旬为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35~60 d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4~8 d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35~180粒,卵期5~9 d;幼虫型,共4龄,历期38~50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8~18 d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

Karyotype Analysis of 5 Species of Polygonatum Mill.

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species in Polygonatum from Anhui of China. The materials used in this work are listed in Table 1, Photomicrographs of somatic metaphase and karyograms of the five species of Polygonatum in Plate 1, 2, 3, the idiograms in Fig. 1-11 and a comparison of the karyotype of them is provided in Table 2. The results are shown as follows: 1. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.)Druce Two materials were examined. One from Mt. Huangshan, Anhui, has 2n= 16 = 10m (3sc)+ 6sm (Plate 1 :A, B). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 1. The chromosomes range in length from 2.85 to 8.85 μm, with the total length 48.63μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.11, The karyotype belong to Stebbins’(1971) 2B. The two chromosomes of the first pair have arm ratios 1.01 and 1.29 respectively, and The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the short arm, showing heterozyosity .The chromosome num ber of 2n= 16 in P. odoratum and its karyotype are reported for the first time. The other from Langyashan, Chu - xian, Anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 10m (Isc)+2sm+6st(2sc) (Plate 1: C, D). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 2. The chromosomes range in length from 2.43 to 8.29μm, with the total length 46.67µm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.41. The karyotype is also of 2B. In a somatic chromosome complement the 2nd pair have one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. 2. Polygonatum filipes Merr. Two materials were examined. One from the Huangshan, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes: 2n= 16 and 2n=22. This paper reports one of them. The karyotype formula is 2n=22=8m+8sm(2sc)+6st(Plate 3: Q, R). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 3. The chromosomes range in length from 2.55- 5.85μm, with the total length 45.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.29. The karyotype belongs to 3B. The other material from the Fangchang, Anhui, is shown to have four cytitypes: 2n= 14, 2n= 16, 2n=20 (Plate 3: W) and 2n=22. This paper reports two of them. Type I: the karytype formula is 2n=14=10m+4sm (Plate 3: S, T). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 5. The chromosomes range in length from 2.59 to 7.61μm, the total length 37.44μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.94. the karyotype belongs to 2B. Type II :The karyotype formula is 2n=16=8m+4sm+4st (Plate 3: U, V). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 4. The chromosomes range in length from 2.65 to 8.21 μm, the total length 46.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.10. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The chromosome numbers of 2n=20, 2n= 14 and 2n=22, and karyotype of 2n= 14 and 2n=22 in P. filipes are reported for the first time. 3. Polygonatum cytonema Hua Two materials were examined. One from the Langyashan, Chuxian, anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 8m (2sc)+ 6sm+ 4st (Plate 2: K, L). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 7. The chromosomes range in length from 3.41 to 9.21 μm, the total length 56.34μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.70. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The other material from the Huangshan, Anhui, has two cytotypes: 2n=20 and 2n= 22. Type I: The karyotype formula is 2n= 20= 8m+ 6sm+ 6st (Plate 2: M, N). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 8. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 5.03μm, with the total length 32. 91μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2. 87. The karyotype is also of 2B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=22=6m+ 8sm+4st+ 4t (Plate 2: O, P ). The idiogram is Shown in Fig. 10. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 4.95 μm, with total length 35.05μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.83. The karyotype brlongs to 3B. 4. Polygonatum desoulayi kom. The material from Xuancheng, Anhui, is found to have karyotype 2n = 22 = 10m (2sc) + 6sm (lsc) + 6st ( Plate 2. I, J). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 6. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 5.61μm, with the total length 41.98μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.02. The karyotype is also of 3B. The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. The chromosome number and karyotype of Chinese material are reported for the first time. 5. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. The material from the Langyashan, Chuxian, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes. Type 1: the karyotype formula is 2n = 18 = 2m+ 2sm+ 10st+ 2t+ 2T (Plate 1: G, H). The idiogram is shown in Fig.9. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 4.03μm, with total length 28.28μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.17. The karyotype classification belongs to 3B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=24=6m+4sm+12st+2T (Plate 1: E, F). The idiogram is shown in Fig. II. The chromosomes range in length from 2.01 to 5.03μm, with total length 41.36μm and the ratio of longest to shortest 2.50. The karyotype is also of 3B. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Chinese material are reported for the first time.     

The pedicled transposition of the digastric and stylohyoid muscles in the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence. Anatomic basis and clinical application]

The anatomical basis for the application of neurovascular pedicled muscle transfers of the digastric and stylohyoid muscles in the treatment of velopharynx incompetence is described. The fact that the neurovascular pedicle is located in the cranial third of the muscle bellies provides the safety of the operative procedure. The muscles have to be dissected with respect to that. The direction in which the transferred muscles pull is described. The muscle transposition is combined with the classic Wardill-Kilner operation to lengthen the soft palate. The transferred muscles have to avoid scar contraction and shortening of the soft palate and to gain a muscular function of the soft palate. The clinical use is justified in rare cases as demonstrated in one case.     

陕西秦岭蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004～2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensis Chou et Ran的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末～6月上句为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬～8月中句为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35～60d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4～8d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35～180粒,卵期5～9d;幼虫蝴型,共4龄。历期38～50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8—18d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

Maturation process of secondary ossification centers in the rat and assessment of bone age.

The maturation process from the appearance to the fusion of the secondary ossification centers of extremities was studied in Wistar rats aged 0 to 134 weeks. The examination of the secondary ossification centers made by radiography. The assessment of the stage of development was made in accordance with the criteria proposed by Ohwada and Sutow. The secondary ossification center was found to be take one of the following three types of maturation processes : (1) the acute ossification, (2) the delayed ossification, and (3) the incomplete ossification. No fusion was observed up to 134 weeks in certain epiphyses of the rat. This type of ossification designated as the incomplete ossification may be specific to the mouse and rat. The relative lengths of time required for appearance and fusion in the average prospective life were obtained for the rat. They were compared with those of the mouse and man. The relative length of time necessary for maturity of the secondary ossification centers was shown to be the shortest in the rat and the longest in man. The results suggested that the rat may reach maturity in the bone age at 17 to 21 weeks of age. The rat at this age may be regarded as being adult corresponding to age 17 weeks in mice and 18 to 24 years in man.     

许昌市2009—2013年麻疹流行病学特征和监测系统运转状况分析

目的分析许昌市2009—2013年麻疹流行特征和监测系统运转状况,为加速消除麻疹制定策略及措施提供科学依据。方法利用描述性流行病学方法对许昌市2009—2013年麻疹监测系统资料进行统计分析。结果许昌市2009—2013年累计报告麻疹病例675例,年均报告发病率为3.16/10万。全市8个县、市区均有病例报告,病例数主要集中在禹州市,占总病例数的55.56%;发病呈明显的季节性分布,主要集中在2—5月份,占总病例数的73.48%;病例主要集中于0~6岁儿童,占总病例数的85.63%,其中1岁以下婴幼儿占总病例数的50.22%;8月龄~14岁麻疹病例中有确切免疫史者仅占38.58%。随着监测系统及时性和特异性逐年提高,48 h完整调查率由2009年的88.32%上升至2012年的100%;血标本3 d内送达率由2009年的51.68%上升至2013年的100%;实验室结果 7 d内报告率由2009年的52.80%上升至2013年的100%;血标本采集率从2009年48.86%上升至2013年的100%;暴发血清学确诊率、病原学标本采集率均上升至100%。2009—2013年麻疹监测系统敏感性低,排除病例报告发病率为0.49/10万~1.43/10万。结论 2009—2013年许昌市麻疹发病率下降,小年龄组发病构成增加。监测系统运转综合质量逐年提升,但敏感性低。今后应进一步加强麻疹类疫苗接种与管理,提高人群免疫水平;加强医疗机构传染病报告与管理,提高监测系统敏感性,防止传染源扩散。     

不同海拔地区同级别医院鲍曼不动杆菌的分布与 耐药性的连续对比性分析

目的连续对比分析不同海拔地区同级别医院非鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性,寻找不同海拔对鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性的影响并指导合理应用抗生素。方法回顾分析2011-2013年两家不同海拔地区同级别医院临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌药敏结果。结果 2011年至2013年,低海拔地区医院鲍曼不动杆菌检出率为12.66%、17.01%、15.33%。高海拔的地区院鲍曼不动杆菌检出率为0.24%、1.50%、1.44%。低海拔地区医院鲍曼不动杆菌仅对美满环素仍保持较高的敏感率;除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦外,对多数常用药物耐药率均高于70%。而且保持稳定。高海拔的地区院鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗生素的耐药率逐年下降,庆大霉素、左旋氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮、头孢他啶的敏感率近两年均在60%以上。结论低海拔地区医院鲍曼不动杆菌检出率高,常用抗生素耐药率高。高海拔的地区院鲍曼不动杆菌检出率低,常用抗生素敏感率高。环境因素对微生态具有重要的影响作用。     

Effects of infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis on the circulating haemocyte population and the haematopoietic organ of the host snail M-line Biomphalaria glabrata

The number of circulating haemocytes, the size of the haematopoietic organ, and the size of haemocyte capsules around the parasite were studied in M-line Biomphalaria glabrata snails exposed to 100 or 400 first-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The number of haemocytes in exposed snails increased significantly at 1 day post-exposure, decreased to control value, and then increased again. The decrease in number of circulating haemocytes is probably due to the removal of cells from the circulation to participate in encapsulation of larvae. The majority of circulating haemocytes in M-line B. glabrata are fully-spread granulocytes, which increase significantly in number in snails following exposure to A. cantonensis larvae. However, populations of partially-spread granulocytes, round cells, hyalinocytes and miscellaneous haemocytes were relatively constant. The size of capsules around the parasite increased during the 42-day interval of the experiment. The haematopoietic organ increased in size in response to infection.     

新疆伊犁哈萨克族的体质特征研究

作者对新疆伊犁地区的哈萨克族大、中专学生进行了活体观察和测量,观察30项（551名,男262,女289）测量92项（404人,男226,女178）,所得数据进行了统计学处理和分析,计算了头面部和体部的31项指数,并进行了指数分型处理。     

奇异变形杆菌耐药性的4年监测及碳青霉烯类耐药株的耐药机制研究

目的了解本地区2007年到2010年奇异变形杆菌的临床分布与常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,了解碳青霉烯类耐药菌株可能存在的机制。方法回顾分析2007年到2010年临床分离奇异变形杆菌的资料及整体耐药情况;对保存的耐亚胺培南（IPM）、美罗培南（MEM）或厄他培南（ETP）的菌株进行复苏,并做Hoage试验进行产碳青霉烯酶的确认,同时对试验菌株进行耐药基因的PCR扩增检测。结果2007年到2010年,奇异变形杆菌在临床各送检样本中以痰液分离率最高：51．1％、34．4％、22．1％和35．4％,其次为尿液：14．3％、28．O％、34．9％和33．6％;耐药监测分析显示,4年间对喹诺酮类、青霉素类、头孢菌素类及氨基糖苷类耐药率相对较高且较为稳定;对碳青霉烯类耐药最低但增加明显,亚胺培南从2007年的1．8％升到2010年的16．1％,美罗培南从2007年的1．7％升到2010年的16．8％。15株耐碳青霉烯类菌株中,Hoage试验阳性7株,6fn。基因阳性11株,blaCTX-M基因阳性13株。结论本地区奇异变形杆菌对临床常用的抗菌药物均有较高的耐药性,对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率最低,但增加明显。位于质粒上的blaKPc基因所产生的碳青霉烯酶和6如cTx-M基因所产生的超广谱β-内酰胺酶是本菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,临床应引起高度重视。     

Composition of the milt of some teleost fishes

The milt composition of six freshwater teleosts was studied, and the measured parameters showed clear specific differences between species. The highest spermatocrits and sperm densities were observed in perch, Perc afluviatilis , and burbot, Lota lota , and the lowest in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri , and whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus . Fructose concentrations in the seminal plasma were small compared to mammalian values. The glucose concentrations in the seminal plasma were five times higher than those of fructose, and higher in landlocked salmon and rainbow trout than in the other species. The citric acid concentration of all species except whitefish showed a significantly positive correlation to either spermatocrit or sperm density. The role of citric acid in the seminal plasma of fishes was also assumed to be important. The glycerol concentration in the seminal plasma was comparatively high, and highest in whitefish. This was assumed to be related to the high applicability value of glycerol as a cryoprotective agent for whitefish sperm. The high glycerol concentration was also assumed to be related to the lipolytic capacity of the testis in the studied species.     

Effect of prolonged refractoriness on the forward masking of tone bursts in single units of the mouse inferior colliculus

The estimation of conditional probability was used to demonstrate the effect of the postspike changes in neuron excitability on its response to the second burst in a pair with an interval between bursts ranging from 50 to 200 ms. The responses of the neurons of the inferior colliculus to pairs of low-intensity tone bursts were recorded extracellularly in anesthetized albino mice. The probability of the response to the second burst in a pair was estimated under two conditions: the presence and the absence of a spike in the response to the first burst. If the interval between burst was 50 ms, the probability of response was decreased in most neurons where there was a spike in the response to the first burst. The opposite trend was observed in a small proportion of neurons. If the interval was increased, it weakened the dependence of the response to the second burst on the character of the response to the first one. The suppression of inhibitory inputs by bicuculline emphasized the postspike refractoriness rather than canceled it. The possible mechanisms of the interdependence between the responses to two consecutive signals are discussed.     

Immunologic memory for Staphylococcus studied by adoptive transfer

The basic regularities of the formation and realization of immunological memory to staphylococcal corpuscular antigen were studied in adoptive transfer experiments on CBA mice. The capacity of spleen cells for generating anamnestic response to staphylococci in the body of irradiated syngeneic recipients appeared on day 3 after the immunization of donors. The formation of immunological memory to staphylococci in mice was shown to be directly related to the dose of the antigen. The study also revealed that intact splenocytes did not suppress the realization of immunological memory to staphylococci in the system of adoptive transfer. The conclusion of the absence of the "isogeneic barrier" for memory cells specific to staphylococcal corpuscular antigen was made.     

Effect of prenatal stress on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system activity and fat metabolism in the male water vole Arvicola terrestris

The HPA axis function and the fat metabolism were studied in adult male water voles born to intact mothers and mothers deprived of food on the 15th and 18th days of their pregnancy. The HPA response to emotional stress was relatively low in experimental males in winter. The hormonal response to a 24-hrs food deprivation diminished in experimental group only in February. The blood level of free fatty acids was increased in experimental group as compared to the control one. The short maternal food deprivation modified adaptive abilities of their male progeny.     

Sensitivity and transduction mechanisms of responses to general odorants in turtle vomeronasal system

(a) The responses of the vomeronasal organ to general odorants in the turtle, Geoclemys reevesii, were measured by recording the accessory olfactory bulbar responses. The threshold concentrations of the vomeronasal responses to various odorants were similar to those in main olfactory bulbar responses, indicating that vomeronasal cells lacking cilia and olfactory cells having many cilia have similar sensitivities to general odorants. (b) The vomeronasal epithelium was perfused with 100 mM NaCl solution and the salt-free solution and the effects of NaCl on the vomeronasal responses to various odorants were examined. There was no essential difference between the concentration-response curves for n-amyl acetate and menthone dissolved in 100 mM NaCl solution and those dissolved in the salt-free solution in the whole concentration range examined. The ratios of the magnitudes of vomeronasal responses in the salt-free solution to those in 100 mM NaCl solution were between 1.01 and 1.10 for seven odorants tested. (c) The magnitudes of responses to the odorants were unchanged by changes in NaCl concentrations. The replacement of Na+ with organic cations such as choline+, Bis-Tris propane2+, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine+ did not affect the magnitudes of the responses to the odorants. The Na channel blocker amiloride also did not affect the responses. (d) The vomeronasal responses were practically unchanged by changes in CaCl2 concentration. The Ca channel blockers diltiazem and verapamil did not affect the responses. (e) The replacement of Cl- with SO4(2-) did not affect the magnitudes of the vomeronasal responses. (f) The present results suggest that ion transport across the apical membranes of vomeronasal receptor cells does not contribute to the responses to odorants in the turtle.     

Effect of pollution on phytoplankton in the Ashar Canal,a highly polluted canal of the Shatt al-Arab Estuary at Basrah,Iraq

The effect of pollution on the phytoplankton in the Ashar Canal was studied during March and June 1976. Higher temperatures were recorded in June. The canal water was more turbid than that of the adjoining Shatt al-Arab estuary due to high algal populations and sewage disposal. The chlorosity values were remarkably high in the canal, due to sewage disposal. The flood waters in June lowered the chlorosity in both estuary and canal. Sewage disposal into the canal decreased its dissolved oxygen content. The lower oxygen values in the estuary in June were accompanied with higher temperatures. The pH values were generally higher in the estuary and were also higher in June than in March.Eighty-six algal taxa were recorded, 45 of which were diatoms. The phytoplankton in the estuary was more abundant in March, due to the increase in currents and turbidity in June. The Chlorophyta, Conjugatophyta, Myxophyta and Bacillariophyta in the estuary showed reverse seasonal trends from those of the total phytoplankton. These algal seemed to flourish during periods of high temperatures. The dense blue-green algae recorded in June is attributed to the high temperature and dissolved organic matter. The Chrysophyta recorded high populations in the estuary in March and were totally absent in June. Lower temperatures and high transparency in March might have led to their relative abundance.The total phytoplankton in the Ashar Canal followed two different seasonal trends, one resembling and the other differing from those in the estuary. The disposal of domestic sewage and agricultural wastes in the canal seemed to lead to such adverse seasonal variations. The diatoms only dominated the phytoplankton at one station in both months. The sewage and agricultural wastes disposal seemed to favour the abundance of the other phyla than the diatoms. Increased organic load in the canal has led to a considerable increase in the Myxophyta in June. Blooms of Chlamydomonas sp. and Euglena acus increased the phytoplankton densities in March at stations II and IV, respectively. Benthic or periphytic algae were found in the phytoplankton populations. Raised salinity seemed to restrict the distribution of the planktonic diatom Bacillaria paradoxa. Among the noticeable widespread planktonic algae in the study area are Dinobryon sertularia, Pediastrum duplex and P. simplex.     

The structure of infection threads,bacteria and bacteroids in pea and clover root nodules

Summary The bacteria and infection threads of the pea root nodule were examined by light and electron microscopy. The bacteria in the infection thread are enclosed in a microcapsule. This capsule disappears when the bacterium is released into the host cytoplasm. The membrane envelope which surrounds the bacteria in the host cell is shown to be derived from the plant cell membrane. The infection of the host cell is by means of a process akin to pinocytosis and the bacteria are confined to vacuoles in the host cytoplasm. As each membrane envelope contains only one bacterium, the envelopes must divide with the bacteria. The bacteria increase 40fold in volume from the infection thread to the stage of the mature bacteroid. The mature infected host cell contains few organelles. The mitochondria become confined to the periphery of the cell. Differences of membrane structure in gram negative bacteria found by other workers have been attributed to fixation artifacts.     

广西壮族体质特征

根据头面部各项测量数字观察及其与国内各地汉族对比,广西壮族与广西的汉族最接近。但两者之间的容貌仍有区别。例如壮族人的眼裂较宽,双眼皮比例较多,红唇较厚,面高、鼻高、头高均比汉族低矮,两眼外宽远比汉族大。与其他少数民族体质特征相比,壮族与黎族、布依族、彝族最接近。作者认为壮族在其体质特征上也属华南人类型。壮族与黎族、布依族、彝族关系密切,可能均为古越族的后裔。     

维吾尔族的体质特征研究

１９９１年５月,对新疆伊梨维吾尔族５２９人（男２７１,女２５８）进行了活体观察和测量。观察２９项,测量９２项。维吾尔族的主要特征是：黑直发,黑褐色眼,眉毛较浓密,大都有上眼脸皱褶,鼻根中等偏高,大多为直形鼻,鼻尖向前,鼻基部下垂,大多有达尔文结节,耳垢湿型。头面部指数分型,属于特短头型,阔头型和高头型。身材中等偏高,平均身高男１６８．６毫米,女１５７８．８毫米。