电针大鼠的血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的作用机制分析

本室以前的工作表明:电针(2H_z,3V,30min/d)刺激 SD 大鼠双侧足三里-三阴交,5d后,大鼠血清中产生出淋巴细胞转化抑制因子,本工作对此抑制因子的作用机制进行了初步研究,主要结果如下:(1)电针大鼠的血清不仅显著抑制 Con A 刺激的小鼠淋巴结 T 淋巴细胞转化,还可显著抑制 Con A 刺激的小鼠胸腺细胞和脾脏 T 淋巴细胞转化;同时也发现电针大鼠的血清能显著抑制脂多糖(LPS)刺激的小鼠淋巴结 B 淋巴细胞转化。提示此淋巴细胞转化抑制因子对不同淋巴器官及不同类型的淋巴细胞无选择性作用。(2)将电针大鼠的血清同小鼠淋巴结细胞培养1h,电针大鼠的血清就可显著抑制 Con A 刺激的 T 淋巴细胞转化;将小鼠淋巴结细胞同 Con A 预培养30min,电针大鼠的血清的抑制作用便消失,提示电针大鼠血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子作用于 Con A 刺激 T 淋巴细胞活化的早期阶段,同时也排除了此抑制因子的细胞毒作用。(3)电针大鼠的血清显著抑制蛋白激酶 C(PKC)激活剂 PMA和 PMA 加 ca~(2+)通道 A23187刺激的小鼠淋巴结细胞转化,提示淋巴细胞转化抑制因子通过抑制 PKC 的活性或抑制 PKC 介导的细胞活化通路,抑制有丝分裂原刺激的淋巴细胞转化。     

束缚应激动物血清中免疫抑制因子产生部位的初步研究

大鼠或小鼠经束缚应激10h后,血清中出现一类淋巴细胞转化抑制因子。本实验在上述工作的基础上对抑制因子的产生部位做了初步研究,结果表明,应激后脑脊液中不存在淋巴细胞转化抑制因子,说明这种因子不是由中枢神经系统产生。大剂量辐射与环磷酰胺均能降低脾脏有核细胞总数,但前者能降低抑制因子的产生,后者无作用,提示淋巴细胞总数的减少对血清抑制因子的产生可能不起决定性作用。细胞分类的结果表明,辐射能明显降低T、B细胞比例,而环磷酰胺反而使其比例有上升趋势。因而提示抑制因子的产生可能与T、B淋巴细胞的比例有关。当T细胞比例减少时,抑制因子的产生受到阻碍。裸鼠为先天性T细胞功能缺失动物,同样的应激条件抑制因子的产生受到明显抑制。这也说明抑制因子的产生可能与T细胞的作用有关。     

GABA能神经元对抗束缚应激后血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的产生

我们以前的实验证明,大鼠或小鼠经束缚应激10h后,血清中出现一类淋巴细胞转化抑制因子。它的产生依赖于中枢神经系统的活动。本研究主要观察中枢神经系统中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能神经元在应激后血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子产生中的作用。结果表明,给小鼠腹腔注射 GABA 降解酶抑制剂氨氧乙酸(AOAA,25mg/kg),升高脑内GABA 含量后,几乎完全阻断应激后血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的产生。安定可增强GABA 与 GABA_A 受体的亲和性,给小鼠腹腔注射安定20mg/kg,应激后血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的产生也有明显降低。相反,注射 GABA 合成和释放抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP 24mg/kg),降低脑内GABA能神经元功能,可加强应激后血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的产生。以上实验结果从正、反两方面说明应激时脑内GABA能神经元具有对抗血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子产生的作用。     

运动员剧烈运动后血中应激免疫抑制蛋白的产生

我们曾经报道,大鼠或小鼠在束缚应激后血中产生了一种能抑制免疫功能的应激免疫抑制蛋白,（又称Ｎｅｕ－ｒｏｉｍｍｕｎｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＮＩＰ,神经免疫蛋白）。本工作证明,运动员在大运动量的训练后血清中也产生一种能抑制淋巴细胞转化的物质,它的生化特性及分子量与前述大鼠和小鼠中的应激免疫抑制蛋白相同。在体外实验中,应激大鼠的血清培养人淋巴结细胞,获得了与大鼠实验相同的结果,即人淋巴结细胞也能产生应激免疫抑制蛋白。同时小鼠束缚应激的血清和大运动量的人类血清可以分别抑制人正常淋巴细胞和正常小鼠由ＣｏｎＡ诱导的淋巴细胞转化,以上结果表明,这种应激免疫抑制蛋白的种属特异性不强。     

热应激抑制神经元凋亡与核因子kappaB活性之间的关系

实验采用低钾诱导大鼠小脑颗粒神经元凋亡模型,观察核因子kappaB(NF-kappaB)活性与热应激抑制神经元凋亡之间的关系,迁移率改变法（EMSA）检测结果显示：神经元经低钾处理16h可见NF－kappaB活性明显升高,热应激处理可减弱低钾诱发的NF－kappaB激活,并呈时间依赖性,Hoechst33258荧光素核染色,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞（FCM）检测均发现低钾16h可诱发神经元凋亡,预先用热处理60或90min可明显减弱低钾诱发的神经元凋亡,用佛波酯（PMA）激活NF－kappaB,可进一步增强60min热应激抑制精经元凋亡的作用,而用吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐（PDTC）选择性阻断NF－kappaB活性后,热应激抑制神经元凋亡的作用明显减弱。上述结果提示,热应激的神经保护作用与减弱NF－kappaB活性无关,而NF－ksppaB激活可能参与热应激抑制神经元凋亡的作用。     

维生素C多聚磷酸酯对小鼠生长、淋巴细胞转化以及血清皮质酮含量的影响

目的探讨维生素C多聚磷酸酯对小鼠生长、淋巴细胞转化及血清皮质酮含量的影响以及淋巴细胞转化和血清皮质酮含量在热应激条件下的变化。方法在4组小鼠的饲料中依次添加35%的维生素C多聚磷酸酯,添加剂量分别为0(对照组)、500(实验Ⅰ组)、2500(实验Ⅱ组)和5000mg/kg(实验Ⅲ组),在(21±1)℃下饲养4周,对照组和实验Ⅱ组各取一半小鼠经(35±1)℃热应激处理24h。用特定生长率的方法测定小鼠的生长,用噻唑蓝还原法测定淋巴细胞转化,用荧光法测定血清中皮质酮的含量。结果各组间ICR小鼠的生长、淋巴细胞转化无明显差异;实验Ⅱ组的血清皮质酮含量明显低于对照组,其他组间差异无显著性。热应激后,淋巴细胞转化无明显变化;血清皮质酮含量较应激前有显著上升,但实验Ⅱ组仍显著低于对照组。结论在饲料中添加维生素C多聚磷酸酯对小鼠的特定生长率和淋巴细胞转化均无显著影响,但会降低小鼠血清皮质酮的含量。     

氧自由基在应激性胃溃疡中的发病学意义

本工作研究了氧自由基在大鼠冷冻束缚应激性胃溃疡中的发病学意义。实验结果如下:(1)以超氧自由基清除剂超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)或羟自由基清除剂二甲亚砜和甘露醇预先处理大鼠,均可显著地减轻胃粘膜损伤;(2)应激时,胃粘膜内的脂质过氧化分解产物丙二醛的含量显著升高;(3)组织化学的研究显示,胃粘膜层含有丰富的黄嘌呤氧化酶,其活性在应激时明显升高,预先用别嘌呤醇处理大鼠以抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性,可使胃粘膜损伤显著减轻。上述结果提示,氧自由基是应激性胃溃疡的重要致病因子,而黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的升高似可能为应激时氧自由基生成增加的重要原因。     

应激抑制淋巴细胞转化的时间效应

本研究吵缚方法使大鼠接受应激刺激,然后分别取大鼠应激３、６、１２、１８ｈ和解除束缚后１２、２４、４８、７２、９６ｈ的淋巴结、脾脏提取物和血清,与刀豆素Ａ同时加入正常大鼠肠系膜淋巴结细胞悬液中育７２ｈ后用噻唑蓝（ＭＴＴ）比色分析法检测肠系膜淋巴结细胞的转化,来应激抑制淋巴细胞转化作用的出现和消失过程。结果如下：（１）应激３和６ｈ大鼠的淋巴结、脾脏提取物和血清对淋巴细胞的转化都没有明显的影响;（２）应     

肾上腺皮质系统在应激反应中对大鼠巨噬细胞释放H_2O_2功能的抑制作用

大鼠经20h电刺激应激反应后,腹腔巨噬细胞释放H_2O_2量明显减少(P<0.001),双侧肾上腺摘除术可以对抗应激对巨噬细胞释放H_2O_2功能的抑制作用(P<0.001),而单纯摘除大鼠双侧肾上腺对巨噬细胞无明显影响。将与肾上腺有关的激素与巨噬细胞体外孵育20h后发现,去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素对巨噬细胞无明影响;氢化可的松可以明显促进巨噬细胞释放H_2O_2功能;促肾上腺皮质激素可以明显抑制巨噬细胞释放H_2O_2功能(P<0.01)。大鼠在应激反应后血浆皮质酮含量明显升高(P<0.05)进一步观察氢化可的松任体内对巨噬细胞功能的影响发现,皮下注射氢化可的松可以明显抑制巨噬细胞释放H_2O_2功能(P<0.01)。以上结果提示应激对巨噬细胞释放H_2O_2具有抑制作用,这种抑制作用的产生与垂体-肾上腺皮质系统的凋节作用有关。     

“免疫”核糖核酸对热处理后的人淋巴细胞恢复花环的作用

正常人外周血T淋巴细胞经46℃处理1小时,失去与绵羊红细胞形成玫瑰花环的能力。这种淋巴细胞用正常人白细胞“免疫”核糖核酸(iRNA)4℃保温1小时,可以部分地恢复与绵羊红细胞形成玫瑰花环的能力。玫瑰花环恢复的程度在一定范围内与所用的白细胞iRNA浓度有关。白细胞iRNA经核糖核酸酶处理后其恢复玫瑰花环的能力明显降低,但脱氧核糖核酸酶或胰蛋白酶处理后对恢复玫瑰花环的作用很少影响,若白细胞iRNA先与绵羊红细胞温育,再以此红细胞与加热处理的淋巴细胞在4℃温育1小时,未见玫瑰花环的恢复作用,提示白细胞iRNA的这种作用是通过淋巴细胞来实现的。对白细胞iRNA恢复加热处理的淋巴细胞的作用机理进行了讨论。     

电剌大鼠的血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的作用机制分析

Previous reports showed that EA stimulation (3V, 2Hz, 30 min/d, 5 d) induced the production of one or more lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) in the rat serum. In this paper, the mechanisms of the action for the inhibitory factor(s) to suppress lymphocyte proliferation were studied. (1) the lymphocytes from different immune organs of the mice were prepared and cultured with the rat serum stimulated by EA. The results show that the serum not only inhibited the mouse lymph node T cell proliferation induced by Con A, but also inhibited the mouse thymocyte and spleen T cell proliferation induced by Con A. When B cells were stimulated by LPS, the proliferative effect can also be inhibited significantly by the rat serum stimulated by EA. This implies that the effect of the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) has no specificity. (2) Incubation of the mouse lymph node cell with serum for one hour is enough to cause an inhibitory effect on Con A stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. However, no inhibitory effect was observed if the mouse lymph node cells were incubated with Con A for 15 min or 30 min before the addition of rat serum. The results demonstrate that the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) act on the early events of T lymphocyte activation induced by Con A. (3) Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key link in the activation of T and B lymphocyte proliferation by Con A and LPS respectively. So it would be interesting to learn whether the inhibitory effect of the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) is caused by the inhibition of PKC activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Mitogen-induced suppressor factor(s) from human lymphocytes: effects on lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells and biophysical properties

Concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohemagglutinin activate a population of human circulating lymphocytes to exert suppressive functions. We found that supernates from the activated human lymphocytes suppress lymphocyte responses to Con A, the mixed lymphocyte reaction and pokeweed mitogen-induced IgM production. Mitogen stimulated suppressor lymphocytes, or their supernates, inhibit also the spontaneous proliferation of human retinoblastoma cells (Y-79 line) and primary cultures of human keratocytes. A correlation was always noted between the levels of inhibitory activities of the lymphocytes and their supernates. Furthermore, a good correlation was found between the levels of inhibition by the supernates of lymphocyte functions (proliferation and IgM production) and of the nonlymphoid cells' proliferation. Some of the properties of this suppressor factor(s) are: (i) produced only by the T-cell population; (ii) appears after 8 hr of Con A stimulation, peaks at 24 to 48 hr and declines later on; (iii) stable at 56 °C and labile to 70 °C; (iv) nondialyzable and present in the 40K–100K dalton fraction of a G-200 Sephadex column; (v) labile to pH 2 treatment.     

Suppression of mitogen- and tumor-cell-induced lymphocyte stimulation by tumor-associated fetal antigens

The ability of tumor-associated fetal antigens (TAFA) to suppress mitogen and tumor-cell-induced blastogenesis was investigated. Three different TAFA (I, III, and IV) were tested in PHA and Con A lymphocyte proliferation assays. Spleen cells from New Zealand black rats (NBR) were fractionated over nylon wool; and nonadherent (NA) and adherent (AD) cells were compared with unfractionated (UF) cell responses. Preincubation of NA cells with TAFA-I was followed by addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) elicited suppression in a 3-to 4-day assay. UF cells were unresponsive to TAFA and/or PHA at all concentrations tested. TAFA dose—response titration curves in Con A proliferation assays revealed that all TAFA tested (TAFA I, -III, and -IV from fibrosarcomas; TAFA-I and -III from osteosarcomas) were suppressive. For some TAFA, nanogram quantities produced significant suppression. In mixed leukocyte tumor cell assays (MLTC) both UF and NA normal rat spleen cells were tested for proliferative responses to syngeneic tumor cells. Four distinct TAFA, purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, suppressed lymphocyte proliferation when added to MLTC cultures in 5-day assays. Specificity experiments demonstrated that trinitrophenol-bovine serum albumin did not produce similar immunosuppression. TAFA did not block recognition of tumor antigen nor produce nonspecific cytotoxicity of the spleen cells. Significant suppression of DNA synthesis was produced by TAFA-1 following cocultivation with spleen and tumor cells for 1, 2, and 3 days, compared to no suppression when spleen and tumor cells were washed free of TAFA-I prior to tumor cell addition at Day 0. Similar experiments using rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) as stimulators demonstrated that pre-REF cocultivation treatment of lymphocytes with TAFA-I significantly reduced subsequent blastogenic responses. This effect was not reversible; however, if TAFA-I was added to responders previously stimulated by REF, a suppressive response was not seen. Experiments were also carried out to determine the reversibility of TAFA-I effects. Cells were treated with TAFA-I from 1 to 5 days, followed by determination of lymphocyte blastogenesis. TAFA-I effects are reversible and antigen presence is required to completely suppress (or inhibit) stimulation by tumor cells.     

Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by a greater than 30,000 molecular weight factor in horse conceptus-conditioned medium

In this experiment we have identified and partially characterized the immunosuppressive activity of preimplantation horse conceptus-conditioned medium (HCCM). Horse conceptuses were nonsurgically flushed from mares at Days 9-10 (n = 6), 15-16 (n = 3), and 25-26 (n = 3). After incubating the conceptuses for 24 h in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin, HCCM was obtained from cultures and tested for immunosuppressive activity in lymphocyte proliferation assays. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from randomly selected mares were stimulated with mitogens (pokeweed mitogen [PWM], concanavalin A [Con A], and phytohemagglutinin [PHA]) in cultures supplemented with 0%, 25%, or 50% HCCM. HCCM from all cultures suppressed lymphocyte proliferation induced by all three mitogens (p less than 0.001). After being subjected to various treatments (heating, freeze-thawing, and nitrocellulose filtration), HCCM maintained its full biological suppressor activity. Amicon microconcentrators with 10,000 and 30,000 molecular weight (MW) exclusion filter membranes were used to fractionate HCCM by molecular weight. The suppressor factor was found to be in the greater than 30,000 MW fraction. HCCM was further tested interspecifically on donkey and goat lymphocytes stimulated with PWM. HCCM did suppress proliferation of interspecific lymphocytes (p less than 0.01); however, the suppressive capacity of HCCM in caprine lymphocyte cultures was less (p less than 0.05) than that observed in equine cultures. These data support the hypothesis that the horse conceptus produces an immunoregulatory factor. This factor is extremely stabile and appears to exhibit some degree of species-specificity. The production and immunosuppressive effectiveness of such a factor may play an important role in maintaining the fetal allograft throughout gestation.     

Enhanced response to Con A and production of TCGF by lymphocytes of obese strain (OS) chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis

The mitogenic response to Con A and the production of T cell growth factor or interleukin 2 (IL 2) by splenic and peripheral blood lymphocytes of obese strain (OS) chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis have been investigated. By using an optimized method with Con A-coated chicken erythrocytes (MRC), lymphocytes of OS chickens were found to exhibit significantly elevated mitogenic responses as compared with cells from either Normal White Leghorn chickens (NWL) or animals of the Cornell C-Strain (CS), from which the OS has originally been developed. This difference was observed throughout ontogeny up to 15 mo of age, and was associated with increased levels of IL 2 activity in the culture supernatants. The elevated responsiveness of OS T lymphocytes was also found to be manifested in the expression of receptors for IL 2, because Con A-stimulated lymphocytes of OS birds were significantly more effective than those from normal controls in absorbing IL 2 activity from conditioned media (CM) of stimulated spleen cells. High concentrations of CM were suppressive in IL 2 assays, signaling the presence of an inhibitory factor(s) in addition to IL 2. An additional indication for defective immunoregulation was that CM from OS lymphocyte cultures showed significantly less of this suppressive activity in comparison with CM of normal (NWL and CS) lymphocyte cultures. Finally, the spontaneous uptake of 125IUdR of embryonic and early post hatching OS spleen lymphocytes was consistently and significantly enhanced. This difference, however, in contrast to the one observed in Con A responses, was found to decrease with age. The data are discussed in view of the contradictory results concerning T cell functions reported for several autoimmune states in mammals.     

Immunosuppressive properties of follicular fluid from preovulatory horse follicles

Fluid was aspirated from the preovulatory follicles of mares before and 12, 24 and 36 h after intravenous administration of hCG. Follicular fluid significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced lymphocyte blastogenesis in vitro and, at a dilution of 1:100, fluid collected at 36 h after administration of hCG was significantly more suppressive (P less than 0.01) than fluid collected before 36 h. Suppression of blastogenesis was reduced by extracting the follicular fluid with ether or by charcoal treatment (P less than 0.01) or by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min (P less than 0.05). Preincubation of lymphocytes with 2 of 5 follicular fluid samples expressed subsequent blastogenesis. Follicular fluid inhibited blastogenesis of T-cell growth factor (TCGF)-dependent Con A lymphoblasts (P less than 0.05) and the degree of inhibition was related to time of addition of the TCGF and time of collection of the follicular fluid. These results indicate that preovulatory follicular fluid in the mare is increasingly suppressive to lymphocytes as time of ovulation approaches and that this immunosuppression is associated with an alteration of the response to lymphokine stimulation.     

Protein A-binding immunosuppressive mouse serum factors

Summary In this study protein A of Staphylococcus aureus has been used to isolate an immunosuppressive component present in mouse serum. The suppressive effect of mouse serum on lymphocyte activation was partially abrogated by prior adsorption on protein A, and also by ammonium sulfate precipitation or specific immune precipitation with anti-IgG but not with anti-IgM. Protein A-binding material was isolated after chromatography on protein A-Sepharose and studied in spleen cell cultures. Protein A eluates from normal or NZB/NZW mice were found to suppress concanavalin A (Con A)-activated normal mouse spleen cells, and suppression was more potent with NZB/NZW serum isolates. Suppressive activity was dependent upon the dose of eluate added to cell cultures. The suppressive effect of NZB/NZW protein A-binding material was apparent in both Con A- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated normal mouse spleen cells, and required early addition to the cell cultures or preincubation with target lymphocytes. The suppressive activity was not detectably cytotoxic during a suppressive preincubation period. The possible relevance of these observations to experimental strategies in tumor immunotherapy is discussed.