氮沉降对森林土壤有机质和凋落物分解的影响及其微生物学机制

氮沉降持续增加背景下土壤C∶N∶P化学计量比和pH环境等的改变及其可能的土壤微生物学机制已经成为陆地生态系统与全球变化研究的新生长点和科学研究前沿.以生态化学计量学和土壤微生物生态学为理论基础,综述了氮沉降对森林土壤有机质和凋落物分解的影响及其微生物学机制的基本理论、最新进展、研究热点与难点,旨在促进全球变化背景下陆地生态系统地下生态学的研究.氮沉降持续增加会导致森林生态系统磷循环加速,导致磷限制.氮沉降不但改变森林土壤有机质和凋落物的C∶N∶P化学计量比和降低土壤pH值,而且改变土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷、细菌、真菌和放线菌的组成以及影响碳氮磷分解的关键酶活性.氮沉降对森林土壤有机质和凋落物分解的影响表现为促进、抑制和无影响,其影响的差异可能来源于微生物效应的不同.叶片在凋落前有显著的氮磷养分回收,但是根无明显的养分回收,造成土壤有机质和凋落物的C∶N∶P化学计量比存在明显差异.基于DNA/RNA等分子生物学方法为土壤微生物生态学研究提供了强有力的手段,将促进氮沉降对森林土壤有机质和凋落物化学计量比改变的微生物学机制研究.     

凋落物中水溶性有机物和残渣对亚热带森林土壤氮素转化的影响

设置60%和90%WHC两种土壤水分条件,并添加凋落物过滤液、剩余残渣和丙氨酸,进行为期36 d的室内培养(25 ℃),研究了凋落物中水溶性有机物和残渣对土壤氮素转化的影响.结果表明: 在60%和90%WHC条件下,丙氨酸在土壤中迅速矿化,该处理的土壤铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量分别比对照显著提高5.4%～44.7%和16.1%～41.3%,净氮矿化和氨化速率在培养前期也高于对照,而凋落物过滤液和残渣添加处理则降低了土壤NH₄⁺-N含量,且残渣的降幅大于过滤液.试验期间,土壤硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量呈直线增长趋势,培养结束时60%WHC条件下NO₃^--N含量显著高于90%WHC.土壤水分含量增多不利于土壤有机质的矿化;90%WHC条件下可溶性有机碳(SOC)含量明显低于60%WHC,而土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放量比60%WHC提高1.5～63.0倍,且在60%WHC条件下凋落物残渣添加处理显著促进了土壤N₂O的排放.凋落物在分解过程中的可溶性物质和剩余物对土壤氮的影响存在差异,且这种差异随分解而发生动态变化.     

Nitrogen deposition promotes the production of new fungal residues but retards the decomposition of old residues in forest soil fractions

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has frequently been observed to increase soil carbon (C) storage in forests, but the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Changes in microbial community composition and substrate use are hypothesized to be one of the key mechanisms affected by N inputs. Here, we investigated the effects of N deposition on amino sugars, which are used as biomarkers for fungal‐ and bacterial‐derived microbial residues in soil. We made use of a 4‐year combined CO₂ enrichment and N deposition experiment in model forest ecosystems, providing a distinct ¹³C signal for ‘new’ and ‘old’ C in soil organic matter and microbial residues measured in density and particle‐size fractions of soils. Our hypothesis was that N deposition decreases the amount of fungal residues in soils, with the new microbial residues being more strongly affected than old residues. The soil fractionation showed that organic matter and microbial residues are mainly stabilized by association with soil minerals in the heavy and fine fractions. Moreover, the bacterial residues are relatively enriched at mineral surfaces compared to fungal residues. The ¹³C tracing indicated a greater formation of fungal residues compared to bacterial residues after 4 years of experiment. In contradiction to our hypotheses, N deposition significantly increased the amount of new fungal residues in bulk soil and decreased the decomposition of old microbial residues associated with soil minerals. The preservation of old microbial residues could be due to decreased N limitation of microorganisms and therefore a reduced dependence on organic N sources. This mechanism might be especially important in fine heavy fractions with low C/N ratios, where microbial residues are effectively protected from decomposition by association with soil minerals.     

Soil organic matter and litter chemistry response to experimental N deposition in northern temperate deciduous forest ecosystems

The effects of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on organic matter decomposition vary with the biochemical characteristics of plant litter. At the ecosystem‐scale, net effects are difficult to predict because various soil organic matter (SOM) fractions may respond differentially. We investigated the relationship between SOM chemistry and microbial activity in three northern deciduous forest ecosystems that have been subjected to experimental N addition for 2 years. Extractable dissolved organic carbon (DOC), DOC aromaticity, C : N ratio, and functional group distribution, measured by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), were analyzed for litter and SOM. The largest biochemical changes were found in the sugar maple–basswood (SMBW) and black oak–white oak (BOWO) ecosystems. SMBW litter from the N addition treatment had less aromaticity, higher C : N ratios, and lower saturated carbon, lower carbonyl carbon, and higher carboxylates than controls; BOWO litter showed opposite trends, except for carbonyl and carboxylate contents. Litter from the sugar maple–red oak (SMRO) ecosystem had a lower C : N ratio, but no change in DOC aromaticity. For SOM, the C : N ratio increased with N addition in SMBW and SMRO ecosystems, but decreased in BOWO; N addition did not affect the aromaticity of DOC extracted from mineral soil. All ecosystems showed increases in extractable DOC from both litter and soil in response to N treatment. The biochemical changes are consistent with the divergent microbial responses observed in these systems. Extracellular oxidative enzyme activity has declined in the BOWO and SMRO ecosystems while activity in the SMBW ecosystem, particularly in the litter horizon, has increased. In all systems, enzyme activities associated with the hydrolysis and oxidation of polysaccharides have increased. At the ecosystem scale, the biochemical characteristics of the dominant litter appear to modulate the effects of N deposition on organic matter dynamics.     

森林土壤氮素转换及其对氮沉降的响应

近几十年人类活动向大气中排放的含氮化合物激增 ,并引起大气氮沉降也成比例增加。目前 ,氮沉降的增加使一些森林生态系统结构和功能发生改变 ,甚至衰退。近 2 0 a欧洲和北美有关氮沉降及其对森林生态系统的影响方面的研究较多 ,而我国少有涉及。森林土壤氮素转换是森林生态系统氮素循环的一个重要的组成部分 ,而矿化、硝化和反硝化作用是其核心过程 ,氮沉降作为驱动因子势必改变森林土壤氮素转换速度、方向和通量。根据国外近 2 0 a有关研究 ,首先介绍了森林土壤氮素转换过程和强度 ,论述森林土壤氮素在生态系统氮素循环中的作用 ,然后在此基础上 ,介绍了氮沉降对森林土壤氮素循环的研究途径 ,探讨了氮沉降对森林土壤氮素矿化、硝化和反硝化作用的影响及其机理     

土壤微生物数量对模拟氮沉降增加的早期响应

通过以南亚热带森林三种主要树种即荷木、锥栗和黄果厚壳桂为主的苗圃试验地的苗圃控制实验,初步探讨土壤微生物数量对模拟氮沉降增加的响应。结果表明,施氮增加对土壤微生物数量的影响根据类群和氮处理水平不同而异。总的来说,施氮增加对土壤微生物数量具有促进作用,这种促进作用对放线菌数量仅在一定(中氮)处理水平以下,超过此水平施氮增加则表现为抑制作用,而施氮对真菌数量则始终表现为抑制作用,尤其以中N处理水平的抑制作用最强。但目前细菌仍占微生物总量的绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌则占微生物总量的比例最小。分析结果还表明,有效氮与放线菌、有效氮与细菌数量变化呈显著相关关系。     

氮沉降对森林土壤磷循环的影响

磷是生物体必需的大量元素之一,也是许多生态系统的主要限制因子。近年来,大气氮沉降日益加剧,已对森林生态系统磷循环产生了不可忽视的影响。关于氮沉降对生态系统磷循环的影响已开展了一系列的研究,然而尚缺少对其整体的认识。因此,通过收集国内外已发表的相关文章,从以下五个方面综述氮沉降对森林生态系统土壤磷循环的影响及其机理:1)阐述了森林生态系统土壤磷循环的概念;2)介绍了氮沉降对森林土壤磷循环影响的研究方法,包括长期定位模拟氮沉降法、自然氮沉降梯度法和同位素示踪法等;3)概述了氮沉降对森林生态系统土壤磷循环的影响。目前的研究结论趋向于认为长期氮沉降使森林土壤磷循环速率加快。长期氮输入易于使土壤中可溶性磷向非活性磷酸盐库迁移而难以被利用。因此,为了满足需求,土壤磷酸酶活性将增加以加速有机磷的矿化,从而加速磷素在土壤-植物-微生物之间的周转。4)探讨了氮沉降影响森林土壤磷循环的机制。氮沉降可通过改变土壤有机质的性质、微生物群落组成、磷酸酶活性以及阳离子的流动性等途径影响森林土壤磷循环;5)指出了当前研究存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

Transformation and stabilization of pyrogenic organic matter in a temperate forest field experiment

Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) decomposes on centennial timescale in soils, but the processes regulating its decay are poorly understood. We conducted one of the first studies of PyOM and wood decomposition in a temperate forest using isotopically labeled organic substrate, and quantified microbial incorporation and physico‐chemical transformations of PyOM in situ. Stable‐isotope (¹³C and ¹⁵N) enriched PyOM and its precursor wood were added to the soil at 2 cm depth at ambient (N0) and increased (N+) levels of nitrogen fertilization. The carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of added PyOM or wood were tracked through soil to 15 cm depth, in physically separated soil density fractions and in benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCA) molecular markers. After 10 months in situ, more PyOM‐derived C (>99% of initial ¹³C‐PyOM) and N (90% of initial ¹⁵N‐PyOM) was recovered than wood derived C (48% of ¹³C‐wood) and N (89% under N0 and 48% under N+). PyOM‐C and wood‐C migrated at the rate of 126 mm yr^?1 with 3–4% of PyOM‐C and 4–8% of wood‐C recovered below the application depth. Most PyOM C was recovered in the free light fraction (fLF) (74%), with 20% in aggregate‐occluded and 6% in mineral associated fractions – fractions that typically have much slower turnover times. In contrast, wood C was recovered mainly in occluded (33%) or dense fraction (27%). PyOM addition induced loss of native C from soil (priming effect), particularly in fLF (13%). The total BPCA‐C content did not change but after 10 months the degree of aromatic condensation of PyOM decreased, as determined by relative contribution of benzene hexa‐carboxylic acid (B6CA) to the total BPCA C. Soil microbial biomass assimilated 6–10% of C from the wood, while PyOM contributions was negligible (0.14–0.18%). The addition of N had no effect on the dynamics of PyOM while limited effect on wood.     

模拟氮沉降对温带阔叶红松林地土壤氮素净矿化的影响

以长白山阔叶红松混交林为研究对象,于2006—2008年原位模拟不同形态氮((NH4)2SO4、NH4Cl和KNO3)沉降水平(22.5和45kgN·hm-2·a-1),利用树脂芯法技术(resin-core incubation technique)测定了表层(有机层0～7cm)和土层(0～15cm)土壤氮素净矿化、净氨化和净硝化通量的季节和年际变化规律。同时,结合前人报道的有关林地碳、氮过程及其环境变化影响的结果,力求有效预估森林生态系统中氮素年矿化通量对大气氮沉降量和水热条件等因子变化的响应。结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林地土壤氮素年净矿化通量为1.2～19.8kgN·hm-2·a-1,2008年不同深度的土壤氮素年净矿化通量均显著高于2006和2007年(P<0.05)。随着模拟氮沉降量增加,土壤氮素净矿化通量也随之增加,尤其外源NH4+-N输入对净矿化通量的促进作用更为明显(P<0.05),但随着施肥年限的延长,这种促进作用逐渐减弱。与林地0～15cm土壤相比,氮沉降增加对0～7cm有机层氮素净氨化和净矿化通量的促进作用更为明显,尤其NH4Cl处理的促进作用更大。结合前人报道的野外原位观测结果,土壤氮素年净矿化通量随氮素沉降量的增加而增大,氮沉降量对不同区域森林土壤氮素净矿化通量的贡献率约为52%;氮沉降量(x1)和pH值(x2)可以解释区域森林土壤氮素年净矿化通量(y)变化的70%(y=0.54x1-18.38x2-109.55,R2=0.70,P<0.0001)。前人研究结果仅提供区域年均温度,未考虑积温的影响,这可能是造成年净矿化通量与温度无关的原因。今后的研究工作应该加强区域森林土壤积温观测,进而更加准确地预估森林土壤氮素的年净矿化通量。     

Ecophysiological adjustment of two Sphagnum species in response to anthropogenic nitrogen deposition

Here, it was investigated whether Sphagnum species have adjusted their nitrogen (N) uptake in response to the anthropogenic N deposition that has drastically altered N-limited ecosystems, including peatlands, worldwide. A lawn species, Sphagnum balticum, and a hummock species, Sphagnum fuscum, were collected from three peatlands along a gradient of N deposition (2, 8 and 12 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)). The mosses were subjected to solutions containing a mixture of four N forms. In each solution one of these N forms was labeled with (15)N (namely (15)NH(+)(4), (15)NO(-)(3) and the amino acids [(15)N]alanine (Ala) and [(15)N]glutamic acid (Glu)). It was found that for both species most of the N taken up was from , followed by Ala, Glu, and very small amounts from NO(-)(3). At the highest N deposition site N uptake was reduced, but this did not prevent N accumulation as free amino acids in the Sphagnum tissues. The reduced N uptake may have been genetically selected for under the relatively short period with elevated N exposure from anthropogenic sources, or may have been the result of plasticity in the Sphagnum physiological response. The negligible Sphagnum NO(-)(3) uptake may make any NO(-)(3) deposited readily available to co-occurring vascular plants.     

Shifting stoichiometry: Long-term trends in stream-dissolved organic matter reveal altered C:N ratios due to history of atmospheric acid deposition

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) are important energy and nutrient sources for aquatic ecosystems. In many northern temperate, freshwater systems DOC has increased in the past 50 years. Less is known about how changes in DOC may vary across latitudes, and whether changes in DON track those of DOC. Here, we present long-term DOC and DON data from 74 streams distributed across seven sites in biomes ranging from the tropics to northern boreal forests with varying histories of atmospheric acid deposition. For each stream, we examined the temporal trends of DOC and DON concentrations and DOC:DON molar ratios. While some sites displayed consistent positive or negative trends in stream DOC and DON concentrations, changes in direction or magnitude were inconsistent at regional or local scales. DON trends did not always track those of DOC, though DOC:DON ratios increased over time for ~30% of streams. Our results indicate that the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool is experiencing fundamental changes due to the recovery from atmospheric acid deposition. Changes in DOC:DON stoichiometry point to a shifting energy-nutrient balance in many aquatic ecosystems. Sustained changes in the character of DOM can have major implications for stream metabolism, biogeochemical processes, food webs, and drinking water quality (including disinfection by-products). Understanding regional and global variation in DOC and DON concentrations is important for developing realistic models and watershed management protocols to effectively target mitigation efforts aimed at bringing DOM flux and nutrient enrichment under control.     

氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤有机碳矿化和土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨氮沉降对亚热带森林土壤有机碳矿化及土壤酶活性的影响规律,在杉木人工林中开展了野外模拟N沉降试验。试验设计为4种处理,分别为N0（对照）、N1（60 kg N?hm-2?a-1）、N2（120 kg N?hm-2?a-1）和N3（240 kg N?hm-2?a-1）,每处理重复3次。通过28 d的培养后发现,各土层有机碳日均矿化量随培养时间的延长呈下降趋势,而有机碳累计矿化量则逐步增加。不同氮沉降处理下各土层有机碳累计矿化量总体趋势表现为：随着氮沉降量的增加而降低,日均矿化量降低幅度以N1最大,其次是N0和N2,N3降幅最小。相同N沉降处理下,参与土壤碳循环的6种主要酶（蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶、β-葡糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶）活性、土壤有机碳日均矿化量和有机碳累计矿化量均随土层加深而降低。氮沉降对6种土壤酶活性的影响存在差异,对纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶具有促进作用,而对淀粉酶和过氧化物酶表现出一定的抑制作用;中-低氮沉降（N1、N2）对蔗糖酶无影响,而对β-葡糖苷酶具有促进作用,高氮沉降（N3）促进了蔗糖酶活性,但抑制了β-葡糖苷酶活性。表层土壤中,土壤有机碳累积矿化量与土壤纤维素酶、β-葡糖苷酶、过氧化物酶活性呈显著正相关。因此,氮沉降促进了表层土壤纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的活性,但在一定程度上抑制了淀粉酶和过氧化物酶,对土壤有机碳矿化也表现出明显的抑制作用。     

氮沉降对杉木人工幼林土壤溶液可溶性有机物质浓度及光谱学特征的影响

为探究氮沉降对亚热带杉木人工幼林土壤溶液可溶性有机物质(DOM)浓度及光谱学特征的影响,采用负压法,对0～15和15～30 cm土层土壤溶液DOM进行了2年的动态监测及光谱学特征研究.结果表明:氮沉降显著减少了各土层土壤溶液可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度,增加了芳香化指数(AI)及腐殖化指数(HIX),但对可溶性有机氮(DON)无显著影响.土壤溶液DOM浓度存在明显的季节变动,夏秋季显著高于春冬季.傅里叶红外光谱结果表明,森林土壤溶液DOM在6个区域的相似位置存在吸收峰,其中1145～1149 cm^-1的吸收峰最强.三维荧光光谱表明,DOM主要以类蛋白质物质(Ex/Em=230 nm/300 nm)和微生物降解产物(Ex/Em=275 nm/300 nm)为主,施氮使0～15 cm土层类蛋白质物质减少.氮沉降可能主要是通过降低土壤pH、抑制土壤碳矿化和刺激植物生长等途径显著抑制土壤溶液DOC浓度,而表层被抑制的DOC成分以类蛋白质物质和羧酸盐物质为主.氮沉降短期可能有利于土壤肥力的储存,但随着氮沉降量的积累,土壤中营养物质将难以得到有效利用.     

草地土壤有机质不同组分氮库对长期氮添加的响应

土壤氮库对生态系统的养分循环至关重要。目前多数研究主要关注氮沉降对土壤总氮的影响, 而对土壤不同有机质组分的氮库对氮沉降响应的研究较为缺乏。该研究基于内蒙古典型草地的长期多水平施氮(0、8、32、64 g·m^-2·a^-1)实验平台, 利用土壤密度分级方法, 探究氮添加处理13年后典型草地中两种土壤有机质组分(颗粒态有机质(POM), 矿质结合态有机质(MAOM))氮含量的变化及调控机制。结果显示: 土壤总碳含量、POM和MAOM的碳含量在施氮处理间均没有显著差异。土壤总氮含量则随着施氮水平增加呈显著增加的趋势, 同时施氮处理下POM的氮含量显著上升, 而MAOM的氮含量没有变化。进一步分析发现, 施氮促进植物地上生物量积累, 增加了凋落物量及其氮含量, 从而导致POM的氮含量增加。由于MAOM主要通过黏土矿物等吸附土壤中小分子有机质形成, 其氮含量受土壤中黏粒与粉粒含量影响, 而与氮添加水平无显著相关关系。该研究结果表明长期氮添加促进土壤氮库积累, 但增加的氮主要分布在稳定性较低的POM中, 受干扰后容易从生态系统中流失。为了更准确地评估和预测氮沉降对陆地生态系统的氮循环过程的影响, 应考虑土壤中不同有机质组分的差异响应。     

模拟氮沉降和降雨量改变对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳的影响

从2013年11月至2015年12月,通过原位试验,在华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林内设置了对照(CK)、氮沉降(N)、减雨(R)、增雨(A)、氮沉降+减雨(NR)、氮沉降+增雨(NA)6个处理水平,研究了模拟氮沉降和降雨量改变对常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤各土层有机碳含量表现为夏季较高,春冬季较低,0—10 cm土层有机碳含量高于10—20 cm土层。从各处理土壤有机碳含量的平均值来看,0—10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量高低顺序表现为:RNRCKANNA;10—20 cm土层表现为:RNRACKNAN。模拟氮沉降和增雨处理促进了华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳的累积,模拟减雨抑制了土壤有机碳的累积。常绿阔叶林0—10cm土层土壤C/N值显著高于10—20 cm,土壤C/N值随土层加深而呈现出增加的趋势,降雨使土壤C/N降低,增雨使土壤C/N增高。同一氮沉降条件下,增雨处理增加了土壤有机碳的含量,减雨处理减少了土壤有机碳的含量;同一降雨条件下,氮沉降增加土壤有机碳的含量。氮沉降和降雨对土壤可溶解性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量产生显著影响(P0.05),对土壤活性碳含量影响不显著(P0.05);其交互作用对土壤有机碳、可溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量碳和活性碳含量影响不显著(P0.05)。     

Response of total and nitrate-dissimilating bacteria to reduced N deposition in a spruce forest soil profile

A field-scale manipulation experiment conducted for 16 years in a Norway spruce forest at Solling, Central Germany, was used to follow the long-term response of total soil bacteria, nitrate reducers and denitrifiers under conditions of reduced N deposition. N was experimentally removed from throughfall by a roof construction ('clean rain plot'). We used substrate-induced respiration (SIR) to characterize the active fraction of soil microbial biomass and potential nitrate reduction to quantify the activity of nitrate reducers. The abundance of total bacteria, nitrate reducers and denitrifiers in different soil layers was analysed by quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA gene, nitrate reduction and denitrification genes. Reduced N deposition temporarily affected the active fraction of the total microbial community (SIR) as well as nitrate reductase activity. However, the size of the total, nitrate reducer and denitrifier communities did not respond to reduced N deposition. Soil depth and sampling date had a greater influence on the density and activity of soil microorganisms than reduced deposition. An increase in the nosZ /16S rRNA gene and nosZ/nirK ratios with soil depth suggests that the proportion of denitrifiers capable of reducing N₂O into N₂ is larger in the mineral soil layer than in the organic layer.     

模拟氮沉降对温带典型森林土壤有效氮形态和含量的影响*

通过室内模拟氮沉降试验,研究了氮沉降对温带典型森林土壤有效氮的影响.结果表明:试验期间,与对照相比,经过氮沉降处理的土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮均呈增长的趋势,增加的程度取决于森林类型、土层、氮处理类型和氮处理的持续时间.氮沉降对不同林型土壤有效氮形态和含量的影响不同,氮沉降对混交林的影响弱于阔叶林,强于针叶人工纯林;土壤A层对氮沉降的敏感程度大于土壤B层;铵态氮形态沉降对土壤铵态氮含量的影响比对土壤硝态氮含量的影响大,而硝态氮形态沉降对土壤硝态氮含量的影响比对土壤铵态氮含量的影响大,混合形态的氮沉降对二者均有促进作用,且增加幅度更高;氮沉降对土壤有效氮的影响存在累加效应.     

模拟氮沉降对温带典型森林土壤有效氮形态和含量的影响

通过室内模拟氮沉降试验,研究了氮沉降对温带典型森林土壤有效氮的影响.结果表明：试验期间,与对照相比,经过氮沉降处理的土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮均呈增长的趋势,增加的程度取决于森林类型、土层、氮处理类型和氮处理的持续时间.氮沉降对不同林型土壤有效氮形态和含量的影响不同,氮沉降对混交林的影响弱于阔叶林,强于针叶人工纯林;土壤A层对氮沉降的敏感程度大于土壤B层;铵态氮形态沉降对土壤铵态氮含量的影响比对土壤硝态氮含量的影响大,而硝态氮形态沉降对土壤硝态氮含量的影响比对土壤铵态氮含量的影响大,混合形态的氮沉降对二者均有促进作用,且增加幅度更高;氮沉降对土壤有效氮的影响存在累加效应.     

黄山松土壤可溶性有机质对氮添加的响应及其与细菌群落的关联

为探究黄山松土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)数量和质量对短期氮(N)添加的响应及其与细菌群落的关联,在福建戴云山自然保护区设置不同N添加水平(0、40和80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)试验,采用三维荧光与平行因子联用法,并结合高通量测序手段分别对土壤DOM和细菌群落进行分析。结果表明: 与对照相比,N添加整体降低了0～10和10～20 cm土层可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量和DOM腐殖化指数(HIX),其中,高氮(80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)添加下均显著降低。平行因子分析法进一步表明N添加下DOM中类腐殖质组分(C1、C2)的相对含量降低。此外,N添加减少了富营养细菌(变形菌门、酸微菌纲)的相对丰度,而增加了贫营养细菌(斯巴达杆菌纲)的相对丰度。富营养细菌的相对丰度与HIX、C1、C2呈显著正相关,与相对易分解的类富里酸组分(C3)呈显著负相关;而贫营养细菌的情况则相反。说明N添加下不同生活策略的细菌类群对DOM中难分解和易分解组分存在明显的偏好性。我们推测N沉降加剧背景下土壤微生物生活策略的转变可能有助于DOM组分的塑造。     

模拟氮沉降对温带森林土壤酶活性的影响

森林土壤酶作为土壤中最活跃组分,能影响生态系统的物质循环过程,其活性能快速反映氮沉降对土壤环境的变化。以北京地带性植被辽东栎林为研究对象,利用模拟氮沉降方法,原位设计低氮(50 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1),N50)、高氮(150 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1),N150)两个施氮水平,每个施氮水平设置Na NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH4NO_33个不同的施氮类型,另设置空白对照(0 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1),N0)。从时间格局上研究不同氮素化学形态和剂量对温带森林土壤6种酶(脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶)活性的影响。结果表明:在氮形态和水平的交互作用下,NH4NO3-N处理的脲酶活性显著高出NO~-_3-N处理的24.20%(N50),NH~+_4-N处理对酸性磷酸酶活性的影响显著高出NO~-_3-N处理的13.82%(N150);在NH~+_4-N和NH_4NO_3-N处理中,N50水平下的脲酶活性分别高出N0处理的38.90%和24.20%,差异显著。对无氮形态和水平交互作用的酶活性分析得出,不同的施氮水平,对碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶的酶活性有显著促进作用,碱性磷酸酶活性在N50和N150处理下分别比N0高20.2%和11.5%,N50和N150处理对多酚氧化酶活性的促进作用分别比N0处理高64.3%和41.8%,差异显著(P0.05);NH~+_4-N处理对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性具有显著促进作用(P0.05),不同的施氮形态,对碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的酶活性无显著影响。6种酶活性均呈现了显著的时间变化,氮添加对森林土壤酶活性的时间分异规律没有显著影响。此外,土壤微生物量碳、硝态氮和铵态氮含量与酶活性具有显著相关性(P0.05)。以上结果表明,氮添加通过改变森林土壤的环境因子,影响了土壤中的水解酶和氧化酶活性,进而改变了土壤有机碳库和养分循环。