应用多元分析法判断中国人(男性)耻骨联合面年龄的研究

本文对205例年龄在17—40岁的国人男性耻骨标本进行了形态观察,在此基础上选取八处形态观测项目制订了等级评分标准并对205例标本进行了观察评分。采用多元回归分析和数量化理论模式I的方法对数据进行处理,建立了判断中国人(男性)耻骨年龄的回归方程并与Hanihara方法做了比较。统计分析及50例盲测结果表明较国外同类研究结果为佳并具有一定实用价值。     

耻骨联合面形态变化与年龄鉴定关系上的初步研究

本文主要介绍经过180例不同性别、不同年龄的耻骨联合面形态特征的研究,并结合10案例的实际比较和验证。证明单用耻骨联合面形态变化特征去判断年龄的方法,其准确度是相当可观的,误差仅为±1—2岁。同时,对此有关的一些问题也进行了初步的讨论。     

应用软X线推断国人耻骨年龄

对男性１１８副、女性１０８副、１０－６０岁国人耻骨样本应用软Ｘ线进行拍照。根据其内部结构随年龄增长而发生的形态变化规律,采用多变量统计分析法,研制出数量化赋分值标准,用该标准取得的观测数据,使用数量化理论Ｉ和逐步回归数学模型,借助电子计算机技术进行统计分析,建立了推断耻骨年龄男女各自两个方程。经１３例实际案件中应用,其结果达到了设计要求,方程有一定应用价值。     

过渡分析在先秦时期人骨年龄估计中的应用

成人骨骼年龄的估计向来是存在许多困难和争议的。通过对其发展历程的回顾可知,尽管早已研发出了相对较可靠的用耻骨联合、髂骨耳状关节面等特征部位的形态估计年龄的方法,但鉴于“年龄模拟效应”的存在,这些方法都不可避免地会使估计的结果出现偏差。建立在贝叶斯方法和最大似然估计的基础上,Jesper Boldsen等研发出的“过渡分析”能够有效地消除上述不良影响。借助ADBOU软件,通过对山西先秦时期人骨样本进行过渡分析的实践,发现传统的形态观察法和过渡分析法会造成估计得到的死亡年龄结构出现差异。由于年龄估计结果的差异会对古人口学研究造成显著影响,因此建议在借鉴过渡分析的基础上,加强对年龄估计方法的改进。     

广西三江侗族儿童青少年头面部发育指标分析

本文对广西三江侗族自治县的 7— 16岁乡村侗族男女中、小学生 2 0 87名 (男 10 5 5 ,女 10 32 )的头面部9项指标进行测量 ,并计算有关指数 ,分析和比较了儿童青少年容貌特征发育与年龄增长的关系。根据头面部指数分型 ,确定了广西三江侗族自治县侗族儿童青少年的头面部形态。依各项指数 ,侗族儿童青少年多属圆头型 ,高头型 ,阔头型及阔面型。     

芜湖市478名中学生生长发育的追踪研究

本文报道了 1 997年 9月—1 999年 9月对芜湖市第九中学 478名(男 2 4 5人 ,女 2 33人 )汉族中学生生长发育 3年追踪测量结果。调查指标为身高、体重、胸围和月经初潮年龄。分析了维尔维克指数 ,比较了男女间的差异并与芜湖市 1 986年数据进行了比较 ,对差异的可能原因进行了分析 ,并对当前青少年生长发育加速和性成熟提前趋势进行了讨论。     

中国汉族髋骨的性别差异和判断

本文研究乌鲁木齐市附近出土的汉族达到成年尺寸的正常髋骨(男115块,女54块,性别主要借助骨盆形态来判断)。测量了耻骨长、坐骨长、髋臼径及坐骨大切迹宽、深等八个项目。列表和图显示了各项数据的分布。利用这些图表可以帮助鉴别中国汉人髋骨的性别。经统计方法检验,这些特征在性别和人种之间有非常显著或显著的差异,汉人与美国白人及爱斯基摩人较接近。     

人耳形态变异研究概述

外耳是面部形态的重要特征之一,其形态、大小受年龄、性别和族群等因素的影响.关于耳形态研究的相关文献主要包括以下几个方面:耳形态变异的年龄、性别、族群差异;影响耳形态变异的因素;耳郭(也作:耳廓)尺寸随年龄增长而扩大的原因解释;耳郭对称性研究;耳郭突出现象的判定和发病率差异、耳形态研究的相关应用等.通过梳理和归纳相关文献的研究数据和结论,对耳形态变异研究和外耳相关参数测量方法作简要综述,并对国内耳形态变异研究作简要回顾和展望.     

江西汉族人头面部形态特征的年龄变化

为研究人类头面部形态特征随年龄增长而变化的规律, 赴江西省丰城调查了汉族705例(城男151, 城女156, 乡男203, 乡女195)38项头面部指标, 并计算了12项头面部体质指数, 对江西汉族头面部形态特征的年龄变化进行了初步分析。结果显示: 江西汉族人头面部形态特征随年龄增长呈现一定的变化规律。1)随年龄增长, 江西汉族成人有蒙古褶率下降, 眼裂倾斜度渐趋水平, 眼色变浅, 上唇皮肤部高度狭窄型率下降, 红唇厚度窄型率上升。2)相关分析显示, 江西汉族鼻宽、口裂宽、鼻深、上唇皮肤部高度、容貌耳长、容貌耳宽与年龄呈正相关; 眼外角间宽、唇高、红唇厚度与年龄呈负相关; 3)江西汉族人头长宽指数、口指数与年龄呈负相关。4)方差分析显示, 上述指标值、指数值在不同年龄组间差异均具有统计学意义。     

中国林蛙生长发育参数与产油量关系的研究

为了能够直接通过外部形态特征判断中国林蛙的产油量,本文采用单因素回归和逐步回归分析方法,初步研究了黑龙江省中部地区中国林蛙(Raaa chensinensis David)雌体的体重、体长、前后肢长、卵重、年龄与产油量(左右输卵管重量之和)之间的关系。结果表明：产油量与体重、体长、前肢长、后肢长、卵重、年龄均存在正相关;产油量与体重和体长具有显著的正相关(r=0．930),其回归方程：Y=-0．566 0．016x1 0．072x2。因此,体重和体长可以作为判断产油量多少的重要指标。     

Ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the Long-tailed Manakin Chiroxiphia linearis: long maturation of display trait morphology

Males of dimorphic species often show ornaments that are thought to have evolved through female choice or/and male–male competition. The sexual differentiation of similar morphologies occurs during ontogeny, resulting in differential sex and age-specific selection. The Long-tailed Manakin is a dimorphic species with a highly skewed mating system, the males of which delay plumage maturation over 3 to 4 years. We describe ontogenetic changes in feather morphology in this species through sexual maturity. Males showed a significant increase in length of the central rectrices with age, hence their degree of sexual dimorphism increased from zero in 1-year-old males to 189.5% in adults. In contrast, male tail length decreased with age. Wing length did not vary significantly with age, but females had relatively longer wings than males. Wing loading was greater in females and decreased with age in males. In adults, rectrix length was positively correlated with testis volume, supporting the hypothesis that secondary sexual characters can signal the condition of primary sexual characters. Rectrix length showed positive allometry with body size in males less than 4 years old, whereas older males showed negative allometry and females showed isometry. Wing area and wing loading shifted from negative to positive allometry in males of 2 to 3 years of age. Changes in male morphology during ontogeny in the Long-tailed Manakin appeared to be associated with their specific display behaviours. Age-related changes in allometric growth of rectrices in the Long-tailed Manakin suggested that young males invest disproportionately more in the length of this trait relative to their body size. This investment could act as a signal of competitive ability to move status position in their orderly queue.     

Rapid divergent evolution of sexual morphology: comparative tests of antagonistic coevolution and traditional female choice

Male structures specialized to contact females during sexual interactions often diverge relatively rapidly over evolutionary time. Previous explanations for this pattern invoked sexual selection by female choice, but new ideas emphasize possible sexually antagonistic coevolution resulting from male-female conflict over control of fertilization. The two types of selection have often not been carefully distinguished. They do not theoretically exclude one another, but they have not necessarily had equally important roles in producing rapid evolutionary divergence. To date, most recent empirical studies of antagonistic coevolution have emphasized only a few taxa. This study uses the abundant but little-used data in the taxonomic literature on morphology to evaluate the roles of antagonistic coevolution and traditional female choice over a wide taxonomic spectrum (61 families of arthropods, mostly insects and spiders). Groups with species-specific male structures that contact females were checked for coevolution of species-specific female structures that are contacted by the male and that have mechanical properties that could potentially defend her against the male. Facultatively deployable, species-specific female defensive structures, a design that would seem likely to evolve frequently under the sexually antagonistic coevolution hypothesis, were completely absent (0% of 106 structures in 84 taxonomic groups). Although likely cases of sexually antagonistic coevolution exist, using conservative criteria, 79.2% of the 106 structures lacked even potentially defensive female coevolution. A common pattern (53.8% of 106) was a nearly complete absence of female change in areas contacted by species-specific male structures. Post-hoc arguments invoking possible coevolution of defensive female behavior instead of morphology, or of female sensitivities and responses to male sensory traps, could enable the sexually antagonistic coevolution hypothesis to explain these data. No case of such coevolution of female behavior or sensitivities has been demonstrated, and there are additional reasons to doubt that they are general explanations for the data presented here. Detailed studies of female resistance behavior could help illuminate several issues. The possibility of a greater role for antagonistic coevolution in reproductive physiology than in morphology and the possibility that female choice and sexually antagonistic coevolution have both been important in some lineages are discussed.     

Consistent partnership formation: application to a sexually transmitted disease model

We apply a consistent sexual partnership formation model which hinges on the assumption that one gender's choices drives the process (male or female dominant model). The other gender's behavior is imputed. The model is fitted to UK sexual behavior data and applied to a simple incidence model of HSV-2. With a male dominant model (which assumes accurate male reports on numbers of partners) the modeled incidences of HSV-2 are 77% higher for men and 50% higher for women than with a female dominant model (which assumes accurate female reports). Although highly stylized, our simple incidence model sheds light on the inconsistent results one can obtain with misreported data on sexual activity and age preferences.     

An evaluation of the sexual dimorphism of the human innominate bone

The author analyses the sexual dimorphism of the innominate bone of Homo sapiens by seven measurements of angles and 15 measurements of distances. It appears that the dimorphism is very significant for the ischium, less for the ilium and is not significant for the pubis. The results are discussed and compared with data found in the literature.     

Rhomboid fossa in the clavicles of North Indians

The incidence and size of the rhomboid fossa were studied in paired clavicles of North Indians obtained from 20 neonates, 60 children, and 789 adult bodies of known age and sex on which postmortem examinations had been performed by the senior author (except in cases of neonates). The fossa was absent in the newborns but was present bilaterally in 44% of male and 54% of female children below 18 years of age and in 16.5% of male and 20.8% of female children unilaterally. Statistically the sexual differences were not significant (P greater than 0.05). In the adults, the incidence of bilateral fossa was 58.70% in males and 54.14% in females and a unilateral fossa was seen in 13.29% of males and 16.56% of females, but the sexual difference in both cases was insignificant (P greater than 0.05). However, in unilateral cases, the incidence of the fossa was greater on the right than on the left side in both male (P less than 0.001) and female (P less than 0.001) bones. Although racial differences cannot be ruled out, no sexual or side differences in the incidence of the fossa could be found. Factors responsible for creating a deep fossa unilaterally are not understood.     

Sexually antagonistic coevolution in insects is associated with only limited morphological diversity

Morphological traits involved in male-female sexual interactions, such as male genitalia, often show rapid divergent evolution. This widespread evolutionary pattern could result from sustained sexually antagonistic coevolution, or from other types of selection such as female choice or selection for species isolation. I reviewed the extensive but under-utilized taxonomic literature on a selected subset of insects, in which male-female conflict has apparently resulted in antagonistic coevolution in males and females. I checked the sexual morphology of groups comprising 500-1000 species in six orders for three evolutionary trends predicted by the sexually antagonistic coevolution hypothesis: males with species-specific differences and elaborate morphology in structures that grasp or perforate females in sexual contexts; corresponding female structures with apparently coevolved species-specific morphology; and potentially defensive designs of female morphology. The expectation was that the predictions were especially likely to be fulfilled in these groups. A largely qualitative overview revealed several surprising patterns: sexually antagonistic coevolution is associated with frequent, relatively weak species-specific differences in males, but male designs are usually relatively simple and conservative (in contrast to the diverse and elaborate designs common in male structures specialized to contact and hold females in other species, and also in weapons such as horns and pincers used in intra-specific battles); coevolutionary divergence of females is not common; and defensive female divergence is very uncommon. No cases were found of female defensive devices that can be facultatively deployed. Coevolutionary morphological races may have occurred between males and females of some bugs with traumatic insemination, but apparently as a result of female attempts to control fertilization, rather than to reduce the physical damage and infections resulting from insertion of the male's hypodermic genitalia. In sum, the sexually antagonistic coevolution that probably occurs in these groups has generally not resulted in rapid, sustained evolutionary divergence in male and female external sexual morphology. Several limitations of this study, and directions for further analyses are discussed.     

Multivariate stabilizing sexual selection and the evolution of male and female genital morphology in the red flour beetle*

Male genitals are highly divergent in animals with internal fertilization. Most studies attempting to explain this diversity have focused on testing the major hypotheses of genital evolution (the lock-and-key, pleiotropy, and sexual selection hypotheses), and quantifying the form of selection targeting male genitals has played an important role in this endeavor. However, we currently know far less about selection targeting female genitals or how male and female genitals interact during mating. Here, we use formal selection analysis to show that genital size and shape is subject to strong multivariate stabilizing sexual selection in both sexes of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Moreover, we show significant sexual selection on the covariance between the sexes for specific aspects of genital shape suggesting that male and female genitalia also interact to determine the successful transfer of a spermatophore during mating. Our work therefore highlights the important role that both male and female genital morphologies play in determining mating success and that these effects can occur independently, as well as through their interaction. Moreover, it cautions against the overly simplistic view that the sexual selection targeting genital morphology will always be directional in form and restricted primarily to males.     

Experimental evolution reveals divergence in female genital teeth morphology in response to sexual conflict intensity in a moth

The rapid evolutionary divergence of male genital structures under sexual selection is well documented. However, variation in female genital traits and the potential for sexual conflict to drive the coevolution between male and female traits has only recently received attention. In many lepidopterans, females possess genital teeth (collectively, signa). Comparative studies suggest these teeth, involved in the deflation of spermatophores, may have coevolved with male spermatophore thickness via sexually antagonistic coevolution in a contest over the rate of deflation of spermatophores within the reproductive tract. We tested the hypothesis that sexual conflict should generate coevolution between genital teeth and spermatophore morphology by examining these traits under experimental manipulation of sexual conflict intensity. Using micro‐CT scanning, we examined spermatophore and teeth morphology in populations of the Indian moth, Plodia interpunctella, which had been evolving for 110 generations under different adult sex‐ratio biases. We found divergence in female signa morphology in response to sexual conflict: females from female‐biased populations (reduced sexual conflict) developed wider signa. However, we found no evidence of coevolution between signa traits and spermatophore thickness as reported from comparative studies.     

Heterochrony and growth rate variation mediate the development of divergent genital morphologies in closely related Ohomopterus ground beetles

The rapid divergence of genital morphology is well studied in the context of sexual selection and speciation; however, little is known about the developmental mechanisms underlying divergence in genitalia. Ground beetles in the subgenus Ohomopterus genus Carabus have species‐specific genitalia that show coevolutionary divergence between the sexes. In this study, using X‐ray microcomputed tomography, we examined the morphogenesis of male and female genitalia in two closely related Ohomopterus species with divergent genital morphologies. The morphogenetic processes generating the male and female genitalia at the pupal stage were qualitatively similar in the two species. The male aedeagus and internal sac and female bursa copulatrix were partially formed at pupation and developed gradually thereafter. The species‐specific genital parts, male copulatory piece, and female vaginal appendix differed in the timing and rate of development. The relatively long copulatory piece of Carabus maiyasanus began to develop earlier, but subsequent rates of growth were similar in the two species. The timing of the formation of the vaginal appendix and initial growth rates were similar, but subsequent rapid growth led to a longer vaginal appendix in C. maiyasanus. Thus, substantial interspecific differences in the size of genital parts were mediated by different underlying developmental mechanisms between the sexes (i.e., a shift in the developmental schedule in males and a change in growth rate in females). These results revealed the spatio–temporal dynamics of species‐specific genital structure development, providing a novel platform for evo–devo studies of the diversification of genital morphologies.     

Selection on an antagonistic behavioral trait can drive rapid genital coevolution in the burying beetle,Nicrophorus vespilloides

Male and female genital morphology varies widely across many taxa, and even among populations. Disentangling potential sources of selection on genital morphology is problematic because each sex is predicted to respond to adaptations in the other due to reproductive conflicts of interest. To test how variation in this sexual conflict trait relates to variation in genital morphology we used our previously developed artificial selection lines for high and low repeated mating rates. We selected for high and low repeated mating rates using monogamous pairings to eliminate contemporaneous female choice and male–male competition. Male and female genital shape responded rapidly to selection on repeated mating rate. High and low mating rate lines diverged from control lines after only 10 generations of selection. We also detected significant patterns of male and female genital shape coevolution among selection regimes. We argue that because our selection lines differ in sexual conflict, these results support the hypothesis that sexually antagonistic coevolution can drive the rapid divergence of genital morphology. The greatest divergence in morphology corresponded with lines in which the resolution of sexual conflict over mating rate was biased in favor of male interests.