中国的柑桔

一.我国柑桔栽培历史及其分布我国是世界上柑桔之原产地,栽培历史相当悠久,始于纪元前二千二百年“虞夏”时代迄今达四千多年。夏书禹贡说“厥包橘柚锡贡”这可能是柑橘栽培早已开端的证明,也是说我国柑桔类果树当以橘与柚为最早。到了汉代栽培稍多,至唐宋时代栽植渐盛,种类繁多为世界之冠,宋韩彦直著“橘录”是世界上有关柑桔的最早著作。近数十年来日本欧洲、美洲等地的柑桔品种亦多由我国传入。目前,我国柑桔栽培地区甚广,有广东、     

多胚性柑桔的胚胎发育

<正> 柑桔亚科(Aurantioideae)植物中枳(Poncirus)、金柑(Fortunella),柑桔(Citrus)及澳洲百蕊桔(Clymenia)等四属普遍存在珠心多胚现象。这种现象的存在虽然有利于无性繁殖、营养系选种及无病毒苗的繁育,但是也引起了合子胚早期败育,严重妨碍杂交育种工作。为此有许多研究工作者曾从多方面进行观察研究,积累了较为丰富的材料。本文根据有关文献报道就多胚性柑桔的胚胎发育过程及成因综述如下:     

柑桔的生态气候和我国亚热带山区的柑桔栽培问题

一、前言 柑桔是一种经济价值很高的栽培植物,在我国亚热带山区亩产一万斤鲜果之例,时有见闻。 我国是世界上栽培柑桔最早的国家(章文才,1975),长期以来累积了极为丰富的栽培经验。不但如此,我国还具有宽广的可供栽培的生态环境。众所周知,柑桔是一种典型的亚热带植物,而我国的亚热带幅员辽阔,北起北纬33°30′附近(例如甘肃省的武都县),南到北纬22°30′(例如广西的灵山县)之间,有许多地点都种有柑桔。但是我国目前柑桔的生产水平都是很低的,全国每人每年平均分配不到一斤鲜果,而日本每人约60斤,美国每人约     

柑桔组织培养述评

本文论述了从柑桔不同组织、器官产生愈伤组织、胚状体、茎芽和根的影响因素和诱导条件。对柑桔组织培养的应用进行了讨论。并对重视柑桔组织培养中器官发生规律和遗传变异规律以及技术实用化的研究等提出了看法。     

柑桔潜叶蛾对柑桔的为害及经济阈值的研究

调查福州市郊柑桔园柑桔潜叶蛾（Ｐｈｙｌｏｃｎｉｓｔｉｓｃｉｔｒｅｌａ）在雪柑、芦柑、蕉柑、福桔４个品种上的为害情况．根据其为害特性和柑桔果实产量大小年份可能给经济阈值带来的误差,采用同一树上以秋梢为计量单位,环割被测枝条（避免枝条间养分重新分配而带来误差）的方法,研究了为害秋梢的叶片光合作用强度,当年和翌年春夏梢的生长量,翌年果实品质和重量,以及叶片被害程度与柑桔潜叶蛾幼虫密度的关系．结果表明,柑桔受潜叶蛾为害后具有一定的光合补偿及组织愈伤的补偿能力;根据福州地区１９９４年柑桔生产力,以雪柑为品种确定经济阈值为１．２１头１龄幼虫／嫩叶;缩小了经济阈值受果实产量大小年份差异而带来的误差;同时考虑品种、柑桔园水热条件、产量水平、天敌作用等多种生态因子,建立了多因子经济阈值模型     

保健话柑桔

柑桔在我国栽培已有四千多年的历史。它包括桔、橙、柑、柚、柠檬、金桔、佛手等众多种类,栽培品种更是不计其数。柑桔不仅果实营养丰富,而且药用价值很高,果皮、果肉、桔核、桔络都是正统中药。在科学技术高度发达的今天,随着对柑桔药用机理的研究的不断深入,柑桔因其良好的健脾强胃、美容减肥作用。预防和防治高血压和糖尿病的效果,尤其是它含有数种抗癌、抗艾滋病作用的活性成份而越来越受到人类的重视。世界各国的柑桔研究机构和医药卫生部门正在携手研究和探索柑桔精细的化学成份和临床药理机制。     

柑桔衰退病毒的提纯

从甜橙病株的嫩梢皮组织提纯柑桔衰退病毒(Citrus Tristeza Virus,CTV),冰冻组织按每克鲜组织加入5ml0.1mol/L Tris缓冲液pH8.4(内含0.15％Triton x—100)进行匀浆。经几次差速离心和两次PEG(分子量6,000)沉淀后,将获得的病毒粗提液铺在不连续蔗糖密度梯度液上,HITACHI RPS_(40)T转头30,000r/m离心3小时,收集位于300mg/ml和400mg/ml梯度层之间的分离带,洗脱、浓缩后获得CTV提纯物。提纯的CTV粒子大小为1.000—1,500x12urn,与美国的CTV抗血清起阳性反应。     

中国的柑桔跳

柑桔跳是柑桔属果树(Citrus spp.)的重要害虫,我国原先记载的种类分隶于三个不同的属,即Podagricomela、Clitea和Throscoryssa。三十年前,作者之一曾就这三个属在国内外的全部种类,作了系统记述(Chen,1936)。自此以来,我们在这方面的材料又有了很多积累,本文目的即为根据目前材料,就我国的柑桔跳及其近缘种类,作一简要的增订和综合报导,以便有关工作者的鉴定参考。     

柑桔花粉植株的诱导

目前在国内外已有数十种植物利用花药培养获得单倍体植株,但在果树花药培养方面的研究,至今尚未见到诱导出花粉单倍体植株的报道。我们自1974年3月开始,对柑桔类花药培养进行了一系列探索,经过多次反复试验,于1979年5月首次在四季桔(Citrus microcarpa Bunge)花药培养中获得了具有根、茎、叶的完整植株,经镜检胚状体和根尖细胞染色体为单倍体(2n=9)(图版1,7),表明是花粉发育的单倍体植株。现将试验结果报告于后。     

根瘤菌属几种同工酶的研究

本文对根瘤菌属12株不同根瘤菌的过氧化物酶,谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶及酯酶同工酶进行了测定,结果发现:所有菌株的过氧化物酶和谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶均呈阴性。酯酶同工酶酶带数在快生型和慢生型根瘤菌之间存在明显的区别,在YMA培养基上,快生型根瘤菌仅有1—2条,迁移率在0.71—0.98之间变化;而慢生型根瘤菌却有4—6条酶带,迁移率在0.15—0.98之间变化,同一菌株在不同碳源上酯酶同工酶酶带数也发生显著变化。     

柑桔树中的一种小分子RNA

从柑桔裂皮病疫区采集的柑桔植株叶片中提取核酸,经双方向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,发现两种小分子环状RNA,采用分子杂交鉴定,此两种小分子RNA均与大多数类病毒中心保守区段有明显的序列同源性,其中一种分子量较柑桔裂皮病类病毒(CEV)小,与马铃薯纺锤体块茎类病毒(PSTV)大小相近。将含CEV和小分子RNA的柑桔叶汁接种于爪哇三七,经一定时间后,从爪哇三七中提取核酸,通过电泳和分子杂交方法分析,获得与柑桔植株相同的结果。对此种小分子RNA的性质本文进行了初步分析。     

Genetic Assessment of Traits and Genetic Relationship in Blackgram (Vigna mungo) Revealed by Isoenzymes

Sixty blackgram accessions were evaluated and classified into different clusters to assess genetic diversity and traits using isoenzymes. Trait-specific expression was assessed, and isoenzyme bands were observed: a peroxidase band (Rm 0.60) associated with dwarfness and an esterase band (Rm 0.25) with tallness. Early maturing varieties were characterized by a specific esterase isoenzyme band of Rm 0.51. All yellow mosaic virus susceptible genotypes had two bands of esterase isoenzyme, Rm 0.42 and 0.70. Resistant genotypes showed three bands (0.32, 0.33, and 0.35) of alkaline phosphatase. Peroxidase isoenzyme was helpful to differentiate green-seeded from black-seeded varieties. Two bands (0.58 and 0.83) were observed in black-seeded accessions, and two different bands (0.74 and 0.76) were observed in green-seeded accessions. Clustering of germplasm and assessment of traits will facilitate the use of germplasm for the improvement of blackgram.     

菊花不同生长阶段不同器官POD和EST同工酶比较

采用过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)2个酶系统的12个同工酶位点,分析了4个菊花品种营养生长和生殖生长阶段不同器官(嫩叶、老叶、嫩茎、木质化茎)的同工酶变化.结果表明:(1)4个品种共有16种POD酶带,15种EST酶带;(2)菊花的POD和EST具有组织特异性和阶段特异性,其中以嫩叶的酶带最多,其次为老叶,再次为嫩茎,而木质化茎的酶带最少;(3)与生殖生长阶段相比,营养生长阶段的POD酶带更清晰,更整齐,分离更好,但生殖生长阶段的EST同工酶比营养生长阶段的更清晰;(4)营养生长阶段的嫩叶最适合用于菊花POD同工酶分析,而EST同工酶研究宜取生殖生长时期的嫩叶.     

Isozyme Profile During Somatic Embryogenesis and In Vitro Flowering of Bambusa vulgaris

Peroxidase and esterase isozymes were investigated during plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in Bambusa vulgaris, The transition of non-embryogenic calli to embryogenic calli, somatic embryo development, germination and subsequent flowering of somatic embryo derived shoots were associated with selective expression or repression of isoforms of peroxidase and esterase. Non-embryogenic callus showed six peroxidase and four esterase bands. During somatic embryogenesis and germination of somatic embryos, some bands were suppressed and new isoforms of peroxidase and esterase appeared. During flowering, in addition to four peroxidase bands, a new unique esterase band ‘a’ appeared. Each developmental stage was thus associated with a definite isozyme profile.     

玉米酯酶同工酶和过氧化物酶同工酶的分子量研究

本试验利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶梯度电泳分步染色法直接对玉米苗期酯酶同工酶和过氧化物酶同工酶各酶带的分子量进行了比较测定。酯酶同工酶 E_1、E_2、E_3~F、E_3~S、a、b、c 各酶带的分子量分别为<20000,35200、33000、38500、29900、28500、34000道尔顿过氧化物酶同工酶 PX_4~F和 PX_4~S酶带的分子量分别为131000和149000道尔顿。根据酶带在均匀胶和梯度胶中的位置变化对各酶带的生化性质作了初步分析,发现 E_3~F和 E_3~S、PX_4~F 和 PX_4~S 在迁移率上的差异主要是分子量的差异。本文为同工酶的分子量测定提供了一个简便的方法。     

Studies on the Molecular Weights of Esterase and Peroxidase Isozymes of Maize

The molecular weights of esterase and peroxidase isozymes of maize seedlings were directly determined by improved polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. The different isozyme bands developed in polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis (uniform gel) were identified in polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis by means of isozyme variants. The molecular weights of esterase isozymes E1, E2, E3F, E3S, a, b, c, named according to isozyme patterns in uniform gel, are <20000, 35200, 33000, 38500, 29900, 28500, 34000 doltons respectively. The molecular weights of peroxidase isozymes PX4F and PX4S are 131000 and 149000 doltons respectively. According to the band location in uniform gel and in gradient gel, some biochemical properties of the isozyme bands and relationships between the isozyme bands were analyzed. The possible errors in the determination of smaller molecular weight isozymes are discussed.     

柑桔种间原生质体融合植株再生及染色体数目变异的研究

为了获得具有抗病、优质丰产等优良性状的柑桔体细胞杂种,本研究应用当前推广良种朋娜脐橙胚性细胞原生质体和抗裂皮病、耐盐碱的红桔叶肉细胞原生质体作为亲本进行体细胞杂交研究。通过对原生质体分离,融合和培养过程中培养基调控等环节的研究,建立起原生质体融合及其后的胚状体再生系统,并从融合处理后的原生质体培养中获得了大最的胚状体,进而获得个别体细胞杂种植株。同时对融合后再生的胚状体染色体数目和同工酶分析,还揭示了在柑桔原生质体融合再生中,胚状体水平上存在淹广泛的遗传变异。其中有14.1%的胚状体为四倍体,近20%为超倍体的非整倍体,并讨论了变异发生及由胚状体再生植株困难的原因。     

Alteration of Bark Proteins Associated with Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) Infection on Susceptible Citrus Species and Scion-Rootstock Combinations

The effect of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) on bark protems of susceptible citrus species and scion-rootstock combinations was studied by polyaerylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Protein pattern of sour orange bark from CTV-infected trees on this rootstock showed reduced intensity in a protein band, about 20,000 daltons molecular weight, as compared with similar CTV-free trees. This protein modification appears specifically associated with decline induced by tristeza since it was observed on trees of different ages and scion-rootstock combinations, grown in various locations and infected with several CTV isolates, but not on trees exhibiting decline from other causes. The observed protein alteration was localized in the ribosomic fraction. No protein alteration, associated with CTV infection could be found on lemon bark, although this citrus species also behaves as a CTV-susceptible rootstock. Electrophoretic profiles obtained from CTV infected Mexican lime and Etrog citron seedlings also showed reduced intensity in a protein band with the same electrophoretic mobility as the tnodified band of sour orange.     

罗汉果雌雄株同工酶性别鉴定研究

采用电泳技术结合同工酶染色,分析了罗汉果雌雄株叶片的过氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶、超氧化物歧化酶同工酶、多酚氧化酶同工酶和过氧化氢酶同工酶。结果表明:罗汉果雌雄叶片在同工酶谱上,存在着与性别性状相关的酶带;雌雄间的差异酶带在每一种同工酶中均有一条以上,可作为罗汉果雌雄株间的性别鉴定。此外,还比较了高产、低产、不结果雌株之间同工酶的酶带和活性差别。