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稻田水面漂浮的杂草种子种类及动态 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了揭示杂草种子的漂浮动态,并为探寻生态控草方法提供理论依据,我们于2005年6-11月,在南京沧波门稻作区调查了水稻种植前及生长后期田问杂草群落以及稻田灌水期间水面漂浮的杂草种子的种类及漂浮时间.结果表明,在水稻种植前及生长后期田间出现有15科24种杂草;可漂浮于水面的杂草种子有17科26种,与田间发生的杂草种类相同的共有18种,占所有32种杂草的56.25%.这些杂草主要隶属于禾本科、蓼科、毛茛科、报春花科、莎草科、菊科和雨久花科.田埂附近漂浮的杂草种类及种子数量均高于田中间;各类杂草种子的漂浮能力不一,其中菵草(Beckmannia syzigachne)、泽珍珠菜(Lysimachia candida)、茴茴蒜(Ranunculus chinensis)、齿果酸模(Rumex dentatus)、蛇床(Cnidium monnieri)、鳢肠(Eclipta prostrata)和看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)等在田间水面漂浮能力较强.漂浮期间杂草种子除多集中于田埂附近,也附着于稻稞周围,并有互相结联的趋势.从整体上看,杂草种子漂浮2天后骤降,8天后基本全部沉降.显然,稻田生境的杂草种子大多可以漂浮于水面传播扩散.因此在灌水早期采取过滤或清除水上漂浮杂草种子可以减少杂草种子的输入和加速杂草种子从田间输出,减少杂草发生基数. 相似文献
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Francesca Della Rocca Alfredo Venturo Pietro Milanesi Francesco Bracco 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(15):10526
The natural and seminatural components of agricultural landscapes play a key role in maintaining a high level of biodiversity. Being the Po Valley one of the most human‐dominated and intensively cultivated landscapes in Europe, we investigated the effect of no‐crop habitats on carabid richness and composition and evaluated the role of tree row as corridor for forest carabid dispersion. Carabids were sampled with 70 pitfall traps arranged in 35 sampling plots along three parallel transects (80, 100, and 140 m long) and encompassing five different habitats: tree row, tree row edge, grassland, forest edge, and forest. We found 5,615 individuals belonging to 55 species. Despite the similarity in species richness, all the habitats investigated showed a peculiar and distinct species assemblage. The main distinction was between the \"open habitat\" cluster composed of grassland and tree row edge and the “forest\" cluster composed of forest, tree row, and forest edge. We found that forest species are able to penetrate the grassland matrix up to 30 m from the forest edge and that a distance of no more than 60 m between tree row and forest can allow the passage of up to 50% of the forest species. Beyond this distance, the grassland matrix becomes a barrier, preventing them from reaching other suitable habitats. Our findings confirm the importance of maintaining different types of natural habitats to significantly increase biodiversity in an intensively cultivated agroecosystem and demonstrated the role of linear elements as a corridor and “stepping stones” for many forest species. 相似文献
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农田节肢动物多样性具有病虫害控制、传粉等价值, 选择一种或多种适宜、准确且高效的取样方法和指示类群来衡量农田节肢动物多样性是一项基础性工作。本文通过地表陷阱法、挂盆陷阱法、扫网法、目测计数法和吸虫器法在有机管理和常规管理农田区的不同农业生境类型中取样, 比较不同方法对不同生物类群的捕获效率、经济成本、响应敏感性等。研究发现在捕获效率方面, 地陷法和挂盆法最高, 其次是扫网法, 而吸虫器法和目测计数法较差。挂盆法对步甲、蜘蛛、蜂类和瓢虫类群的捕获效率较佳。陷阱法主要适用于蜘蛛和步甲的取样, 扫网法也可用于蜘蛛和瓢虫的取样。在经济成本方面, 地陷法的成本最低, 扫网法的总成本最高。每种取样方法下仅有个别类群个体数量具有较好的响应敏感性, 如地陷法的蜘蛛目个体数和步甲科个体数、挂盆法的总个体数、蜂类个体数和瓢虫科个体数、扫网法的直翅目个体数和半翅目个体数等。在此基础上, 综合类群经济价值, 操作难易, 类群鉴定难度, 被动取样程度, 是否受取样人影响等比较发现: 地陷法对步甲和蜘蛛的取样的综合效果最佳, 而不同取样方法下多种类群的组合能更好地监测和评价农田节肢动物多样性的整体情况。地陷法捕获步甲或/和蜘蛛以及挂盆法调查蜂类的组合是基于本研究得出的调查农田节肢动物多样性的最佳组合。 相似文献
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运用生态系统服务功能价值评估方法,对四川盆地稻田保护性耕作条件下多熟高效保护性种植模式进行生态经济评价。结果表明,油-稻-芋模式比油-稻传统耕作种植模式的农产品服务价值高32.42%,固定CO2和释放O2的价值高17.03%;麦-稻保护性耕作模式比麦-稻传统种植模式农产品服务价值高55.21%。固定CO2和释放O2的价值高9.40%。油-稻秸秆还田双免耕模式比油-稻传统耕作种植模式土壤积累有机质的价值高0.23%,农田生态系统维持营养物质循环的价值高12.35%;麦-稻保护性耕作种植模式比麦-稻传统耕作种植模式土壤积累有机质的价值高0.39%,农田生态系统维持营养物质循环的价值高12.81%;稻草覆盖还田后油菜田的农田涵养水分价值增加11.66%,小麦田农田涵养水分价值增加32.63%。 相似文献
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福建稻田生态系统分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
福建地处我国东南沿海,北纬23°26′—28°22′,东经116°—120°,依山面海。土地面积1.207×10~5km~2(折1.207×10~7ha),人口2800.82万,人均0.43ha。境内山峦起伏,海拔高0—2158m,地形复杂。耕地1.2439×10~6ha,占土地面积的10.1%,人均耕地0.045ha,为山多人多耕地少的省份。稻田9.56×10~5ha,其中75.4%分布于山区,多为中低产田,平均年产6165kg·ha~(-1);24.6%分布在沿海冲积平原,平均年产10042.5kg·ha~(-1)。现将稻田生态系统综合分析如下,为提高稻作产量,解决福建粮食问题提供参考。 相似文献
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长期不同施肥方式对稻油轮作田土壤杂草种子库多样性的影响 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
施肥等人为管理下农田生态系统生物多样性的变化规律及其保护是生态系统研究的重要内容之一。我们通过镜检法对太湖地区一个长期肥料定点试验稻油轮作田表层(0–15cm)土壤中杂草种子的种类进行了鉴定,分析了长期不同施肥方式对稻油轮作田土壤杂草种子库群落结构及多样性的影响,讨论了杂草种子库多样性与农田生态系统生产力和稳定性的关系。4种施肥方式分别为不施肥(NF)、单施化肥(CF)、化肥配施猪粪(CMF)以及化肥配施秸秆(CSF)。结果表明:无论水稻种植季还是油菜种植季,与长期不施肥、单施化肥及化肥配施猪粪相比,化肥配施秸秆条件下的田间土壤杂草种子库密度均最低,但其总物种数和多样性较高;同时,这种施肥方式下水稻与油菜的年平均产量也较高,而且年际波动小。可见,施肥方式的不同会影响杂草种子库的多样性,而多样性的高低与农作物产量高低及稳定性有着一定的相关关系:即均衡的施肥方式有利于维持土壤杂草种子库多样性,提高农作物产量,并降低产量年际间的波动性。在本文研究的4种施肥方式中,化肥配施秸秆可以作为提高农田生态系统生产力和稳定性并保持生物多样性的农田施肥管理方式。 相似文献
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湿地农田生态系统的特点及其调节 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
所谓湿地,系一个笼统的名称,直到目前并没有确切的定义。通常认为凡受地下水与地表水影响的土地均可称为湿地。它又可区分为两大类,即自然湿地与人工湿地,区别在于受不受人为活动干扰及其干扰程度。湿地包括沼泽型土壤、草甸型土壤与稻田土壤,稻田土壤在我国早期的土壤分类系统中也归为湿地族。近年来,国外对湿地研究十分活跃,从已有文献看其概念也欠确切,且因目的不同而有一定出入。例如在W.Z.Mitsh所著《湿地》一书中就引用了如下几种概念: 1.湿地系为浅水或间歇浅水层所淹没的低地,包括有植被着生的浅水湖区。2.水位接近或高于地表的土地,或者由于长期水分饱和形成的湿地,或者是具有水成土过程的土地,包括水成土以及适于水生植物 相似文献
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农业生物多样性是农业安全生产的基础条件和农业可持续发展的战略资源。中国自20世纪50年代就开始重视农业生物多样性的保护, 建立了较为完善的法律法规等保障体系, 并在农业生态系统、物种和遗传多样性3个层面采取了一系列保护措施, 基本形成了异位保存和原生境保护相互补充的保护体系, 取得了显著的保护成效。本文概述了中国近70年来农业生物多样性保护在法律法规和保护机制、保护规划、保护体系和能力建设方面取得的进展, 指出我国农业生物多样性保护面临着未与国际国内发展战略相适应、保护体系不完整、保护能力不足等问题, 并提出完善我国农业生物多样性保护体系、促进农业生态系统服务功能系统化、加快农业生物多样性主流化进程以及加强能力建设等相关建议。 相似文献
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Rosa Menéndez;Geoff B. Monteith;Penny van Oosterzee;Noel D. Preece; 《Restoration Ecology》2024,32(4):e14104
With less than half of the world's tropical forests remaining, ecological restoration is urgently needed to halt biodiversity loss. However, the efficacy of different active reforestation methods remains largely untested particularly with respect to the recovery of fauna during the early years of restoration. Here, we present the results of a long-term restoration project in the Australian Wet Tropics after 6 years of planting. Using dung beetles as bioindicators of restoration success, we investigated how the diversity and density of trees in experimental plots influence the recovery of dung beetle diversity and their ecological functions (dung removal and secondary seed dispersal). We found that after only 6 years since planting, a native dung beetle community, representing around 41% of the species found in the adjacent rainforest, has colonized the experimental plots. Plots with the highest diversity of trees (24 species planted) showed higher dung beetle diversity, dung removal, and seed dispersal but only when the density of trees on the plots was low. These plots also have higher species richness, diversity, and abundance of rainforest species, while the opposite trend was found for open-habitat species. Therefore, planting a higher diversity of trees appears to be the best method for the early recovery of rainforest dung beetle communities and their functions. This is particularly crucial at low tree density, which is a common issue in active restoration projects as tree mortality is relatively high in the early years. 相似文献
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生物多样性与人类生活密切相关.近年来不断加剧的人类活动,对生物多样性造成了严重破坏.已有研究表明,地球上的物种正以前所未有的速度丧失.为了遏止这种状况,目前,世界上许多国际组织和国家都对生物多样性及其相关问题展开研究,并制定了与生物多样性保护相关的法规和战略计划,也采取了许多保护生物多样性的行动.DIVERSITAS是国际全球环境变化(GEC)四大研究计划之一,也是生物多样性领域最大的国际科学计划, DIVERSITAS于2001年开始启动了第Ⅱ阶段研究并确定了新的核心研究计划和跨学科交叉网络计划.世界自然保护联盟(The World Conservation Union,IUCN)在2008年发布了<塑造可持续的未来:IUCN 2009~2012年计划>,提出了5个优先主题领域.欧盟于2006年通过了一项保护生物多样性的新战略--<2010年及未来阻止生物多样性丧失:人类福祉的可持续生态服务>.此外,很多国际/国家基金组织还发起了一些全球性的生物多样性计划,如国际海洋生物普查计划、生命之树计划、国际生命条码计划等.本文对上述生物多样性保护和研究的国际计划予以概要介绍和评述,并指出当前国际上生物多样性研究的主要热点,即:生物多样性变化与生态系统功能;生物多样性和生态系统服务的价值评估;生物多样性与气候变化;生物多样性长期动态监测;生物多样性的评价指标等. 相似文献
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Biodiversity, both aboveground and belowground, is negatively affected by global changes such as drought or warming. This loss of biodiversity impacts Earth's ecosystems, as there is a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF). Even though soils host a large fraction of biodiversity that underlies major ecosystem functions, studies exploring the relationship between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (sBEF) as influenced by global change drivers (GCDs) remain scarce. Here we highlight the need to decipher sBEF relationships under the effect of interactive GCDs that are intimately connected in a changing world. We first state that sBEF relationships depend on the type of function (e.g., C cycling or decomposition) and biodiversity facet (e.g., abundance, species richness, or biomass) considered. Then, we shed light on the impact of single and interactive GCDs on soil biodiversity and sBEF and show that results from scarce studies studying interactive effects range from antagonistic to additive to synergistic when two individual GCDs cooccur. This indicates the need for studies quantitatively accounting for the impacts of interactive GCDs on sBEF relationships. Finally, we provide guidelines for optimized methodological and experimental approaches to study sBEF in a changing world that will provide more valuable information on the real impact of (interactive) GCDs on sBEF. Together, we highlight the need to decipher the sBEF relationship in soils to better understand soil functioning under ongoing global changes, as changes in sBEF are of immediate importance for ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
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Impacts of parasitic plants on natural communities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Parasitic plants have profound effects on the ecosystems in which they occur. They are represented by some 4000 species and can be found in most major biomes. They acquire some or all of their water, carbon and nutrients via the vascular tissue of the host's roots or shoots. Parasitism has major impacts on host growth, allometry and reproduction, which lead to changes in competitive balances between host and nonhost species and therefore affect community structure, vegetation zonation and population dynamics. Impacts on hosts may further affect herbivores, pollinators and seed vectors, and the behaviour and diversity of these is often closely linked to the presence and abundance of parasitic plants. Parasitic plants can therefore be considered as keystone species. Community impacts are mediated by the host range of the parasite (the diversity of species that can potentially act as hosts) and by their preference and selection of particular host species. Parasitic plants can also alter the physical environment around them--including soil water and nutrients, atmospheric CO2 and temperature--and so may also be considered as ecosystem engineers. Such impacts can have further consequences in altering the resource supply to and behaviour of other organisms within parasitic plant communities. 相似文献
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Aims Human impacts on natural ecosystems induce changes in their functioning through alterations in species richness, composition and evenness of plant communities. Most litter diversity–decomposition processes studies have only manipulated species richness, ignoring the role of evenness. Here, results from a field litterbag experiment are presented to test whether changes in evenness of species distribution in litter mixtures affected the strength of the litter-species richness–decomposition relationship.Methods Ten herbaceous species abundant in Mediterranean grassland communities and representative of different genera and functional groups were used. Species richness was directly manipulated to produce litter mixtures of three and six plant species, as well as litter of each individual species used. Each level of species richness was replicated several times such that each repeat had a different species composition. Three- and six-species litter mixtures were also treated to vary in evenness (three levels). Decomposition rate was assessed by percentage dry weight loss over the 90 days of the experiment.Important findings Decomposition rate was positively related to the linear increase in litter-species richness and was affected by the composition of the litter-species mixture. Decomposition rates differed significantly between evenness treatments and moreover, the strength of the positive relationship between litter-species richness and decomposition rate decreased notably in the low-evenness treatment. The effects of evenness on decomposition rate, at different richness levels, were partially explained by the differences in the initial litter mixture's carbon-to-nitrogen ratio within them. This study reveals that short-term decomposition rate is positively affected by both components of Mediterranean grassland litter-species diversity. 相似文献
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基于植物多样性的生态系统恢复动力学原理 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
生态系统恢复动力学是生态学的重要问题.本研究利用岛屿生物地理学、植物群落演替、生物多样性维持机制及生态系统功能等有关理论,推导了生态系统恢复动力学模型,并用半湿润常绿阔叶林次生演替阶段数据作了初步验证.基于动力学模型讨论了动力学原理.结果表明,生态系统恢复的动力学过程决定于生态系统恢复力F1、干扰力F2和环境阻力F3的综合作用.植物多样性恢复速度的变率与植物种丰富度呈反比,与生态系统恢复总动力F呈正比.生态系统恢复力F1和环境阻力F3是初始物种丰富度s0、特定地理区域资源环境状况的函数.干扰力是干扰强度系数b和物种丰富度s的函数.当生态系统存在有害干扰的条件下,物种丰富度不能达到生态系统最高物种丰富度sm.动力学模型显示,初始物种丰富度s0越小,生态系统恢复过程越具有逻辑斯蒂性.建立了生态系统恢复力、环境阻力和干扰力的计算模型和植物多样性、干扰对生态系统恢复的作用模型.生态系统恢复动力模型显示,植物多样性能增加生态系统恢复力,促进生态系统稳定性. 相似文献
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Victor Sebastian Scharnhorst Konrad Fiedler Thomas Frank Dietmar Moser Dominik Rabl Manuela Brandl Raja Imran Hussain Ronnie Walcher Bea Maas 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(12):8319
- Ongoing intensification and fragmentation of European agricultural landscapes dramatically reduce biodiversity and associated functions. Enhancing perennial noncrop areas holds great potential to support ecosystem services such as ant‐mediated pest control.
- To study the potential of newly established grassland strips to enhance ant diversity and associated functions, we used hand collection data and predation experiments to investigate differences in (a) ant community composition and (b) biocontrol‐related functional traits, and (c) natural pest control across habitats in cereal fields, old grasslands, and new grassland transects of three years of age.
- Ant species diversity was similar between new and old grasslands, but significantly higher in new grasslands than in surrounding cereal fields. Contrary, ant community composition of new grasslands was more similar to cereal fields and distinct from the species pool of old grasslands. The functional trait space covered by the ant communities showed the same distribution between old and new grasslands. Pest control did not differ significantly between habitat types and therefore could not be linked to the prevalence of functional ant traits related to biocontrol services in new grasslands.
- Our findings not only show trends of convergence between old and new grasslands, but also indicate that enhancing ant diversity through new grasslands takes longer than three years to provide comparable biodiversity and functionality.
- Synthesis and applications: Newly established grasslands can increase ant species richness and abundance and provide a consistent amount of biocontrol services in agroecosystems. However, three years after their establishment, new grasslands were still dominated by common agrobiont ant species and lacked habitat specialists present in old grasslands, which require a constant supply of food resources and long colony establishment times. New grasslands represent a promising measure for enhancing agricultural landscapes but must be preserved in the longer term to promote biodiversity and resilience of associated ecosystem services.
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农业生产活动如土地的农业利用、耕作、作物间套种植方式、放牧、农药化肥的使用以及农业动植物遗传改良(包括外来种引入)等是农业生产力提高的重要途径,同时也是影响生物多样性的重要因素之一。土地的不合理开发利用易导致生境破碎、生物多样性下降;大规模的机械耕作导致土壤动植物区系的变化,甚至某些物种的消失;农药(除草剂、杀虫剂等)的高度使用使非靶标动植物受到伤害;品种改良、外来种的引入以及远缘外源遗传物质的利用(如远缘杂交和DNA导入分子育种)在丰富了遗传多样性的同时导致农作物类型和品种的简单化、一些古老的地方种和农家种等传统资源丢失等;而一些合理的农业措施(间套作、实行有机农场等)将有利于生物多样性的保持。农业活动注重的是农业生产力的提高而往往忽视其对农业系统中野生动植物(包括有害和无害)的影响以及野生动植物在维持系统稳定和平衡的作用。本文论述农业活动对生物多样性的影响以及生物多样性保护对提高农业生产力的作用,启示人们采取合理的农业活动方式,合理管理有害生物,减少农业活动对生物多样性的负面影响。 相似文献
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The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is an invasive species and a serious pest of rice in many Asian countries. We studied predatory activities of various animals
living in Japanese freshwater habitats, by keeping each individual of a potential predator species with 36 snails of various
sizes for three days in the aquarium. Forty-six species were tested, and 26 in eight classes fed on small snails. A species
of leech, crabs, the common carp, turtles, the mallard duck and the Norway rat attacked even adult snails of 20–30 mm in shell
height. These findings will be helpful in identifying effective predators for biological control of the pest snail. In addition,
most of the animals attacking snails are reported to be common in rivers or ponds, but few live in modernized paddy fields
having little connections with natural water systems. This may be a reason why this snail maintains large populations in paddy
fields but not in other freshwater habitats. 相似文献
20.
在生物多样性迅速消失的压力下,人类面临生态系统服务质量严重下降的威胁。为了使生态系统的重要功能更直观的展现在人们面前,许多学者把生态系统服务对人类的惠益进行整理分类,最有影响力的是千年生态系统评估(MA,Millennium Ecosystem Assessment)把生态系统服务分为供给、调节、文化和支持服务四类,服务的核心是生态系统的产品、过程和格局。生态系统服务的识别与分类是生态系统功能的对象化过程,也是以人类需求来审视生态系统的过程。生态系统通过结构-过程-功能这一途径来实现生态系统服务,各种服务的直接动力来源于自然界生物地球化学循环,生物多样性通过生态系统属性和过程来影响生态系统服务形成和维持。生物多样性越高,生态系统功能性状的范围越广,生态系统服务质量就越高、越稳定。全球变化中的土地利用和土地覆盖变化是生物多样性快速下降的主要原因,也是目前影响生态系统服务最广泛、最剧烈的驱动力,而这正是人类活动造成的,人类需求和生态系统有限的服务能力之间在不同尺度表现出严重冲突。要提高生态系统服务质量,要在不同区域进行重点不同的布局,尽可能的扩大生态系统规模和提高生态系统功能,核心是提高生物多样性水平。 相似文献