The detection of virally induced tumors by 131I- and 125I-labeled syngeneic monoclonal antibodies

Summary The binding of the syngeneic monoclonal antibodies IC5F5 and 4D2B4 to Rauscher virus-induced myeloid leukemic (RMB-1) cells was analyzed in vivo in tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. To verify it these antibodies bind specifically to RMB-1 cells, purified antibodies were iodinated with the isotopes ¹²⁵I and ¹³¹I. Mice previously inoculated with tumor cells were injected with these labeled monoclonal antibodies and the plasma clearance and the tissue distribution were determined. The clearance in tumor-bearing animals was faster than in control mice. The tissue distribution was corrected for nonspecific accumulation by scoring for an unrelated antibody. Calculation of a localization index showed that IC5F5 binds at least 4.5 times more specifically to tumor cells than to other tissues. A preferential localization of radioactivity in s.c. tumor tissue was seen in the scanning of animals injected with ¹³¹I-labeled antibodies. The most direct proof of specific binding was observed in autoradiograms of animals treated with ¹²⁵I-labeled antibodies. Small islands of tumor cells in the livers of mice inoculated i.v. had a high density of grains compared to other tissues and also compared to tumor cells in mice treated with unrelated monoclonal antibodies. These results show efficient targeting of these monoclonal antibodies and make immunotherapy of these myeloid leukemic cells possible.     

Induction of T-cell-mediated immunity against MethA fibrosarcoma by intratumoral injections of a bacillus Calmette-Guérin nucleic acid fraction

Summary MY-1, which consists of DNA and RNA extracted and purified from bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has been shown to have strong antitumor activity against various experimental tumors. To examine the role of T cells in the antitumor mechanism of MY-1, the effect of MY-1 injection on the development of tumor-specific immunity against MethA fibrosarcoma was investigated. MY-1 injections inhibited tumor growth less effectively in T-cell-deficient nude mice than in normal BALB/c mice. MethA tumor growth was suppressed after inoculation with L3T4-positive lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice treated with MY-1. MethA-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity was also detected in tumor-bearing mice treated with MY-1. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that many L3T4-positive and a few Lyt2-positive cells infiltrated the regressing tumors. These results indicate that intratumoral MY-1 injections induce a MethA-specific, L3T4-positive cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity, which is necessary for the tumor regression.     

Adoptive immunotherapy of breast cancer with lymph node cells primed by cryoablation of the primary tumor

Cryoablation of cancer leaves tumor-associated antigens intact in an inflammatory microenvironment that can stimulate a regional anti-tumor immune response. We examined whether cryoablated tumor draining lymph nodes (CTDLN) as adoptive immunotherapy may be an effective immunotherapeutic approach in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. BALB/c mice with MT-901 mammary adenocarcinoma tumors underwent cryoablation, resection or no treatment and tumor draining lymph nodes were harvested. Cryoablation resulted in only a mild increase in the absolute number of T-cells but a significant increase in the fraction of tumor-specific T-cells as evidenced on IFN-gamma release assay. FACS analysis demonstrated no significant relative shift in the proportion of CD4(+) or CD8(+) cells. The adoptive transfer of CTDLN resulted in a significant reduction of pulmonary metastases as compared to TDLN from either tumor-bearing mice or mice who underwent surgical excision. Cryoablation prior to surgical resection of breast cancer can be used as a method to generate effector T-cells for adjuvant adoptive cellular immunotherapy.     

Bispecific anti-idiotype/anti-CD3 antibody therapy of murine B cell lymphoma.

Retargeting of T cells by bispecific IgG which binds to both CD3 and a tumor-associated Ag can induce T cell lysis of target cells irrespective of TCR specificity. The current studies were designed to further explore the efficacy and specificity of bispecific IgG-directed therapy in an immunocompetent animal model, and to evaluate the mechanisms responsible for bispecific IgG-directed inhibition of tumor cell growth by using the 38C13 murine lymphoma system. In vitro, proliferation of activated T cells in the presence of bispecific IgG was increased when the relevant, but not the irrelevant target cells were present. Bispecific IgG specifically induced activated T cell mediated lysis of cells expressing the target Ag, but not of cells expressing an irrelevant Ag, even when the irrelevant cells were in the same cell mixture, indicating contact between target cells and T cells plays a major role in bispecific IgG-mediated lysis. Bispecific IgG was less effective than anti-Id at inducing target cell lysis when peritoneal macrophages were used as effectors, suggesting bispecific IgG Fc is not responsible for cytotoxicity in this system. In vivo, bispecific IgG was significantly superior to anti-Id, anti-CD3, or a combination of anti-Id and anti-CD3 in preventing tumor growth in immunocompetent mice inoculated with syngeneic lymphoma. Phenotypic evaluation of tumors that emerged despite therapy indicated bispecific IgG selects for the emergence of Id variant lymphoma cells. In separate studies, 38C13 tumor inocula containing cells recognized by the therapeutic antibody were supplemented with a small number of 38C13 cells which expressed a distinct Id not recognized by the therapeutic antibody. Untreated mice inoculated with this mixture developed tumors containing cells of both phenotypes, whereas tumors emerging from mice treated with bispecific IgG contained only cells expressing the nonreactive Id. These studies demonstrate bispecific IgG-directed lysis is therapeutically superior to monospecific anti-Id therapy in the 38C13 tumor model, and that tumor lysis is mediated largely by cell-cell contact. As with other forms of anti-Id based therapy, Id variants can emerge as resistant cell populations after bispecific IgG therapy.     

T cell augments the antitumor activity of tumor-targeting <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella</Emphasis>

Systemic administration of Salmonella to tumor-bearing mice leads to preferential accumulation within tumor sites and retardation of tumor growth. However, the detailed mechanism of Salmonella-induced antitumor immune response via host T cell remains uncertain. Herein, we used wild-type, CD4⁺ T-cell-deficient, and CD8⁺ T-cell-deficient mice to study the role of T cell in the antitumor immune responses induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (Salmonella Choleraesuis). When systemically administered into mice bearing tumors, Salmonella Choleraesuis significantly inhibited tumor growth by 50%. In contrast, in T-cell-deficient mice, there was only 34–42% inhibition of tumor growth. We found that treatment with Salmonella Choleraesuis significantly upregulates interferon-γ in wild-type and CD8⁺ T-cell-deficient mice, but not in CD4⁺ T-cell-deficient mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of the tumors revealed more infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in wild-type mice after Salmonella Choleraesuis treatment compared with those in T-cell-deficient mice. The antitumor therapeutic effect mediated by Salmonella Choleraesuis is associated with an inflammatory immune response at the tumor site and a tumor T helper 1-type immune response. In conclusion, these results suggest that tumor-targeted therapy using Salmonella Choleraesuis, which exerts tumoricidal effects and stimulates T cell activities, represents a potential strategy for the treatment of tumor.     

Enhancement of the anti-melanoma response of Hu14.18K322A by αCD40 + CpG

Targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb) can be used therapeutically for tumors with identifiable antigens such as disialoganglioside GD2, expressed on neuroblastoma and melanoma tumors. Anti-GD2 mAbs (αGD2) can provide clinical benefit in patients with neuroblastoma. An important mechanism of mAb therapy is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Combinatorial therapeutic strategies can dramatically increase the anti-tumor response elicited by mAbs. We combined a novel αGD2 mAb, hu14.18K322A, with an immunostimulatory regimen of agonist CD40 mAb and class B CpG-ODN 1826 (CpG). Combination immunotherapy was more effective than the single therapeutic components in a syngeneic model of GD2-expressing B16 melanoma with minimal tumor burden. NK cell depletion in B6 mice showed that NK cells were required for the anti-tumor effect; however, anti-tumor responses were also observed in tumor-bearing SCID/beige mice. Thus, NK cell cytotoxicity did not appear to be essential. Peritoneal macrophages from anti-CD40 + CpG-treated mice inhibited tumor cells in vitro in an hu14.18K322A antibody-dependent manner. These data highlight the importance of myeloid cells as potential effectors in immunotherapy regimens utilizing tumor-specific mAb and suggest that further studies are needed to investigate the therapeutic potential of activated myeloid cells and their interaction with NK cells.     

Evidence for the functional binding in vivo of tumor rejection antigens to antigen-presenting cells in tumor-bearing hosts

Spleen cells of BALB/c mice bearing a syngeneic CSA1M fibrosarcoma were treated with anti-Thy-1.2 antibody plus C, yielding a T cell-depleted, APC-containing fraction. The APC-containing fraction was first tested for its capacity to present exogenous modified-self or another tumor (Meth A) Ag after in vitro pulsing. The results showed comparable Ag-presenting capacities to those obtained by APC-containing fraction from normal spleen cells, indicating that APC function is not affected in tumor-bearing mice. We next examined whether APC from CSA1M-bearing mice bind endogenously generated CSA1M tumor Ag onto its surfaces to stimulate tumor-specific T cells. Five rounds of inoculation of APC-containing fraction from CSA1M-bearing mice without further in vitro pulsing resulted in the induction of potent anti-CSA1M immune resistance. The involvement of anti-CSA1M T cells in the induction of anti-CSA1M immunity was excluded by the fact that the in vivo immunity was excluded by the fact that the in vivo immunity was delivered by Thy-1+ cell-depleted, but not by Thy-1+ cell-enriched fractions of spleen cells from CSA1M-bearing mice. Moreover, the failure of Sephadex G10-passed spleen cells to deliver anti-CSA1M resistance demonstrated the absolute requirement of APC for inducing the in vivo immunity. Finally, this in vivo resistance was found to be tumor specific, because APC fractions from CSA1M-bearing and Meth A-bearing BALB/c mice induced immune resistance selective against the corresponding tumor cell challenge. These results indicate that APC from tumor-bearing hosts can not only exert unaffected APC function against exogenous Ag, but also function to present tumor Ag generated endogenously in the tumor-bearing state and to produce tumor-specific immunity in vivo.     

The immunotherapeutic effects in tumor-bearing mice of Ly-6 monoclonal antibodies

In vivo administration of Ly-6 mAb which recognize lymphoid differentiation Ag encoded for by the Ly-6 gene complex were found to have significant beneficial immunotherapeutic effects in tumor-bearing mice. The effectiveness of the mAb treatment in mice bearing sarcomas, leukemias, or melanomas was dependent on the host and not the tumor Ly-6 phenotype. The treatment was effective in nu/nu mice, although a more pronounced inhibition of tumor growth occurred in immunocompetent mice. The effectiveness of the therapy in immunocompetent mice was dependent on the dose of mAb and was influenced by the immunogenicity of the tumor. It ranged from significant growth inhibition of weakly immunogenic tumors to complete rejection of strongly immunogenic tumors. The results of cell-mediated cytotoxic assays of splenocytes from mAb-treated mice indicated that Ly-6 mAb treatment induced and/or augmented tumor-specific CTL as well as NK cell activity in these mice. Ly-6 mAb treatment represents a novel method for tumor immunotherapy using mAb recognizing lymphoid differentiation Ag with functional activities.     

Immunotherapy with SLPI over-expressing mammary tumor cells decreases tumor growth

We have demonstrated previously that the inoculation of murine mammary tumor cells genetically modified to express high levels of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (2C1) do not develop tumors in immunocompetent mice and these cells are more prone to apoptosis than control cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the adaptive immune response in the lack of tumor growth of 2C1 cells and the possibility of using these cells for immunotherapy. The s.c. administration of mock transfected F3II cells induces tumor in BALB/c and Nude mice. However, the inoculation of 2C1 cells develops tumor in Nude but not in BALB/c mice. The inoculation of mock transfected F3II cells to 2C1 immunized BALB/c mice by repeated administration of 2C1 cells (once a week for 3 weeks) developed significantly smaller tumors than those observed in non-immunized mice. Remarkably, survival of tumor-bearing immunized mice was higher than non-immunized animals. Herein, we demonstrate that an immunotherapy with SLPI over-expressing non-irradiated tumor cells which do not develop tumor in immunocompetent mice, partially restrain the tumor growth induced by F3II cells and increase the survival of the mice.     

Suppression of antitumor immunity by macrophages in spleens of mice bearing a large MOPC-315 tumor

We had shown previously that progression of MOPC-315 plasmacytoma growth is associated with an increase in the percentage of macrophages in the spleen as well as a decrease in the ability of tumor-bearer spleen cells to mount an antitumor cytotoxic response upon in vitro immunization. Here we provide evidence that macrophages in the MOPC-315 tumor-bearer spleen are responsible at least in part for the suppression of the generation of antitumor cytotoxicity. Accordingly, removal of most macrophages by depletion of phagocytic cells or Sephadex G-10-adherent cells from spleens of mice bearing a large tumor resulted in augmented antitumor immune potential. Also, Sephadex G-10-adherent spleen cells from tumor-bearing (but not normal) mice drastically suppressed the in vitro generation of antitumor cytotoxicity by normal spleen cells. The suppressive activity of these adherent cells did not reside in contaminating suppressor T cells, since it was not reduced by treatment with monoclonal anti-Thy 1.2 antibody plus complement. The Sephadex G-10-adherent cell population from the tumor-bearer spleen suppressed the in vitro generation of antitumor cytotoxicity against autochthonous tumor cells but not against allogeneic EL4 tumor cells, and hence the suppression was apparently specific. The suppressive activity of the Sephadex G-10-adherent cell population from tumor-bearer spleens was overcome by treatment of the tumor-bearing mice with a low curative dose of cyclophosphamide. This immunomodulatory effect of a low dose of the drug in overcoming the suppression mediated by the Sephadex G-10-adherent cell population enables the effector arm of the immune system of tumor-bearing mice to cooperate effectively with the drug's tumoricidal activity in tumor eradication.     

A monoclonal antibody to the carbohydrate chain on human hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen which suppressed tumor growth in nude mice

Summary There have been few reports stating that monoclonal antibody alone inhibits human solid tumor growth in vivo. The present study demonstrated that monoclonal antibody S1 (IgG2a), which recognized the antigenic determinant of the carbohydrate moiety, showed antibody-dependent cell (or macrophage)-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC or ADMC) in conjunction with murine splenocytes of both BALB/c and athymic mice. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the antibody S1 clearly prolonged the survival of athymic mice which had been inoculated with a human liver carcinoma cell line. In addition, the antibody S1 significantly suppressed the human hepatoma line transplanted s.c. into nude mice. ¹²⁵I-Labeled monoclonal antibody S1 revealed that the antibody accumulated significantly in the tumor mass. Many mononuclear cells were observed surrounding tumor cells when the antibody was given. This model system might be useful for analyzing the ADCC (or ADMC) mechanism in vivo.     

Z-100, a polysaccharide-rich preparation extracted from the human typeMycobacterium tuberculosis, improves the resistance of Meth-A tumor-bearing mice to endogenous septic infection

The effect of Z-100, an immunomodulatory arabinomannan extracted fromMycobacterium tuberculosis, on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in mice bearing Meth-A fibrosarcoma was investigated. When normal BALB/c mice were subjected to the CLP procedure, their mortality rate was 17%. On the other hand, an increased mortality was observed in tumor-bearing mice subjected to CLP 10 days after tumor inoculation, and then all mice died when tumor- bearing mice were subjected to CLP 20 days after tumor inoculation. However, the increased percent mortality was decreased by 50% when these mice were injected intraperitoneally with a 10 mg/kg dose of Z-100. When splenocytes (5 × 10⁷ cells), obtained from Meth-A tumor-bearing mice 20 days after tumor inoculation, were transferred intravenously to normal mice (recipient mice), mortality of these recipient mice were increased by 62% as compared with that of the control (22%). However, no increased mortality (25%) was observed in recipient mice which were transferred with splenocytes from tumor-bearing mice injected intraperitoneally with Z-100 (10 mg/kg). In addition, suppressor cell activity was demonstrated in splenocytes from Meth-A tumor-bearing mice at 20 days after tumor inoculation using one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. However, the suppressor cell activity was significantly decreased by the intraperitoneal administration of a 10 mg/kg dose of Z-100 (p<0.01). The increase of mortality in recipient mice by adoptive transfer of mononuclear cells (MNCs) from tumor-bearing mice was not detected when these MNCs were treated with anti-Thy 1.2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-Lyt 2.2 mAb or anti-CD11b mAb, but an increase was seen with anti-Lyt 1.2 mAb or anti-immunoglobulin antiserum treated MNCs. These results suggest that the suppressor cells affect the mortality of CLP-induced sepsis and Z-100 may have a therapeutic activity against opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts through the regulation of suppressor T-cells.     

Inhibition of human tumor growth by IgG2A monoclonal antibodies correlates with antibody density on tumor cells

Eight monoclonal antibodies (MAb) of IgG2a isotype that were produced against human melanomas were tested for tumor growth-inhibiting properties in nude mice injected with human melanoma cells of various origins. Four of the eight MAb inhibited growth of these tumors, and all four of these antibodies reacted in antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity (ADMC) assays in vitro. The MAb that were inactive in vivo also did not react in these assays in vitro. The number of antibody-binding sites per cell on the tumor cell surface was significantly higher for tumoricidal MAb as compared to unreactive MAb. On the other hand, the percentage of tumor cells binding the MAb and the binding affinity to these cells were the same for the two groups of MAb. Also, tumoricidal and nontumoricidal MAb bound with similar affinity and antibody density to Fc receptors on macrophages. The importance of the number of antibody sites on the tumor cell surface for tumor destruction by MAb was confirmed by the demonstration of tumoricidal effects of mixtures of MAb that were by themselves not tumoricidal. MAb binding to different molecules on melanoma cells were complementary in ADMC, whereas MAb directed to the same molecule but to different epitopes were not.     

Overexpression of Interleukin-1α Suppresses Liver Metastasis of Lymphoma: Implications for Antitumor Effects of CD8+ T-cells

Interleukin (IL)-1 plays a key role in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Although IL-1 may enhance the expansion of CD8+ T-cells, the pathological contribution of IL-1-activated CD8+ T-cells to tumor metastasis remains unclear. This study used a liver metastasis model of the EL4 T-cell lymphoma cells transplanted into human IL (hIL)-1α conditional transgenic (hIL-1α cTg) mice. Overproduction of hIL-1α suppressed both macroscopic and histological liver metastasis of EL4 T-cell lymphoma. The hIL-1α-induced inflammatory state increased the number of CD8+ T-cells both within and around metastatic tumors. Moreover, larger numbers of CD8+ T-cells showed greater infiltration of liver blood vessels in hIL-1α cTg mice than in control wild-type mice. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining of liver tissue from hIL-1α cTg mice indicated increased apoptosis of cells in the tumor. Localization of apoptosis cells resembled that of CD8+ T-cells. In addition, cytotoxicity assay showed that CD8+ T-cell counts from tumor-bearing hIL-1α cTg mice correlated with cytotoxicity against EL4. In summary, IL-1α suppresses lymphoma metastasis, and IL-1α-activated CD8+ T-cells may play important roles in inhibiting both tumor metastasis and metastatic tumor growth:     

A novel inhibitor of proteasome deubiquitinating activity renders tumor cells sensitive to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by natural killer cells and T cells

The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib simultaneously renders tumor cells sensitive to killing by natural killer (NK) cells and resistant to killing by tumor-specific T cells. Here, we show that b-AP15, a novel inhibitor of proteasome deubiquitinating activity, sensitizes tumors to both NK and T cell-mediated killing. Exposure to b-AP15 significantly increased the susceptibility of tumor cell lines of various origins to NK (p < 0.0002) and T cell (p = 0.02)-mediated cytotoxicity. Treatment with b-AP15 resulted in increased tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor-2 expression (p = 0.03) and decreased cFLIP expression in tumor cells in vitro. In tumor-bearing SCID/Beige mice, treatment with b-AP15 followed by infusion of either human NK cells or tumor-specific T cells resulted in a significantly delayed tumor progression compared with mice treated with NK cells (p = 0.006), T cells (p < 0.0001) or b-AP15 alone (p = 0.003). Combined infusion of NK and T cells in tumor-bearing BALB/c mice following treatment with b-AP15 resulted in a significantly prolonged long-term survival compared with mice treated with b-AP15 and NK or T cells (p ≤ 0.01). Our findings show that b-AP15-induced sensitization to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis could be used as a novel strategy to augment the anticancer effects of adoptively infused NK and T cells in patients with cancer.     

Cell binding and tumor inhibiting functions of a new antihuman melanoma murine monoclonal antibody.

Murine, antihuman melanoma cell monoclonal antibody (mAb) 16.C8 was generated by fusing the murine myeloma cell line P3X63/Ag8.653 with splenocytes from a nude mouse bearing a human melanoma xenograft, after reconstitution with splenocytes from syngeneic immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The antibody reacted strongly with fresh human melanoma cells and exhibited preferential reactivity with established human melanoma and neuroectodermal tumor cell lines. Electrophoresis and Western blotting experiments indicated that 16.C8 is directed against a sialoglycoprotein antigen with a molecular weight of 110-120 kDa. mAb 16.C8 mediated lysis of melanoma cells in vitro in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays using human mononuclear effector cells isolated from normal volunteers or malignant melanoma patients. In addition, the administration of mAb 16.C8 to nude mice bearing established human melanoma lung and liver metastases resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth as shown by gross and histologic examination. In contrast, animals treated with Hanks' balanced salt solution or nonspecific immunoglobulin exhibited a large tumor burden. These results suggest that mAb 16.C8 may be of value in treatment of metastatic melanoma in humans.     

Effect of tumor cell culture media and sera from tumor hosts on spreading,phagocytosis, and antitumor cytotoxicity of C. parvum-activated murine macrophages

Summary We investigated whether the media of tumor cell cultures and sera from tumor-bearing hosts exert inhibitory effects upon macrophage spreading, phagocytosis, and cytotoxicity. Peritoneal macrophages from normal and Corynebacterium parvum-treated C3Hf/Bu mice were incubated in media from a syngeneic mammary carcinoma, allogeneic Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, and human malignant melanoma or cervical carcinoma cell cultures, or in the serum of hosts bearing these tumors. Such media and sera inhibited the ability of both normal and C. parvum-activated macrophages to spread on glass surfaces and to ingest latex particles. In contrast, they did not interfere with the in vitro destruction of tumorigenic L929 cells by C. parvum-activated macrophages. Media of murine embryo fibroblasts and a human benign tumor and sera from healthy mice or humans did not, however, inhibit either of the macrophage functions tested.     

High-dose,unlabeled, nonspecific antibody pretreatment: influence on specific antibody localization to human melanoma xenografts

Summary Nonspecific uptake of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies in normal tissues is a significant problem for tumor imaging. A potential means of decreasing nonspecific antibody binding is to blockade nonspecific antibody binding sites by predosing with cold, nonspecific isotypematched antibody, before injecting specific antibody. Nontumor-specific murine monoclonal antibody LK2H10 (IgG1) or Ab-1 (IgG2a) was given i.v. at doses of 0 to 3.5 mg to nude mice with xenografts of human melanoma. These mice were then given i.v. 4 g of ¹³¹I anti-high molecular weight antigen of melanoma (HMWMAA) monoclonal antibody 763.24T (IgG1) or 225.28S (IgG2a), respectively. These mice were also given a tracer dose of ¹²⁵I LK2H10 or Ab-1, respectively. Specific tumor uptake of anti-HMWMAA antibodies was see in all cases. No drop in tumor or nontumor uptake was demonstrated for either of the tumor-specific or nonspecific monoclonal antibodies due to nonspecific monoclonal antibody pretreatment. These data suggest that high doses of isotype-matched unlabeled nonspecific monoclonal antibody given before ¹³¹I tumor-specific monoclonal antibody, will not enhance tumor imaging. Present address: Hybritech, San Diego, CA, USA     

Interleukin-4 impairs granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity of Simian virus 40 large tumor antigen-specific CTL in BALB/c mice

In this report we analyzed the impact of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on tumor-associated simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen (TAg)-specific CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells during rejection of syngeneic SV40 transformed mKSA tumor cells in BALB/c mice. Strikingly, challenge of naïve mice with low doses of mKSA tumor cells revealed a CD8⁺ T cell-dependent prolonged survival time of naïve IL-4^?/? mice. In mice immunized with SV40 TAg we observed in IL-4^?/? mice, or in wild type mice treated with neutralizing anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody, a strongly enhanced TAg-specific cytotoxicity of tumor associated CD8⁺ T cells. The enhanced cytotoxicity in IL-4^?/? mice was accompanied by a significant increase in the fraction of CD8⁺ tumor associated T-cells expressing the cytotoxic effector molecules granzyme A and B and in granzyme B-specific enzymatic activity. The data suggest that endogenous IL-4 can suppress the generation of CD8⁺ CTL expressing cytotoxic effector molecules especially when the antigen induces only a very weak CTL response.