中国长柄茧蜂属亚长柄茧蜂亚属记述(膜翅目:茧蜂科)

对长柄茧蜂属Ｓｔｒｅｂｌｏｃｅｒａ亚长柄茧蜂亚属Ａｓｉａｓｔｒｅｂｌｏｃｅｒａ Ｂｅｌｏｋｏｂｙｌｓｋｉｊ（膜翅目：茧蜂科）的种类进行了研究。亚长柄茧蜂亚属仅分布于我国和俄罗斯远东地区。以前仅知２种：具角长柄茧蜂Ｓ．（Ａ．）ｃｏｒｎｕｔａＣｈａｏ,１９６４和大峪长柄茧峰Ｓ．（Ａ．）ｄａｙｕｅｎｓｉｓ Ｗａｎｇ,１９８３。本文记述了该亚属的一新种：扁角长柄茧蜂,新种Ｓ．（Ａ．）Ｐｌａｎｉｃｏｒｎｉ     

中国悦茧蜂属记述（膜翅目：茧蜂科：悦茧蜂亚科）

本文报道我国悦茧蜂亚科Ｃｈａｒｍｏｎｔｉｎａｅ悦茧蜂属Ｃｈａｒｍｏｎ１新种（红胸悦茧蜂Ｃ．ｒｕｆｉｔｈｏｒａｘｓｐ．ｎｏｖ）和２新种记录种（血色悦茧蜂Ｃ．ｃｒｕｅｎｔａｔｕｓＨａｌｉｄａｙ,长管悦茧蜂Ｃ．ｅｘｔｅｎｓｏｒ（Ｌｉｎｎａｅｕｓ）。新种模式标本存浙江农业大学。     

福建拟犁沟茧蜂属一新种（膜翅目∶茧蜂科）

本描述了采自福建的拟犁沟茧蜂属Ａｕｌｏｓａｐｈｏｉｄｅｓ ｖａｎ Ａｃｈｔｅｒｂｅｒｇ（膜翅目∶茧蜂科∶软节茧蜂亚科）１新种：福建拟犁沟茧峰Ａ．ｆｕｊｉａｎｉｃｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。新种模式标本存于福建农业大学益虫研究室。     

藤高腹茧蜂属及一新种记述：膜翅目：茧蜂科：高腹茧蜂亚科

本文报道采自浙江西天山目的藤高腹茧蜂属Ｒａｔｔａｎａ ｖａｎ Ａｃｈｔｅｒｂｅｒｇ一新种：中华藤高腹茧蜂Ｒ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。该属为我国新记录,该亚科为我国大陆新记录。模式标本保存在浙江农业大学。     

中国优茧蜂亚科研究概况及已知种名录（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

本文对我国优茧蜂亚科Ｅｕｐｈｏｒｉｎａｅ（除悬茧峰属Ｍｅｔｅｏｒｕｓ Ｈａｌｉｄａｙ以外）的分类研究情况作了总结,并列出我国已知种名录（２６属１５４种）。     

中国全脉茧蜂属一新种（膜翅目： 茧蜂科）

记述了窄径茧蜂亚科Agathidinae的中国大陆一新记录属-全脉茧蜂属Earinus Wesmael及该属已知分布于福建省武夷山的一新种-武夷全脉茧蜂Earinus wuyiensis Chen et Yang, 并建立了该属中国已知3种的分种检索表。新种模式标本保存于福建农业大学植物保护系益虫研究室。     

奇脉茧蜂属一新种记述(膜翅目:茧蜂科)

报道奇脉茧蜂属Mirax Haliday(膜翅目：茧蜂科：奇脉茧蜂亚科）1新种,共和奇脉奇蜂Mirax gonghenensis sp.nov。并建立了本属已知3个中国种类的检索表,新种模式标本保存于福建农业大学益虫研究室。     

齿背茧蜂属一新种（膜翅目∶茧蜂科）

本文报道了采自云南的齿背茧蜂属Ａｃａｎｔｈｏｒｍｉｕｓ Ａｓｈｍｅａｓ一新种∶双色齿背茧蜂Ａ．ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于福建农业大学益虫研究室。     

中国小腹茧蜂属二新记录种（膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科）

本记述了分布于我国的小腹茧蜂属二新记录种,球小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｇｌｏｂａｔａ（Ｌｉｎｎａｅｕｓ）１７５８和三色小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ａｓｒａｍｅｎｅｓ Ｎｉｘｏｎ１９６８。     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的矛茧蜂亚科系统发育研究（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

本研究选取矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae（昆虫纲Insecta：膜翅目Hymenoptera：茧蜂科Braconidae）的6族15属18种做内群,茧蜂科其它7亚科11属11种做外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和100个形态学和解剖学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用“非圆口类"的小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes 3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法（MP）和贝叶斯法对矛茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了运算分析;并以PAUP*4.0对矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明：矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC含量在39.33%～48.28%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,矛茧蜂亚科各成员间序列变异位点上颠换（transversion）大于转换（transition）。不同的分析算法所产生的系统发育树都表明矛茧蜂亚科是一个界限分明的单系群;在矛茧蜂亚科内,除了吉丁茧蜂族Siragrini为单系群外,其他族（矛茧蜂族Doryctini和方头茧蜂族Hecabolini）都是并系群。对于矛茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得的系统发育树的拓扑结构不完全一致,表明矛茧蜂亚科内（属及族）的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

ON THE STATUS OF THE GENERIC NAMES OF THE NUDIBRANCH GENERA CATRIONA, CRATENA, HERVIA, RIZZOLIA AND TRINCHESIA

The genus Catriona Winckworth (1941) is synonymous with TrinchesiaPruvot-Fol (1951) but not with Trinchesia von Jhering (1879). It has priority over Trinchesia Pruvot-Fol. The genus Cratena Bergh (1864) is valid and synonymous withRizzolia Trinchese (1877) but not with Hervia Bergh (1871). The genus Hervia Bergh (1871) is synonymous with Facelina Alderand Hancock (1855), but not all species of Hervia can be includedin the latter genus, and these should, therefore, be distributedamong other genera, some of which are listed. (Received 8 October 1954;     

Comparative mapping of HKT genes in wheat, barley, and rice, key determinants of Na+ transport, and salt tolerance

Salt tolerance of plants depends on HKT transporters (High-affinityK⁺ Transporter), which mediate Na⁺-specific transport or Na⁺-K⁺co-transport. Gene sequences closely related to rice HKT geneswere isolated from hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum)or barley (Hordeum vulgare) for genomic DNA southern hybridizationanalysis. HKT gene sequences were mapped on chromosomal armsof wheat and barley using wheat chromosome substitution linesand barley–wheat chromosome addition lines. In addition,HKT gene members in the wild diploid wheat ancestors, T. monococcum(A^m genome), T. urartu (A^u genome), and Ae. tauschii (D^t genome)were investigated. Variation in copy number for individual HKTgene members was observed between the barley, wheat, and ricegenomes, and between the different wheat genomes. HKT2;1/2-like,HKT2;3/4-like, HKT1;1/2-like, HKT1;3-like, HKT1;4-like, andHKT1;5-like genes were mapped to the wheat–barley chromosomegroups 7, 7, 2, 6, 2, and 4, respectively. Chromosomal regionscontaining HKT genes were syntenic between wheat and rice exceptfor the chromosome regions containing the HKT1;5-like gene.Potential roles of HKT genes in Na⁺ transport in rice, wheat,and barley are discussed. Determination of the chromosome locationsof HKT genes provides a framework for future physiological andgenetic studies investigating the relationships between HKTgenes and salt tolerance in wheat and barley. Key words: Barley, comparative mapping, HKT, rice, salt tolerance, sodium transport, wheat     

Intergeneric Hybridization between Species of Leymus, Psathyrostachys and Hordeum (Poaceae, Triticeae)

A total of 132 intergeneric crossing attempts (49 combinations)involving species of Leymus Hochst., Psathyrostachys Nevskiand Hordeum L. were performed, of which 103 were between Hordeumand Leymus. Embryo rescue was used throughout the experiment.Hybrids between Leymus and Psathyrostachys were difficult toobtain. Hybrid progeny were relatively easily obtained whencrossing Hordeum and Leymus. Plants from 20 different combinationswere obtained. Nineteen of these have not previously been reported.Meiotic analysis of three hybrid combinations of Hordeum x Leymusis reported. The high frequency of univalents in meiotic interphase(MI) indicates that allosyndetic chromosome pairing did notoccur, supporting the assumption that the genomes of Leymusare non-homologous to the H genomes of Hordeum.Copyright 1994,1999 Academic Press Taxonomy, Triticeae, Leymus, Psathyrostachys, Hordeum, intergeneric hybridization     

Patch exploitation, group foraging, and unequal competitors

Charnov's (1976) marginal value theorem, MVT, addresses howlong a forager should stay in a patch of prey to maximize itsgain. Information-sharing models of group foraging suggest thatindividuals should join groups to improve their patch-findingrate. This is achievable if group members share informationabout the location of food patches. The determinants of theMVT are searching time and cumulative gain against time in apatch, those of the group foraging models are searching time,group size, and individual differences in ability to monopolizethe prey found. After combining the MVT and information-sharingmodels we explore the consequences of unequal competitors (good,G, and poor, P) foraging in groups. Under this domain G andP differ in their accumulated harvest against time in a patch.When the gain function of P is obtained by mere scaling of thatof G, optimal patch residence times for individuals of the twophenotypes do not differ. However, if the gain functions ofG and P cannot be derived from each other by a constant scalingmultiplier, the optimal patch times for G and P are not necessarilythe same. Under these conditions the model suggests that foraginggroups should become assorted by foraging ability.     

Differential Expression of an Auxin-Regulated Gene, parC, and a Novel Related Gene, C-7, from Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts in Response to External Stimuli and in Plant Tissues

As part of an extended search for auxin-regulated genes otherthan parA and parB in the cDNA library from cultured tobaccomesophyll protoplasts, we have isolated the cDNA for a genedesignated parC. This gene is expressed during the transitionfrom the G₀ to S phase of the cell cycle. The nucleotide sequenceof parC cDNA was similar to that of parA. Using the parC cDNAas a probe we have isolated cDNA for a gene designated C-7 byhybridization at reduced stringency. Even though C-7 is relatedto parC, as is parA, its mode of expression was, to our surprise,completely different from that of parC. The C-7 gene is predominantlyexpressed in mature leaves and in freshly prepared protoplasts,but its level of expression did not change in response to auxintreatment. Although parC and C-7 are related to one anotherand exhibit homology to the parA gene, the two former genesdemonstrated conspicuous differences in their responses to externalstimuli, which included auxin, as well as their tissue-specificexpression. These results provide us an interesting system forthe analysis of the differential expression of closely relatedgenes. The significance of our observations is discussed withreference to the other members of the family of parA genes. (Received May 8, 1992; Accepted June 17, 1992)     

MORE MOLLUSCAN NAME-CHANGES, GENERIC AND SPECIFIC

Volema, Bolten, type V. paradisiaca, Bolten, has priority overMelongena, Schumacher, but may be used independently. Mayena, gen. nov., proposed for Biplex australasia, Perry. Turricula, Schumacher, is the correct name for Surcula, H. &A. Adams. Gelagna, Schaufuss, is equal to and antedates Paralagena, Dall. Partulida, Schaufuss, should replace Spiralinella, Chaster. Campanile, Fischer, has for type the recent species Cerithiumleve, Quoy & Gaimard, which is here renamed Campanile symbolicum,sp. nov. Campanilopa, gen. nov., introduced for the fossil Cerithiumgiganteum. Lam. Pleurotomoides, Bronn, has priority over Lora, Gistel, and Clathurella,Carpenter, all proposed as alternatives for Defrancia, Millet,preoccupied. Gabrielona, gen. nov., proposed for Phasianella nepeanensis,Gatliff & Gabriel. Orbitestella, gen. nov., for Cyclostrema bastowi, Gatliff. Megathura, Pilsbry, should be used instead of Macrochasma, Dall. Mitromorpha, auctt., is not Mitromorpha, Carpenter, which wasbased on Daphnella (?) filosa, Carpenter. Antimitra, gen. nov., is proposed for Pleurotoma agrota, Reeve,with which A. Adams' Mitromorpha lirata is congeneric. Lovellona, gen. nov., type Conus atramentosus. Reeve. Apaturris, gen. nov., type Mitramorpha expeditionis, Oliver. Callanaitis, gen. nov., type Venus yatei, Gray, for Salacia,Jukes-Browne, preoccupied. Anopsia, Gistel, is available for Psyche, Rang, preoccupied,and has priority over Verrillopsyche, Cossmann, proposed forHalopsyche, Kieferstein, preoccupied, introduced as substitutefor Rang's name. Hydromyles, Gistel, should be used for Euribia, Rang, preoccupied,as it is older than Kieferstein's name Theceurybia, for thesame genus. (Received 13 April 1917;     

Stomatal Characteristics, Leaf Waxes, and Transpiration Rates of Theobroma cacao and Hevea brasiliensis Seedlings

Stomatal size and frequency as well as structure and distributionof leaf waxes were compared in seedlings of two varieties ofTheobroma cacao and three families of Hevea brasiliensis. Stomataof both species were located on the abaxial leaf surface only.The stomata of Theobroma averaged 45% shorter and 29% narrowerthan those of Hevea, but stomatal frequency was 44% higher inTheobroma. Stomatal size and frequency differed more among Heveafamilies than between Theobroma varieties. The structure ofthe leaf waxes of Theobroma and Hevea differed appreciably.It also varied greatly between the abaxial and adaxial leafsurfaces of Hevea, but only slightly in Theobroma. The structureof leaf waxes varied little between Theobroma varieties or amongHevea families. Leaf conductances and transpiration rates weremuch higher in Hevea than in Theobroma seedlings. The implicationsof water relations in interplanting of Theobroma and Hevea arediscussed. Cacao, Theobroma cacao, rubber, Hevea brasiliensis, stomatal size, stomatal frequency, leaf waxes, transpiration     

Structure of the dnaA region of the endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola, of aphid Schizaphis graminum

Buchnera aphidicola is an intracellular prokaryote (endosymbiont)that lives in the body cavity of the aphid. Phylogenetic studiesindicated that it is closely related to Escherichia coli andmembers of Enterobacteria. The gene order of the region containingthe dnaA gene is well conserved in many bacteria. Seven genesof the endosymbiont of the aphid Schizaphis graminum, gyrB,dnaN, dnaA, rpmH, rnpA, yidD, and 60K, were found to be homologousin sequence and relative location to those of E. coli. We havefurther sequenced the region downstream of the 60K gene to elucidatethe boundary of the conserved region, and found that one moregene, thdF , is conserved. The comparison of gene organizationsof the dnaA region of the related bacteria supported the closephylogenetic relationship of B. aphidicola to E. coli. In addition,we have identified groES and groEL genesnext to the thdF gene.GroEL protein was reported to be expressed at an elevated levelin the endosymbionts of aphids, and is considered to play animportant role in their association with the aphid host. Comparisonof the structure of the groE operon with that of the endosymbiontof the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum revealed the conservation ofa sequence resembling the E. coli consensus heat shock promoter,and this sequence may be responsible for the high expressionof the groEL gene in aphid endosymbionts.