渗透胁迫下不同抗旱性小麦幼苗氨同化差异

在渗透胁迫下,测定了不同抗旱性小麦（抗旱性强的品种洛旱6号和抗旱性弱的品种周麦18）幼苗氨同化酶及相关参数的变化.结果表明:小麦生物量在渗透胁迫下明显降低,且抗旱性弱的周麦18降幅较大.铵态氮含量随胁迫程度的增加而增加,且周麦18增加较明显;谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性在不同抗旱性品种间表现不同,抗旱性强的洛旱6号在低渗透胁迫下显著增加,在高渗透胁迫下明显降低,而周麦18随胁迫程度的增加逐渐降低;依赖还原型辅酶Ⅰ的谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADH-GDH)活性随胁迫程度的增加逐渐加大,低渗透胁迫下周麦18增加较明显,高渗透胁迫下洛旱6号增幅较大;依赖氧化型辅酶Ⅰ的谷氨酸脱氢酶(NAD^+-GDH)和依赖氧化型辅酶Ⅱ的异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NADP-ICDH)活性均随胁迫程度的增加而增加,周麦18的NAD^+-GDH活性、洛旱6号的NADP-ICDH活性增幅较大.表明小麦抗旱性的提高与铵态氮同化的增强有关,低渗透和高渗透胁迫下分别依赖GS和NADH-GDH活性的增加.     

钙离子对盐胁迫小麦幼苗氮代谢的影响

为探讨增强小麦抗盐能力的调控途径,以普通小麦豫麦34为材料,研究了Ca2+对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗氮代谢及生长的影响.采用全营养液培养小麦幼苗至第一片叶完全展开,更换无钙营养液,并开始不同处理.处理分别为低盐胁迫(150 mmol · L-1 NaCl)、低盐胁迫+4 mmol · L-1 Ca2+、高盐胁迫(300 mmol · L-1 NaCl)、高盐胁迫+4mmol · L-1 Ca2+,以无NaCl胁迫的小麦为对照.5 d后取样,测定了氮同化酶活性、代谢物含量、积累量及幼苗生长状况.结果表明,Ca2+明显缓解了低盐胁迫对小麦幼苗的生长抑制,表现在鲜重、叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量的增加,而对高盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长无明显改善效果;Ca2+改善了低盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的氮营养状况,表现在氮积累量的增加,这一效应主要是通过硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NADP-ICDH)活性的增强而实现的.Ca2+未能改善高盐胁迫下小麦幼苗氮营养状况的主要限制因子在于NADP-ICDH活性未明显增加.     

不同浓度的NO^—3和NH^＋4对小麦根谷氨酰胺合成酶及其相关酶的影响

利用酶活性测定和 Northern分子杂交等技术 ,研究了小麦幼苗根在不同浓度的 Na NO3 和(NH4) 2 SO4的供应下 ,其谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS)、天冬酰胺合成酶 (AS)、谷氨酸脱氢酶 (GDH)、硝酸还原酶 (NR)以及 GS- m RNA的变化。结果表明 :NH 4 处理的小麦 ,其根部 GS活性比 NO-3 处理的高 ;高浓度处理的比低浓度处理的高 ;Northern杂交结果说明 GS- m RNA转录量与 GS活性一致 ;3mmol/ L NO-3促进了 AS的活性。AS酶活性变化与 GS酶活性变化无明显依赖关系。在实验的条件下 ,没能测出 GDH的活性 ,不同浓度的 NO-3 和 NH 4 处理对 NR活性没有明显的规律。     

不同耐盐性水稻幼苗根氨同化酶对盐胁迫的反应

在盐胁迫下,检测了耐盐性不同的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种根部氨同化酶及其相关参数的变化。结果表明,根的可溶性蛋白、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)及依赖于NADH的谷氨酸合酶(NADH-GOGAT)活性在高盐浓度下不同程度地降低,其影响大小依次为早花二号(盐敏感品种)、金珠一号(正常栽培品种)、津稻779(耐盐品种),与其耐盐性相一致。在盐胁迫条件下,在耐盐性较高的水稻品种中, GS和GOGAT活性比盐敏感品种高,NH4 浓度维持在较低的水平。Native-PAGE和活性染色结果表明,GSrb更容易受到外界环境的影响。在高浓度盐的胁迫下,早花二号、金珠一号的依赖于NADH的谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADH-GDH)活性都有较显著的升高,津稻779却无明显的变化,这和NH4 含量的变化相一致。盐不同程度地导致可溶性糖(TSS)在金珠一号和津稻779根部积累,而在早花2号的根部,可溶性糖的水平则随盐浓度的不同而表现出不同的变化。在所检测的品种中,脯氨酸的含量均有不同程度的升高,但在高盐浓度下,盐敏感品种的含量较低。这些结果提示,不同的水稻品种对盐胁迫的敏感程度与该品种GS以及GOGAT活性的高低有关。     

外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜脯氨酸代谢的影响

为探明外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜脯氨酸代谢的影响,以甜瓜品种‘雪美’为材料采用营养液栽培,对盐胁迫(100mmol·L-1 NaCl)、盐胁迫下添加外源脯氨酸(100mmol·L-1 NaCl+0.2mmol·L-1 Proline)以及对照3种处理后甜瓜幼苗叶片脯氨酸(Pro)含量、吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)、鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)和脯氨酸脱氢酶(ProDH)活性进行测定,并对OAT和ProDH基因进行克隆及半定量表达分析。结果显示:与对照相比较,盐胁迫条件下甜瓜幼苗叶片内Pro含量显著增加,P5CS活性增幅大于OAT活性,OAT基因表达量大部分时段内没有增加,ProDH活性下降,ProDH基因表达量减少;盐胁迫下添加外源脯氨酸进一步使幼苗叶片内Pro含量增加、OAT、ProDH活性提高、P5CS活性降低,并且使OAT基因表达量迅速增加、ProDH基因表达量先增加后回落。研究表明,盐胁迫条件下,甜瓜幼苗体内脯氨酸积累主要是通过增强脯氨酸的谷氨酸合成途径和抑制脯氨酸降解来实现;适量外源脯氨酸可以增强盐胁迫幼苗脯氨酸的鸟氨酸合成途径,但对谷氨酸合成途径有一定的抑制作用;通过调节合成和降解2种代谢途径进一步提高了脯氨酸含量,从而增强甜瓜幼苗耐盐胁迫能力。     

外源钙离子对小麦幼苗氮素代谢的影响

以普通小麦豫麦34为材料,研究了不同浓度的外源Ca2 对小麦幼苗氮素代谢的影响.在小麦第一片叶完全展开后,开始外源Ca2 处理,设0 (对照)、2、4 mmol · L-1 和8 mmol · L-1 4个Ca2 浓度梯度.处理5d后,测定氮同化酶活性、氮同化量及其它相关代谢物含量.结果表明,小麦幼苗叶片中硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)在2 mmol · L-1 Ca2 处理下活性比对照有显著增加,4 mmol · L-1 Ca2 处理的NR活性增加明显,但GS活性增加不显著;8 mmol · L-1 Ca2 处理下NR和GS活性比对照均明显降低.谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADH-GDH)活性在2 mmol · L-1 Ca2 处理下活性增加不明显,而在4、8 mmol · L-1 Ca2 处理下活性显著增加.小麦幼苗氮同化量以4 mmol · L-1处理最大,2 mmol · L-1处理与4 mmol · L-1之间差异不显著;Ca2 浓度为8 mmol · L-1时,氮素同化量明显降低.结果揭示了小麦幼苗不同氮同化途径对Ca2 的响应不同,GS途径比GDH途径对小麦氮素同化量的增加作用更大;4 mmol · L-1对小麦幼苗的氮素利用可能是最有效的Ca2 浓度.     

外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗硝酸还原的影响

采用营养液水培方法,以＂雪美＂品种甜瓜（Cucumis melo L.）为材料,研究了外源脯氨酸（Proline）对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系硝酸还原的影响。结果表明：（1）盐胁迫提高了甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系内铵态氮（NH4＋-N）和可溶性蛋白含量;降低了硝态氮（NO-3-N）含量和硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase,NR）活性。（2）外源施用脯氨酸明显地提高了盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系内NO-3-N和可溶性蛋白含量;降低了盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片和根系内NH＋4-N含量;增强了盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗体内NR活性。研究结果表明,外源脯氨酸可以通过调节甜瓜幼苗体内硝酸还原酶活性和氮化合物含量来缓解盐胁迫对甜瓜幼苗植株的伤害。     

Ni胁迫对不同基因型谷子幼苗生长及氮素代谢的影响

采用盆栽土培法,研究了不同浓度Ni2+(0、25、50、100、150、200 mg/kg)对4种基因型谷子(13-36、B-7、晋谷51号、晋谷52号)幼苗生长,Ni2+富集与转运能力,叶片中硝态氮、氨态氮、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量及氮代谢相关酶硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的影响。结果表明:Ni2+胁迫下,4种基因型谷子幼苗的根长、苗长、生物量随Ni2+浓度增加逐渐降低,体内Ni2+含量逐渐增加,与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。在所试浓度范围内,4种基因型谷子幼苗叶片中的硝态氮含量、NR、GS、GOGAT活性表现为低浓度(25—50mg/kg)增高和高浓度(50—200 mg/kg)降低,而GDH活性在Ni2+浓度为100mg/kg以上时下降,氨态氮含量在50—150 mg/kg处理组中为对照的1.14—3.02倍。不同浓度Ni2+处理后,4种基因型谷子幼苗叶片中的脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的提高,而可溶性蛋白质含量呈明显下降趋势。实验结果证明,Ni2+胁迫抑制了谷子幼苗对硝态氮的吸收,降低了叶片中NR、GS、GOGAT活性,影响了氨的同化作用,使谷子幼苗的氮素代谢发生紊乱,不同基因型谷子对Ni2+胁迫的毒性效应存在差异。4种基因型谷子对Ni2+的耐性顺序为13-36B-7晋谷51晋谷52。     

Ca(NO3)2对NaCl胁迫下木麻黄扦插苗生理特征的调控

用不同浓度 Ca(NO3) 2 · 4 H2 O(0 .7、1.4、2 .1g Ca2 / kg土 )对 1年生的处在两种 Na Cl胁迫 (10和 2 0 g/ kg)处理下的木麻黄扦插苗进行化学调控 ,研究硝酸钙盐加氯化钠处理的木麻黄幼苗的生长量、木麻黄幼苗抗氧化酶系统活性和渗透调节物质的含量的变化 ,研究结果表明 :中度 Na Cl胁迫加硝酸钙处理下的木麻黄扦插苗的可溶性蛋白质含量增加 ,MDA含量降低说明膜脂过氧化作用减轻 ,而且抗氧化酶活性 (SOD、POD)之间协调变化有利于提高清除自由基的速率 ,中度盐胁迫下钙盐可以促进木麻黄体内脯氨酸的积累 ;但重度 Na Cl胁迫下钙盐对木麻黄的调控作用不显著 ,重度盐胁迫下钙盐反而降低木麻黄 SOD、POD活性和脯氨酸的含量 ,减弱了抗氧化酶系统对活性氧的清除作用 ,同时高浓度钙盐还会加重 Na Cl胁迫对木麻黄幼苗的损伤 ,这说明适量的钙盐有利于木麻黄幼苗抵抗盐胁迫能力的提高 ,而高浓度钙盐则可能会加重盐胁迫     

腐植酸浸种对盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦品种进行腐植酸浸种处理,研究了腐植酸对盐(NaCl)、碱(Na CO3)两种胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量增加,膜透性增强,地上部鲜质量降低;盐胁迫下,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升后降,而碱胁迫下CAT和POD活性均升高,SOD活性降低;碱胁迫处理的小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统活性高于同浓度的盐胁迫处理;腐植酸浸种提高了小麦叶片谷胱甘肽含量,提高了SOD和CAT活性,有效缓解了盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的影响.不同基因型小麦品种在抵御盐碱胁迫的能力和机制上存在一定差异,且与盐离子组成、浓度间存在一定互作,并受浸种方式调控.     

Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase contribute differentially to proline accumulation in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings exposed to different salinity

To investigate the roles of ammonium-assimilating enzymes in proline synthesis under salinity stress, the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) and NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH; EC 1.4.1.2) were determined in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings exposed to salt stress at 150 and 300 mM NaCl for 5d. At the lower salinity, only GS activity increased markedly. At 300 mM NaCl, however, NADH-GDH activity increased while GS activity decreased. A significant accumulation of proline was found only at high-salinity exposure while glutamate, a proline precursor, increased dramatically under both low and high salinity. These data suggests that GS-catalysis might be the main glutamate synthesis pathway under low salinity. At 300 mM NaCl, glutamate seems to be preferentially produced through the process catalyzed by NADH-GDH. The increase of ammonium in salinity-stressed wheat seedlings might have resulted from increased photorespiration, which is responsible for the higher NADH-GDH activity. The activity of Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR; EC 1.5.1.2) was significantly enhanced at 300 mM NaCl but remained unchanged at 150 mM. Delta(1)-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) activity did not show a specific response, indicating that P5CR might be the limiting step in proline synthesis from glutamate at high salinity.     

Salinity-induced tissue-specific diurnal changes in nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in tomato seedlings grown under high or low nitrate medium.

We studied the salt stress (100 mM NaCl) effects on the diurnal changes in N metabolism enzymes in tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Chibli F1) that were grown under high nitrogen (HN, 5 mM NO(3)(-)) or low nitrogen (LN, 0.1 mM NO(3)(-)). NaCl stress led to a decrease in plant DW production and leaf surface to higher extent in HN than in LN plants. Total leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content was decreased by salinity in HN plants, but unchanged in LN plants. Soluble protein content was decreased by salt in the leaves from HN and LN plants, but increased in the stems-petioles from LN plants. Nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.1.6) showed an activity peak during first part of the light period, but no diurnal changes were observed for the nitrite reductase (NiR, EC 1.7.7.1) activity. Glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) and glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT, EC 1.4.7.1) activities increased in HN plant leaves during the second part of the light period, probably when enough ammonium is produced by nitrate reduction. NR and NiR activities in the leaves were more decreased by NaCl in LN than in HN plants, whereas the opposite response was obtained for the GS activity. Fd-GOGAT activity was inhibited by NaCl in HN plant leaves, while salinity did not shift the peak of the NR and Fd-GOGAT activities during a diurnal cycle. The induction by NaCl stress occurred for the NR and GS activities in the roots of both HN and LN plants. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) activity shifted from the deaminating activity to the aminating activity in all tissues of HN plants. In LN plants, both aminating and deaminating activities were increased by salinity in the leaves and roots. The differences in the sensitivity to NaCl between HN and LN plants are discussed in relation to the N metabolism status brought on by salt stress.     

硝态氮对黄瓜子叶谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性的影响

在硝态氮存在或缺乏的条件下,测定了黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L．)种子萌发和子叶发育过程中子叶可溶性蛋白质含量以及谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(NAD(H)-GDH)活性的变化。在子叶发育初期,无论外源氮存在与否,每对子叶可溶性蛋白质含量和GS、NADH—GDH、NAD^ -GDH活性随发育上升。在外源氮存在下,第4d后,可溶性蛋白质含量虽有所下降,但基本保持恒定;第6d后,GS和NADH—GDH活性逐渐降低,NAD^ -GDH却相反增高。但在无外源氮条件下,于第4d后,可溶性蛋白质水平以及GS、NADH—GDH和NAD^ -GDH活性都逐渐降低。在子叶发育的整个过程中,外源氮对GS和NAD^ -GDH活性有促进作用,尤其是在子叶发育的后期对NAD^ -GDH活性的促进更为明显。     

A study of the role of glutamate dehydrogenase in the nitrogen metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana

Glutamate-dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) activity and isoenzyme patterns were investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets, and parallel studies were carried out on glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2). Both NADH-GDH and NAD-GDH activities increased during plant development whereas GS activity declined. Leaves deprived of light showed a considerable enhancement of NADH-GDH activity. In roots, both GDH activities were induced by ammonia whereas in leaves nitrogen assimilation was less important. It was demonstrated that the increase in GDH activity was the result of de-novo protein synthesis. High nitrogen levels were first assimilated by NADH-GDH, while GS was actively involved in nitrogen metabolism only when the enzyme was stimulated by a supply of energy, generated by NAD-GDH or by feeding sucrose. When methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GS, was added to the feeding solution, NADH-GDH activity remained unaffected in leaves whereas NAD-GDH was induced. In roots, however, there was a marked activation of GDH and no inactivation of GS. It was concluded that NADH-GDH was involved in the detoxification of high nitrogen levels while NAD-GDH was mainly responsible for the supply of energy to the cell during active assimilation. Glutamine synthetase, on the other hand was involved in the assimilation of physiological amounts of nitrogen. A study of the isoenzyme pattern of GDH indicated that a good correlation existed between the relative activity of the isoenzymes and the ratio of aminating to deaminating enzyme activities. The NADH-GDH activity corresponded to the more anodal isoenzymes while the NAD-GDH activity corresponded to the cathodal ones. The results indicate that the two genes involved in the formation of GDH control the expression of enzymes with different metabolic functions.Abbreviations GDH glutamate dehydrogenase - GS glutamine synthetase - MSO methionine sulfoximine     

Response of Zea mays to the Inoculation with Azospirillum on Nitrogen Metabolism under Greenhouse Conditions

The maize (Zea mays L.) plants inoculated by N₂-fixing bacterium Azospirillum showed increased activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in root cells free extracts over uninoculated control plants. Maximum differences in NADH-GDH activity were observed during the second and third weeks after sowing. The specific activity of GS showed a greater increase at the end of the assay. The percentage of nitrogen in leaves, root and foliage length, total fresh mass and nitrogenase activity were higher in inoculated plants than in the control ones.     

The response of Mo-hydroxylases and abscisic acid to salinity in wheat genotypes with differing salt tolerances

The differential responses of the wheat cultivars Shi4185 and Yumai47 to salinity were studied. The higher sensitivity of Yumai47 to salinity was linked to a greater growth reduction under salt stress, compared to more salt-tolerant Shi4185. Salinity increased the Na⁺, proline and superoxide anion radical (O₂ ^?) contents in both cultivars. Leaf Na⁺ content increased less in the more salt-tolerant cultivar Shi4185 than salt-sensitive Yumai47. The proline content increased more significantly in Shi4185 than Yumai47; on the contrary, superoxide anion radical content increased less in Shi4185 than Yumai47. This data indicated that wheat salinity tolerance can be increased by controlling Na⁺ transport from the root to shoot, associated with higher osmotic adjustment capability and antioxidant activity. Although salinity increased aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity and abscisic acid (ABA) content in the leaves and roots of both cultivars following the addition of NaCl to the growth medium, AO and ABA increased more in the salt-sensitive cultivar Yumai47 than the more salt-tolerant cultivar Shi4185. Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) activity in the leaves of both cultivars increased with increasing concentrations of NaCl; however, leaf XDH activity increased more significantly in Yumai47 than Shi4185. Root XDH activity in Shi4185 decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations, whereas salinity induced an increased root XDH activity in Yumai47. The involvement of AO and XDH enzymatic activities and altered ABA content in the response mechanisms of wheat to salinity are discussed herein.     

Effect of Subsoiling in Fallow Period on Soil Water Storage and Grain Protein Accumulation of Dryland Wheat and Its Regulatory Effect by Nitrogen Application

To provide a new way to increase water storage and retention of dryland wheat, a field study was conducted at Wenxi experimental site of Shanxi Agricultural University. The effect of subsoiling in fallow period on soil water storage, accumulation of proline, and formation of grain protein after anthesis were determined. Our results showed that subsoiling in fallow period could increase water storage in the 0–300 cm soil at pre-sowing stage and at anthesis stage with low or medium N application, especially for the 60–160 cm soil. However, the proline content, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity in flag leaves and grains were all decreased by subsoiling in fallow period. In addition, the content of albumin, gliadin, and total protein in grains were also decreased while globulin content, Glu/Gli, protein yield, and glutelin content were increased. With N application increasing, water storage of soil layers from 20 to 200 cm was decreased at anthesis stage. High N application resulted in the increment of proline content and GS activity in grains. Besides, correlation analysis showed that soil storage in 40–160 cm soil was negatively correlated with proline content in grains; proline content in grains was positively correlated with GS and GDH activity in flag leaves. Contents of albumin, globulin and total protein in grains were positively correlated with proline content in grains and GDH activity in flag leaves. In conclusion, subsoiling in fallow period, together with N application at 150 kg·hm⁻², was beneficial to increase the protein yield and Glu/Gli in grains which improve the quality of wheat.     

Physiological studies on salinity VI. Changes in water content and mineral composition of some plants over a range of salinity stresses

Summary Sand culture technique was used to study the effect of irrigation with saline nutrient solutions on the water and mineral elements content of leaves of safflower, sunflower, wheat and radish. Saline culture solutions were prepared by adding NaCl and CaCl₂ to Pfeffer's nutrient solution. The water content of wheat leaves was not affected by salinity, whereas that of leaves of safflower, sunflower and radish was significantly decreased at the high salinity level (6000 ppm) only.Sodium and calcium content of all test plants was generally increased progressively with salinity. The total nitrogen content of safflower and sunflower leaves was significantly increased, whereas that of wheat and radish leaves was almost significantly decreased by salinity. Salinity induced nonsignificant effect on phosphorus content of all test plants. Potassium content of the test plants was significantly reduced by salinity. Magnesium content of safflower and sunflower was significantly decreased by salinity, but the effect was non-significant in case of wheat and radish leaves. re]19760625