基于均匀设计与支持向量回归的棉铃虫幼虫全纯人工饲料配方优化

昆虫全纯人工饲料配方是精细研究昆虫营养生理的前提。本研究以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫为供试对象, 以本研究室前期发展的多因素多水平配方优化实验设计与分析方法UD-SVR为指导, 以略加修改的苹浅褐卷蛾Epiphyas postvittana幼虫全纯人工饲料为初始配方, 先优化20种天然氨基酸, 再优化蔗糖等其他8种非氨基酸营养组分, 经4轮97个处理组合, 获得一个棉铃虫幼虫全纯人工饲料满意配方, 平均蛹重、 化蛹率分别由初始配方的0.160 g和10.4％高效增至满意配方的0.255 g和97.9％。该全纯人工饲料满意配方的获得, 不但再次证实了UD-SVR方法的有效性, 同时为进一步深入研究棉铃虫营养需求与营养代谢奠定了基础。     

食物对棉铃虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

用棉花、花生、玉米及人工饲料作为食料,模拟幼虫田间取食习性,同时为雌蛾设立补充和无补充营养两个处理,研究了食物对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 生长发育及繁殖的影响。4种食料组幼虫历期之间有显著差异;雌、雄蛹重花生组显著小于其余三组。雌蛾腹部干重及其脂肪百分含量与雌蛹体重的排列顺序一样,雌蛾腹部干重人工饲料组显著大于棉花组和花生组。雌蛾寿命和繁殖受幼虫食料和成虫食物的双重影响。喂10%蜂蜜时,雌蛾寿命、交配率和产卵量在四个幼虫食料组之间没有显著差异。但喂以清水时,花生组雌蛾均未交配,寿命和产卵量显著小于其余三组。从同种幼虫食料来看,除人工饲料组外,其余3组雌蛾喂清水时的产卵量和寿命均比喂10%蜂蜜溶液时的显著下降。基于这些结果,作者认为棉花、玉米比花生更适合于棉铃虫的生长发育和繁殖。在田间自然栽培状态下,不同食料植物的糖分含量对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖影响较大,含氮量的变化影响小。     

食物质量对棉铃虫繁殖力的影响

在成虫期有补充营养条件下,幼期取食棉叶、棉铃和人工饲料个体的平均单雌产卵量分别为565．2、1005．8和1052．2粒;成虫期无补充营养,则单雌产卵量依次为162．2、400．6和1035．6粒。幼期营养较差者产卵前期显著增加、产卵期和寿命明显缩短,幼期营养较好者则影响不大。这种现象表明：棉铃虫成虫期补充营养是幼虫期营养的延续,幼虫期营养较差者需获得补充营养完成生殖活动,若幼虫期营养较好,则成虫无补充营养也能保持较高的繁殖力。     

Bt杀虫蛋白对不同品系棉铃虫和中红侧沟茧蜂生长发育的影响

以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)室内敏感品系和田间品系为寄主,研究了亚致死浓度的Bt杀虫蛋白对中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator (Haliday)生长发育的影响。结果表明： 当寄主一直取食,或者在被寄生前12小时开始取食含Bt杀虫蛋白浓度为0,0.5,1.0, 2.0,4.0,8.0 μg/g的饲料时,与对照相比,中红侧沟茧蜂的卵-幼虫历期延长,茧重和成虫体重降低,成虫寿命缩短,但对茧期没有明显影响。Bt杀虫蛋白能有效抑制两个棉铃虫品系幼虫的生长,显著降低棉铃虫蛹重;当Bt蛋白浓度为4.0 μg/g时,显著降低棉铃虫化蛹率。用转双基因抗虫棉SGK321（表达Cry1A+CpTI蛋白）饲喂两个棉铃虫品系初孵幼虫,室内品系的第2、3、4和5天校正死亡率分别为48.5%、87.8%、96.6%和 95.8%,显著高于田间品系（30.9%、59.6%、80.9%及86.1%）。本研究表明,不论是田间品系还是室内品系,棉铃虫取食含Bt杀虫蛋白的饲料后,对中红侧沟茧蜂的生长发育都具有显著的负面作用。     

Effects of the Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis on Microplitis mediator, a parasitoid of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

Interactions between the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), its larval parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and the Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The growth of H. armigera larvae was delayed and its pupal rate and pupal weight decreased when they were fed on a diet containing Cry1Ac toxin. Due to the lowered growth rate of the host larvae, the time available for parasitization of H. armigera by M. mediator increased when the host larvae were reared on a diet containing Cry1Ac toxin at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 µg g^?1. The longevity of female and male parasitoids was not significantly affected when newly emerging wasps fed on honey solutions containing three different concentrations of Cry1Ac toxin (125, 250, and 500 µg ml^?1). When female parasitoids were fed on honey solutions containing Cry1Ac, their offsprings’ egg and larval development period, pupal weight, length of pupation, adult weight, and adult longevity did not change significantly in most of the treatments compared with controls. When the female parasitoids parasitized host larvae that had been fed on a diet containing 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 µg g^?1 Cry1Ac toxin, their offsprings’ eggs and larvae were significantly delayed. Their pupal weight, adult weight, and adult longevity were also significantly less than controls.     

Effects of the mixed biocide Bacillus thuringiensis–abamectin on the development of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator and its host Helicoverpa armigera

The effects of the mixed biocide Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with abamectin (BtA) on the development of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its cotton bollworm host, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were evaluated in the laboratory. Weight gain in larvae of H. armigera was initially delayed, but larval developmental period increased and pupal weight increased when they were fed on a diet containing BtA. Due to increased longevity of the host larvae, the susceptible period to parasitization of H. armigera by M. mediator increased when the host larvae were reared on diets containing BtA at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 μg g^?1. The longevity of female and male parasitoids significantly decreased when newly emerged wasps were fed a honey solution containing 200 μg ml^?1 BtA in comparison with those fed only a honey solution. Mean longevity was significantly prolonged when parasitoids were fed a honey solution and BtA–honey solution in comparison with those fed BtA–distilled water, distilled water, or nothing. There were no significant differences compared with the control in any biological characteristics for the offspring of female parasitoids fed the honey solutions containing BtA at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg ml^?1; characteristics measured include the egg‐larval period, pupal weight, male and female pupal periods, adult fresh weight, and adult longevity. When female parasitoids parasitized host larvae that had been fed the diet containing BtA, their male and female pupal periods were significantly prolonged compared with the control (without BtA).     

Determining the major Bt refuge crops for cotton bollworm in North China

Evaluation of the effectiveness of refuge strategies involved in cotton bollworm Bt resistance management would be aided by technologies that allow monitoring and quantification of key factors that affect the process under field conditions. We hypothesized that characterization of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in adult bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths may aid in determining the larval host that they developed upon. We found moths reared from larvae fed on peanut, soybean or cotton, respectively, could be differentiated using isotopic analyses that also corresponded to their respective larval host origins. These techniques were then used to classify feral second‐generation bollworm moths caught in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fields into different populations based on their isotopic signatures. In 2006–2007 feral moths captured in Bt cotton fields predominantly correlated with the peanut (Arachis hypogea) having served as their larval host, indicating this is the most important refuge crop for Bt‐susceptible bollworm individuals (providing 58%?64% individuals) during independent moth peaks for the second generation in North China. The remaining feral moths correlated with soybean (Glycine max) (0?10%); other C₃ plant (20%?22%) and non‐C₃ plant (12%?14%) host types also provided some Bt‐sensitive moths. Field observations showed that peanut constitutes the primary refuge crop contributing to sustaining Bt‐susceptible moths dispersing into cotton in North China. These results suggest that peanut may be a more effective refuge to sustain Bt‐susceptible bollworm individuals and reduce the risk of development of a Bt‐resistant biotype.     

转Bt基因棉花国抗62对棉铃虫生长发育的影响及田间抗虫效果

为了明确新疆第一个自主转Bt基因棉花品种国抗62对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育影响及田间抗虫效果,2005年进行了室内生物测定和田间小区试验。在室内以国抗62（转Cry1Ac基因棉花）和中棉35（对照常规棉花）的叶片饲喂棉铃虫幼虫,从幼虫发育历期、体重、存活率、化蛹等方面,分析了棉铃虫生长发育动态。结果表明,国抗62对棉铃虫生长发育的抑制作用非常显著。与对照相比,取食国抗62的棉铃虫幼虫1～6龄龄期分别延长了1.0,7.8,8.2,17.8,20.3和＞21.3天;幼虫发育到6龄时存活率仅为2.6%,最终无一化蛹,而对照幼虫发育到6龄时存活率为91.8%,最终化蛹率为89.8%。田间小区调查结果显示国抗62对第2代棉铃虫有非常好的抗虫效果：两个品种棉田棉铃虫落卵量无显著差异,但国抗62棉田比对照棉田虫口数量降低85.7%,顶尖被害率降低94.4%,蕾铃被害率降低95.1%,差异达到显著和极显著水平。但国抗62对第3代棉铃虫的田间抗虫效果欠佳。棉铃虫在新疆棉田以第2代为害为主,因此,国抗62能够起到有效的控制作用。     

The life parameters of a parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), reared on cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) with Cry1Ac diet

Microplitis mediator (Haliday) is an important endoparasitoid of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in northern China. Interactions among H. armigera, its larval parasitoid M. mediator, and Cry1Ac over two generations were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The results indicated that the developmental period of M. mediator offspring's eggs and larvae were significantly delayed and pupal and adult weight were significantly less compared to the control when the female parasitoids parasitized H. armigera larvae that fed on diet containing 1, 2, 4 and 8 µg/g Cry1Ac. The female parasitoids emerged from the host fed diet containing 8 µg/g Cry1Ac could oviposit in healthy hosts, and their offspring's biological parameters (egg–larval period, pupal weight and adult weight), parasitism rate, abnormal cocoon rate and adult emergence were not significantly affected. Cry1Ac was detected in larvae and hemolymph of H. armigera, but not in the larvae of M. mediator. The results suggest that the observed significant effects on several fitness parameters of the F₁ M. mediator developed from H. armigera fed Cry1Ac diet most likely were host-quality mediated rather than direct effects of Cry1Ac.     

一种半固体人工饲料连代饲养日本通草蛉幼虫

以棉蚜和his gossypii Glover饲养日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipt）oensis（Okamoto）作为对照,用一种半固体人工饲料连续饲养10代日本通草蛉,对日本通草蛉各生长阶段的生长和发育指标进行观测。结果显示,用人工饲料饲养的日本通草蛉的幼虫历期为13～15d,蛹期为8d,较对照组的7d和6d分别延长6～8d和2d;用棉蚜饲养的对照组日本通草蛉幼虫累计存活率为94％,成虫获得率为87％,而人工饲料饲养连续10代的幼虫累计存活率为81％～89％,成虫获得率69％～79％。取食人工饲料的日本通草蛉成虫,在产卵前期、产卵量、产卵期及寿命方面与对照组存在显著的差异,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵前期为5．07—5．22d,而对照组草蛉的产卵前期为4．12d,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵量为190～390粒,对照组的单雌产卵量为667．2粒,人工饲料组草蛉的寿命为36—38d,对照组成虫寿命52d。以上结果表明,这种半固体人工饲料可以满足日本通草蛉幼虫生长发育基本需要,可用于日本通草蛉的室内继代饲养,但需要进一步优化配方。     

成虫取食对棉铃虫雌蛾繁殖的影响

试验对雌蛾设置５个食物处理,定量地研究了成虫取食对棉铃虫蛾繁殖和寿命的影响,成虫取食对雌蛾与寿命和主效量均显著影响,补充营养延长雌蛾寿命,提高产卵量,并且」补充营养对产卵量的影响比其对寿命的影响更大,分析表明被营养的作用在于提高雌蛾后期的存活率和产卵量,前期补充营养比后期补充营养具有更大的作用。雌雌全重及其蝮部干重受成廊和的自龄的双重影响,补充营养时雌蛾体重、腹部干重及其脂肪含量下降慢,补充营养可     

Lethal and sublethal effects of thiacloprid on survival,growth and reproduction of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is the most destructive pest of cotton, tomato and chickpea in Iran. In this study, the lethal and sublethal effects of thiacloprid were evaluated against cotton bollworm under laboratory condition at 26?±?1?°C, 70?±?5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D). Bioassay experiments were conducted on first larval instars by mixing the insecticide dilutions with artificial diet. The LC₅₀ value of thiacloprid was 329?mg a.i./l. Sublethal effects of LC₃₀ concentration of thiacloprid was studied on biological parameters. In the study of sublethal effects, thiacloprid at LC₃₀ concentration significantly increased larval and pupal developmental times and reduced adults longevity compared with control but showed no significant effects on fecundity of cotton bollworm. Sublethal effects of thiacloprid also significantly reduced pupal weight compared with control. In general, sublethal effects studies showed that thiacloprid had adverse effects on biological parameters of the pest. Thus, our data suggest that thiacloprid had moderate potential against cotton bollworm.     

Dietary sugars and amino acids increase longevity and enhance reproductive parameters of Bracon cephi and B. lissogaster,two parasitoids that specialise on wheat stem sawfly

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is a major pest of wheat grown on the Northern Great Plains and Canadian Prairies of North America, causing economic losses of as much as $350 million annually. Two species that parasitize wheat stem sawfly larvae in wheat stems are Bracon cephi (Gahan) and B. lissogaster Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Carbohydrate-rich diets increase adult parasitoid longevity and reproductive parameters, enhancing their success as natural enemies. In previous studies, these species had increased longevity, egg load, and volume when fed sucrose solutions, encouraging further research on their nutritional needs. Therefore, we conducted experiments with artificial diets using adult females fed sucrose, glucose, and fructose solutions. Females were also fed these sugars in combination with a mixture of amino acids. We assessed individuals daily for longevity. Both species benefited from diets containing carbohydrates, with an increase in longevity from an average of 9 to 51 days for B. cephi, and from 6 to 34 days for B. lissogaster. Additional experiments assessed egg load and volume after 2, 5, and 10 days of cumulative feeding in B. cephi. These females produced 1.4-fold more eggs when fed amino acids, 2.5-fold more with sugar, and 2.7-fold more when fed sugar with amino acids. They had a 1.3-fold increase in egg volume when fed amino acids, 1.9-fold with sugar, and 2.1-fold when fed sugar with amino acids. Our study reveals the nutritional requirements of these braconid parasitoids and the benefits of nutritional sources when implementing conservation biological control strategies.     

Biological and biochemical characteristics for quality control of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) reared on a liver-based diet

Biological and biochemical parameters of a flightless strain of Harmonia axyridis, fed on a pork liver-based artificial diet and on Ephestia kuehniella eggs as controls, were compared. The diet-grown larvae showed a significantly longer developmental time and a lower adult emergence rate compared to control larvae. The weights of the newly emerged adults were significantly higher for adults fed E. kuehniella eggs during their larval stages than fed the artificial diet. In contrast, larval food source had no effect on the duration of the pre-oviposition period or adult longevity. For adults fed on E. kuehniella eggs as larvae, a significantly longer pre-oviposition period, lower daily weight gain and fecundity were found for the diet-fed females compared to those fed on E. kuehniella eggs throughout the life span. The adult food source had no significant effect on longevity and fertility. Lower amino acid and fatty acid contents (in particular C16:1 and C18:3n-3) were found for the prepupae and newly emerged females obtained from diet-reared larvae compared to controls. Deficiencies in fatty acids C16:1 and C18:3n-3 were also observed in females obtained from E. kuehniella egg-reared larvae and fed on diet from adult emergence. The analyses of the foods showed deficiencies in artificial diet, especially for some amino and fatty acids. The results suggest a non-optimal composition of the artificial diet and some possibilities for its improvement. However, this polyphagous predator could be reared from first instar larvae to fully reproductive adults on a pork liver-based artificial diet.     

BIONOMIC OF CAMPOLETIS CHLORIDEAE (HYM:ICHNEUMONIDAE)AS A PARASITOID OF THE COTTON BOLLWORM HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA(LEP:NOCTUIDAE)*

Abstract The bionomics of Campoletis chlorideae and the regularity of its seasonal fluctuations were studied in Changsha district, Hunan province. Field investigation indicated that there were ten generations of C. chlorideae a year, of which seven occurred in cotton fields. Three peaks of cotton bollworm parasitization by C. chlorideae were observed, early May to late June, mid August to early September, mid September to mid October respectively. One peak occurred in tomato and tobacco fields, the other two in cotton fields. The parasitization rate ranged from 25. 1 % ‐63. 1 %. The total development time from egg to adult ranged from 13. O days at 32°C to 75. 5 days at 11. 6 °C. Each wasp could parasitize the 5–23 second instar larvae of tobacco caterpillar. C. chlorideae could parasitize the cotton bollworm, beet armyworm and tobacco caterpillar, but preferred the cotton bollworm larvae. C. chlorideae could parasitized 1st‐ 3rd instar larvae of the tobacco caterpillar, but seldom parasitzed 4th ‐ 6th instar larvae. Moreover, C. chlorideae preferred second instar larvae. Theoretical models for developmental speed, adult longevity and the influence of temperature were proposed. The overwintering of C. chlorideae Uchida was also discussed. Moreover, methods for utilization of C. chlorideae Uchida in crop protection were presented and the bionomics of Curyoletis chlorideae in both the Yangtze River Valley and Yellow River Valley were compared.     

Effects of host variety on blue willow beetle Phratora vulgatissima performance

Phratora vulgatissima adults exhibit feeding preferences among willow varieties, yet little is known of the effects of willow variety on larval and adult performance. The effects of host variety on adult fitness and fecundity as well as on larval mortality and development were studied under laboratory conditions for 35 willow varieties. The host variety significantly affected the number of days that adults survived and the rates of weight change. On average, males lost weight and females gained weight. The total number of eggs, eggs day¹, eggs clutch^?1 and the length of the oviposition period were also significantly affected by willow variety. Progeny from eggs laid by adults fed on the different willow varieties showed significant differences in days to pupation and pupal weight when subsequently reared on Salix × dasyclados or on the same variety as fed to the adults. However, there was no correlation between these parameters on S. × dasyclados and the variety fed to adults. The willow variety fed to larvae significantly affected larval mortality (four varieties caused 100% mortality), the shape of larval growth curves (as measured by predicted final weight and time to half the final weight), the number of days to pupation and pupal weight. There were significant positive correlations between previously determined adult P. vulgatissima feeding preferences of the 35 willow varieties and the following: number of eggs laid, length of the oviposition period, larval mortality and development and change in adult weight. There was a considerable degree of variation in these correlations and some varieties did not follow the general trend indicated by the size or sign of particular correlations, for example, having a high feeding preference ranking yet few eggs laid, low larval weight and longer time to pupation. The differences found between varieties for adult and larval performance in conjunction with previously established feeding preferences offer great potential for utilising plant resistance to P. vulgatissima as a means of strategic control. Despite the general correlation of feeding preference and performance parameters, the results found here suggest that it appears to be possible for plant breeders to circumvent this trend.     

Effects of food deprivation on the development of Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer) is a natural enemy of several insect pests and feeds on pollen and nectar to survive periods when prey is scarce. The effect of the feeding interval on the development, survival, fecundity, and longevity of C. maculata was determined. Newly hatched larvae of C. maculata were reared individually and fed with eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) at intervals of one, two, and three days under controlled conditions (23 ± 1oC; 60 ± 10% RH; 12 h phtophase). The duration of larval instars and the total larval stage was prolonged as the feeding interval increased. The larval period lasted on average 9.2 ± 0.19 days when the larvae were fed daily with prey, and 14.6 ± 0.48 days when food was offered at three-day intervals. There was an inverse relationship between food intervals, survival, and weight of larvae and adults of the coccinellid. Survival rate of larvae fed daily was 76.8%, while the rate was 50.0% and 23.4% for larvae fed every two and three days, respectively. Coleomegilla maculata showed fecundity of 781.1 ± 149.02, 563.4 ± 80.81 and 109.0 ± 103.0 eggs when fed daily and at intervals of two and three days, respectively.     

Reproduction and survival of the predatory bugOrius albidipennis on various arthropod prey

The daily rate of oviposition, fecundity, survival and adult longevity ofOrius albidipennis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were studied in the laboratory in Israel. These parameters were compared on three arthropod prey species: the two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch; the onion thrips,Thrips tabaci Lindeman; and eggs of the almond moth,Ephestia cautella Walker. The fecundity and survival on the thrips diet (217.2 eggs/female and 98.7%, respectively) and on moth eggs (184.1 eggs/female and 84.6%, respectively) were significantly higher than on the spider mite diet (110.9 eggs/female and 40.4%, respectively). Female longevity was significantly higher onEphestia eggs (63.0 days) than on thrips (45.1 days) and mites (35.1 days). There were no significant differences in male longevity among the three diets (57.5, 64.1 and 54.5 days, respectively).     

Influences of temperature and humidity on the life history parameters and prey consumption of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthocoris minki</Emphasis> Dohrn (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)

Anthocoris minki Dohrn is a promising indigenous Anthocoris species for the biological control of Agonoscena pistaciae Burck. and Laut. (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in pistachio orchards in Turkey. The adult longevity, fecundity, life table parameters and prey consumption of A. minki fed on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs were studied at combinations of three constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30 ± 1°C) with two relative humidity (RH) levels (40 and 65 ± 5%). Studies indicated that temperature and RH significantly affected adult longevity, fecundity and prey consumption of A. minki. The greatest adult female longevity was 116.0 days at 20°C and 65% RH; the shortest adult female longevity was 27.5 days at 30°C and 40% RH. At all tested temperatures, the oviposition period and prey consumption of both females and males significantly decreased at low RH compared to high RH. The highest and lowest total fecundities were 276.0 eggs (at 20°C and 65% RH) and 42.4 eggs (at 25°C and 40% RH), respectively. The intrinsic rates of natural increase (r _m) at 40 and 65% RH were 0.049 and 0.076 at 20°C, 0.072 and 0.096 at 25°C and 0.076 and 0.112 at 30°C, respectively. The highest mean numbers of E. kuehniella eggs consumed by females and males were 859.6 (at 20°C) and 515.3 (at 25°C) at 65% RH, respectively; the lowest were 183.3 (at 20°C) and 95.5 (at 25°C) at 40% RH, respectively.