Cytogenetics of ditelotetrasomics for short arms of four chromosomes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Summary Plants with a pair of extra homologous telocentric chromosomes in addition to the normal chromosome complement are called ditelotetrasomics. Six types of ditelotetrasomics of barley have been obtained. Four types obtained in the selfed progenies of telotrisomics (Triplo 2S, Triplo 5S, Triplo 6S, and Triplo 7S) are reported in this paper. The ditelotetra 2S showed a stronger expression of the diagnostic characteristics of Triplo 2S. It was weak and small, with narrow, short, dark-green leaves, and was almost completely pollen and seed sterile. However, three other ditelotetrasomics (ditelotetra 5S, 6S, and 7S) did not show specific diagnostic characteristics and were similar to normal diploid plants, with the exception of ditelotetrasomic 5S, which showed some effects. At meiotic diakinesis and metaphase I, these ditelotetrasomic plants showed chromosome configurations of 6_II+1_IV, 7_II+1 telo_II, 6_II+1_III+1telo_I, or 7_II+2 telo_I. Most of the sporocytes at anaphase and telophase in the first and second meiotic divisions showed almost normal chromosome behavior. Quartets were mostly normal with no micronuclei. Approximately 30% of the selfed progenies of these three ditelotetrasomics were ditelotetrasomics and almost 50% were telotrisomics, indicating a high percentage of male and female transmission of the extra telocentric chromosomes.     

Cytogenetics of a new type of barley with 16 chromosomes

In the progeny of a trisomic type for chromosome 6, Purple, a 16-chromosome type was obtained, which had a pair of new metacentric chromosome 6 in excess. The new metacentric chromosome 6 was shorter than any of the 14 chromosomes of normal barley complement and showed a heteropycnotic nature at late prophase in somatic mitosis. At metaphase I in the plants with 14+one metacentric chromosome 6 (2n=15) the chromosome configuration was exclusively 7_II+1_I indicating that the extra metacentric chromosome 6 could not associate with the normal chromosome 6. At diakinesis and metaphase I in the new 16-chromosome plants most of the sporocytes showed 8_IIor 7_II+2_I. Neither tetravalents nor trivalents were observed at meiosis. The chromosome behaviour at anaphase I and later stages of meiosis was regular in general, resulted in a fairly high pollen fertility of about 61 per cent. Seed fertility however, was very low. The transmission rate of the new metacentric chromosome 6 through the pollen was extremely low in 16-chromosome plants. Possible origin of new basic number and B-chromosome in diploid level through trisomic condition was suggested (Summary see p. 138).Contribution No. 141 of the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba.     

TRISOMICS IN SOLANUM CHACOENSE: FERTILITY AND CYTOLOGY

Twenty trisomic plants found in the progeny 3x x 2x crosses in Solatium chacoense and their F₁ trisomies obtained by 2x + 1 X 2x crosses were studied with respect to their fertility and cytology. The female transmission of the extra chromosome in the trisomics varied from 2 to 60 %. The transmission frequencies of F₁ trisomies were similar to their parent trisomies in most of the lines. The transmission through the pollen ranged from 0 to 20 %. Female and male fertility of the parent trisomies was high. They produced an average of 37 seeds per pollination as the female or as the male parent. The F₁ trisomies produced about half the seed set of their parent trisomies. The extra chromosomes of six trisomies were identified by pachytene analysis. They were isochromosomes for the long arms of chromosomes I, IV and IX and the short arms of IV, IX and XII. Chromosome morphology of the extra chromosomes in pachytene stage was described. A chromosome association of 12 II + 1 I was found in 66 % of the cells at MI. About 29 % of the cells had one trivalent and 5 % had three or five univalents. The frequency of trivalent formation was not affected by the length of the extra chromosome. The possibility of univalent shift in secondary trisomies was discussed.     

Tissue culture in Haworthia

Summary Plants regenerated on two different media (NK and I) from the calluses of simple or cloned subcultures, which were originated from a single stock callus of Haworthia setata derived from its flower bud, were observed for eight characters, i.e., somatic chromosome number in root tips, growth vigor, leaf shape, leaf color, number of stomata per unit leaf area, esterase zymogram, chromosome association at meiotic metaphase I in pollen mother cells, and pollen fertility. From these regenerates plants with different characters from those of the parental plant were obtained. With regards to chromosomal aberrations, tetraploids, aneuploids, plants with a part of the chromosome segment deleted, with reciprocal and non-reciprocal translocations, or with paracentric inversions and those showing sub-chromatid aberrations at meiosis were obtained. The NK medium tended to regenerate more tetraploids and less plants carrying translocation than the I medium.Chromosome variabilities in somatic cells of the regenerates correlated with those of the calluses, from which they regenerated, while they did not correlate with either the meiotic irregularities (chromosome association at MI) or pollen fertility of the regenerates. From these facts, it was concluded that a rather large number of callus cells participate in the regeneration of an individual plant, although, however, only a few limited types of the cells form its germ line.Polyploidy affected growth vigor, leaf shape, stomata number and chromosome association at MI, but its effects were not detected on other characters. Chromosomal aberrations at the diploid level produced no clear changes in the regenerate's phenotype except in meiotic chromosome configuration and pollen fertility.Most chromosomal variants obtained in the present study are already reported in plants collected from wild populations, but plants with the deletion of a whole chromosome (karyotype 7L+6S) or chromosome segment (7L+1M+6S and 14L+2M+12S) have never been reported: this fact suggests that tissue culture is a powerful tool for producing plants with novel karyotypes.Contribution from the Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan, No. 436     

Cytological studies of triploids and their progeny from male-sterile (ms1) soybean

Summary Triploids (2n=3X=60) were obtained from genetic male-sterile (ms1 ms1) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants. Meiosis, pollen fertility, and chromosome number of their progeny were studied. Studies of meiosis in fertile and sterile triploids revealed no distinguishable differences in chromosome associations. Male-sterile plants formed coenocytic microspores characteristic of the ms1 mutant. Restitution of some dyad and tetrad nuclei were observed in male-sterile plants. Chromosomes of the triploids tended to occur in trivalents during diakinesis and metaphase I (MI), but multivalents, bivalents, and univalents also were observed. Average types and frequencies of chromosome associations per cell in diakinesis and MI from 542 pollen mother cells were 0.004 IX + 0.06 VI + 0.002 V + 0.005 IV + 16.99 III + 1.79 II + 5.03 I. Some secondary associations, nonhomologous pairing, and aberrant nucleolar distributions occasionally were observed. Such behavior support the hypothesis of duplicated genomes and the polyploid origin of soybean. Pollen fertility in male-fertile triploid plants (Ms1 ms1 ms1) varied from 57% to 82%, with an average of about 71%. Chromosome numbers of progenies obtained from these fertile triploids varied from 2n=40 to 2n=71, and exhibited a near-random distribution, with the majority (about 60%) being between 56 and 65. Progenies of the fertile triploids gave segregation ratios for the ms1 allele, which confirmed the Ms1 ms1 ms1 genotype.Joint contribution: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Journal Paper No. J-11672 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA 50011, USA, Project 2471     

The inheritance and expression of sterility in hybrids of dihaploid and cultivated diploid potatoes

When dihaploids of EuropeanSolanum tuberosum are used as female parents in crosses with South American cultivated diploid potatoes (Group Phureja/Stenotomum), various kinds and degrees of male sterility are found in the offspring. The effect of using different dihaploid and cultivated diploid parents on shrivelled microspore sterility of F₁ hybrid progenies was studied. Variation in the character was continuous and statistical analyses showed high general combining ability for dihaploid parents but not for cultivated diploids. A significant but non-linear relationship was found between percent of stainable pollen and seed set in crosses with female tester parents, provided that some degree of functional male fertility was present. F₁ clones with pollen of normal appearance but with no functional fertility probably represent a hitherto unclassified cytoplasmic male sterility. The results are discussed from the point of view of methods to be adopted in improving potatoes at the diploid level.     

A comparative cytogenetic study of the rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) autotetraploid restorers and hybrids

We studied pollen fertility, seed set and cytogenetic characteristics of restorer lines and F1 hybrids of autotetraploid rice. T4002, T4063, T461A × T4002 and T461A × T4063 showed significantly higher pollen fertility and seed set than T4132 and T461A × T4132. Meiotic pairing configurations of T4002, T4063, T4132, T461A × T4002, T461A × T4063 and T461A × T4132 were 0.05 I + 19.96 II (9.89 rod + 10.07 ring) + 0.01 III + 2.00 IV, 0.11 I + 19.17 II (8.90 rod + 10.37 ring) + 0.09 III + 2.26 IV + 0.01 VI, 1.34 I + 9.46 II (4.50 rod + 4.96 ring) + 0.80 III + 6.02 IV + 0.09 VI + 0.09 VIII, 0.02 I + 14.36 II (6.44 rod + 7.91 ring) + 0.01 III + 4.80 IV + 0.01 VIII, 0.06 I + 17.67 II (11.01 rod + 6.67 ring) + 0.06 III + 3.10 IV + 0.01 VI and 1.11 I + 11.31 II (5.80 rod + 5.51 ring) + 0.41 III + 5.63 IV + 0.03 VI + 0.03 VIII, respectively. Configuration 16 II + 4 IV and 12 II + 6 IV occurred in the highest frequency among the autotetraploid restorers and hybrids. Meiotic chromosome behaviors were less abnormal in the tetraploids with high seed set than those with low seed set. The hybrids had fewer frequencies of bivalents, univalents, trivalents and multivalents than the restorers, but higher frequency of quatrivalents than the restorers at MI. The frequency of univalents at MI had the most impact on pollen fertility and seed set, i.e., pollen fertility decreased with the increase of univalents. The secondary impact factors were trivalents and multivalents, and bivalents and quatrivalents had no effect on pollen fertility and seed set. The correlative relationship between pollen fertility and cytogenetic behaviors could be utilized to improve seed set in autotetraploidy breeding.     

加拿大披碱草和圆柱披碱草BC1植株的细胞遗传学鉴定

以加拿大披碱草(2n=4x=28)和圆柱披碱草(2n=6x=42)为材料,对其BC1植株染色体数目、配对构型以及花粉育性和结实性等进行了鉴定。结果显示:BC1代85%以上细胞染色体数目为28条(2n=4x=28);BC1植株的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为较规则,其平均染色体构型分别为0.04Ⅰ 13.98Ⅱ,且环状二价体多于棒状二价体;BC1植株的花粉可育率和自然结实率分别为84.83%和70.98%,说明BC1植株的育性已得到恢复,为其后代优良株系的选育奠定了基础。     

Cytogenetic studies on two F1 hybrids of autotetraploid rice varieties showing extremely high level of heterosis

Mechanisms of two F1 hybrids (D46A × DTP-4 and D46A × Dminghui63) of autotetraploid rice (2n = 4x = 48) showing extremely high pollen fertility 87.40% and 85.97%, respectively, seed set 82.00% and 79.00%, respectively and extremely high level of heterosis were analyzed cytologically. The chromosome pairing of D46A × DTP-4 and D46A × Dminghui63 was normal at metaphase I(MI), and had almost no I or III, with an average of 0.020I +14.36 II 6.44rod+7.91ring) +0.01III + 4.80 IV + 0.01VIII and 0.06 I + 17.67 II (11.01rod + 6.67ring)] + 0.06 III +3.10IV+0.01VI, respectively. The most frequent chromosome configurations were 10II+7IV and 12II+bIV. The bivalent frequency was less frequent in hybrids than that in restoring parents, and the same results were gained from univalents, trivalent and multivalents. However, the quadrivalent frequency was significantly higher in hybrids than that in restoring parents at MI. The other meiotic phases progressed normally, except for low percentages of PMCs with lagging chromosomes at AI and low percentages of PMCs with micronuclei at telophaseI (TI) and telophaseII (TII). PMCs with lagging chromosomes at AI and PMCs with micronuclei at TI and TII showed negative correlation between pollen fertility and seed set. Above 90% of the PMCs could form normal microspores, which resulted in the production of viable pollen grains, abnormal microspores were observed including penta-fission and hexa-fission. Based on these results we suggest that the two F1 hybrids had better behaviors of chromosome pairing and genetic stability than autotetraploid rice and other autotetraploid plants ever studied.     

Secondary Trisomics and Telotrisomics of Rice: Origin, Characterization, and Use in Determining the Orientation of Chromosome Map

Secondary trisomics and telotrisomics representing the 12 chromosomes of rice were isolated from the progenies of primary trisomics. A large population of each primary trisomic was grown. Plants showing variation in gross morphology compared to the primary trisomics and disomic sibs were selected and analyzed cytologically at diakinesis and pachytene. Secondary trisomics for both arms of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 7 and 11 and for one arm of chromosomes 4, 5, 8, 9 and 12 were identified. Telotrisomics for short arm of chromosomes 1, 8, 9 and 10 and for long arms of chromosomes 2, 3 and 5 were isolated. These secondary and telotrisomics were characterized morphologically and for breeding behavior. Secondary trisomics 2n + 1S.1S, 2n + 1L.1L, 2n + 2S.2S, 2n + 2L.2L, 2n + 6S.6S, 2n + 6L.6L and 2n + 7L.7L are highly sterile, and 2n + 1L.1L, 2n + 2L.2L and 2n + 7L.7L do not set any seed even upon backcrossing. Telotrisomics are fertile and vigorous. Genetic segregation of 43 marker genes was studied in the F(2) or backcross progenies. On the basis of segregation data, these genes were delimited to specific chromosome arms. Correct orientation of 10 linkage groups was determined and centromere positions on nine linkage groups were approximated. A revised linkage map of rice is presented.     

A CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN POLYPLOIDS IN GRINDELIA (COMPOSITAE)

Two diploid taxa, Grindelia procera and G. camporum, and 3 tetraploid ones, G. camporum, G. hirsutula, and G. stricta, have been studied to ascertain their interrelationships. Meiosis in diploid parental strains was regular, the common chromosome configuration being 5 rod bivalents and 1 ring bivalent. The average chiasmata frequency per chromosome was 0.60. Pollen fertility was about 90% in all strains examined. Diploid interspecific hybrids had normal meiosis with an average chiasmata frequency of 0.56 per chromosome. No heterozygosity for inversions or interchanges was detected, and pollen fertility was above 85%. Meiosis in parental tetraploid strains was characterized by the presence of quadrivalents in addition to a complementary number of bivalents. The average chiasmata frequency per chromosome was 0.59 and pollen fertility was generally about 80%. Tetraploid interspecific hybrids also had quadrivalents, normal meiosis, and high pollen fertility. Close genetic relationships between the diploids and between the tetraploids are indicated, and geographical, ecological, and seasonal barriers to gene exchange exist. Attempts to obtain hybrids between diploids and tetraploids were successful in a few cases. The hybrids were tetraploid and had normal meiosis and fertility similar to parental and F₁ tetraploids. Their origin was by the union of unreduced gametes of the diploid female parent and normal pollen from the tetraploid parent. On the basis of chromosome homology, normal meiosis, plus high fertility exhibited in the diploid, tetraploid, and diploid X tetraploid interspecific hybrids, these species of Grindelia are considered to be a part of an autopolyploid complex. Gene exchange between diploids and diploids, tetraploids and tetraploids, and diploids and tetraploids is possible. Tetraploid G. camporum may have originated by hybridization between G. procera and diploid G. camporum with subsequent doubling of chromosomes and selection for the combined characteristics of the diploids.     

Chromosome association and fertility in tetraploid ryegrass

In colchicine treated diploid ryegrass,Lolium perenne L. (2n=14), in addition to normal diploids, tetraploids and mixoploids, cytologically aberrant plants were observed. The latter included one aneuploid (2n=25), four translocation heterozygotes (diploid and mixoploid), and one mixoploid desynaptic plant which was a chimera of normal and desynaptic tissues as shown by successive clonal propagations. The normal diploids had chromosome association of 7 II, with an average chiasmata frequency of 12 per pollen mother cell and had 85.6 per cent pollen fertility. The tetraploids showed a mean chromosome association of 0.88 I, 4.83 II, 0.29 III and 3.91 IV, with an average chiasmata frequency of 25 per microsporocyte, and had 83.8 per cent fertile pollen. In the tetraploids, pollen fertility was negatively correlated with quadrivalent frequency and positively so with bivalent and trivalent frequencies, there being no significant correlation with univalent frequency. Among the most frequent types of quadrivalents, only the alternate chain quadrivalent frequency was positively correlated (r=+.9297) with the plllen fertility. On this basis, an increased pollen fertility in the succeeding generations of tetraploids could result from a decrease in the frequency of quadrivalent types other than the alternate chains.     

POLDISP: a software package for indirect estimation of contemporary pollen dispersal

poldisp 1.0 is a free software package to estimate the distribution of pollen dispersal distances from mother–offspring diploid genotypic data. It requires the spatial coordinates and genotypes of a sample of seed plants and their respective maternal progenies, providing estimates of the average, variance and kurtosis of the pollen dispersal curve. poldisp also estimates the effective reproductive density of pollen donors and the correlation of paternity within and among maternal sibships. poldisp is useful for characterizing the spatial scale of pollen dispersal, for assessing the variation in male fertility and for investigating biological factors affecting correlated paternity in plants.     

Occurrence of unreduced pollen in diploid blueberry species,Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus

Summary A total of 1475 individuals belonging to 43 natural populations of seven diploid (2x) blueberry species (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus) and two natural interspecific 2x hybrid populations were evaluated for unreduced pollen production. Significant differences were found in the frequency of unreduced pollen producers between species and within and between populations of the same species. Individuals with 1% or more unreduced pollen were considered unreduced pollen producers. The average frequency of unreduced pollen producers in these diploid species was 13.5%, ranging from 7.4% (V. corymbosum) to 18.4% (V. darrowii). The frequency of unreduced pollen grains in individual clones varied from <-1% to 28.6%. The production of unreduced pollen was not associated with male fertility. The widespread occurrence of unreduced pollen in the diploid species should allow the introgression of this germ plasm to the tetraploid level via unilateral sexual polyploidization.New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Publication No. D-12163-18-91, supported by State and U.S. Federal funds, USDA-ARS Specific Cooperative Agreement No. 58-3615-9-068     

Trisomics of ryegrass and their transmission

Summary Primary trisomics of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., were studied for meiotic behaviour, fertility, morphology and trisome transmission. Trisomics differed from each other in mean meiotic association, pollen fertility, seed set and morphology. The combined cytomorphological data suggested that the investigated trisomic plants included trisomes 2 to 7. No pollen transmission of trisomes was detected. Female transmission of trisomes ranged from 12% for tri 3 to 37% for tri 4 with a mean of 24% for the six trisomes. Trisome transmission was not related to either chromosome size or trivalent/univalent frequency, although the larger trisomes formed trivalents more frequently than the smaller trisomes.Part of M.Sc.Agr. Thesis, submitted by senior author to the National University of Ireland, Dublin     

鹅观草属——人工合成双二倍体(2n=10x=70)的细胞学及育性的研究

本文对缘毛鹅观草(Roegneria pendulina)、鹅观草(R.tsukushiensis var.transiens)及其人工合成杂种F_1、双二倍体进行了细胞学,育性等的分析和研究。结果表明双亲的减数分裂,花粉育性和结实性均正常,杂种F_1的减数分裂不规则且完全不育;当代双二倍体的染色体数目为70,其减数分裂构型为:6.04 Ⅰ+26.21 Ⅱ+1.52 Ⅲ+1.59 Ⅳ+0.02 Ⅴ:第二代双二倍体的染色体数目为70,个别植株为69,减数分裂构型分别为:4.16 Ⅰ+27.33 Ⅱ+0.50 Ⅲ+2.16 Ⅳ和4.79 Ⅰ26.26 Ⅱ+1.13 Ⅲ+2.13 Ⅳ。与期望染色体配对模式相比,双二倍体中二价体出现的频率有明显增大的趋势。在减数分裂AⅠ和AⅡ分别观察到数目不定的落后单价体,大部份的四分体中出现了微核。双二倍体的育性得到了很大程度的恢复,其花粉可染色性及结实率分别为54.4％和64.0％。     

The genetics of self-incompatibility inLeavenworthia crassa rollins (Cruciferae)

Six plants of a self-incompatible population ofLeavenworthia çrassa were grown from seed collected in nature and cross-pollinated in all combinations. The incompatibility relationships between sibs were determined in eleven of the F₁ families. A one-locus sporophytic incompatibility system was established. None of the parents was homozygous at the S locus. At least five, and possibly all six, of the parents did not share an S allele. Only one pair of alleles was shown to have different interactions in the pollen and stigmata. The identity and expression of the S alleles were determined in six families. Eight pairs of alleles were independently expressed in both the pollen grains and the stigmata. Sixteen pairs of alleles showed dominance of one allele over the other in the pollen grains or the stigmata or both.F₁ plants of two crosses between different self-incompatible races were self-incompatible. F₁ plants of six crosses between self-incompatible and self-compatible races were self-incompatible; in five of the families, the frequency of pseudo-compatibility was higher than in the self-incompatible parent. Self-incompatible hybrids from a cross between a self-incompatible and a self-compatible population provide a method for rapidly determining allelic interactions in plants with a sporophytic incompatibility system.The research was carried out at the Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.     

Ploidy dimorphism and reproductive biology in Stenodrepanum bergii (Leguminosae), a rare South American endemism

This is the first report on chromosome numbers and the reproductive behaviour in Stenodrepanum Harms, a rare endemic and monotypic legume genus from the arid and salty areas of central-western Argentina. Sixty individuals belonging to two populations from two salty areas ("salinas") were surveyed and included mostly triploid (2n = 3x = 36) and only two diploid (2n = 2x = 24) plants. Meiosis in diploids is regular, with bivalent pairing and uniform and viable pollen. In contrast, meiosis in triploids is characterized by high trivalent pairing, with irregularly shaped pollen and variation in cytoplasm content and stainability, which is in agreement with an unbalanced segregation occurring in anaphases I and II. However, different triploid plants/individuals showed various degrees of pollen fertility, which may be attributed to particular genotypes. Research on reproductive biology events indicates sexual cross-pollinated reproduction enhanced by protogyny in both cytotypes. All plants produced seeds, but seedlings were only recovered from diploid plants pollinated with triploids, and even those eventually perished. Chromosome counts in these seedlings revealed aneuploid chromosome numbers owing to the combination of unbalanced gametes.     

Occurrence of aneuploid progenies from an asynaptic amphidiploid ofScilla scilloides (lindley) druce II. Mechanism of production of the various aneuploid progenies

The mechanism of production of the various aneuploid progenies was clarified in the asynaptic amphidiploid plants (2n=34+4f+2F, AABB) ofScilla scilloides. Its asynaptic nature and chromosomal stickiness lead to the unequal segregation at anaphase I (AI) in PMC's. The observed values in 18 segregation patterns, 17:17 to 0: 34, were different from the expected values estimated from random segregation of chromosomes. Nevertheless, the preferential transmission of special chromosomes among genomes A (x=8=a₁−a₈) and B (x=9=b₁−b₉) had not occurred. As the result of unequal segregation, the pollen grains with various chromosome numbers were observed. Almost all of the 200 pollen grains contained chromosome numbers more than 17 (range 8 to 34). The observed values of each chromosome number were roughly similar to the expected values of containing the complete set of genome A or B in the random distribution without preferential segregation of chromosomes at AI. The difference between the index of polien mitosis and the pollen fertility was significant in the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test and suggested the selection for some genomically unbalanced pollen grains during maturation. Consequently, viable pollen grains with various chromosome constitutions are a few (mean pollen fertility of 5.8%) but might produce many aneuploids by self- and cross-pollination.     

广东高州普通野生稻生殖特性的研究Ⅰ.结实率、花粉育性及其发育特点

对采自6个采样点141个编号的高州普通野生稻的结实率、花粉育性及其发育特点进行研究。结果发现,高州野生稻的结实率平均为57．23％,普遍偏低;花粉育性平均为89．3％。育性在50％以上的编号134个,占95．04％;7个编号出现不同程度的败育现象,败育类型以典败为主。其中育性最低的是GZW122,育性仅为8％;17个编号（占12,06％）的裂药性存在严重的异常现象。相关分析表明,花粉育性和裂药性与结实率存在极显著相关。不同采样点问存在一定差异,其中位于祥山镇祥山村祥山洞的编号结实率、花粉育性和裂药指数都较低,变异系数却较大,显示出较丰富的多样性。利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜术研究发现,高州普通野生稻花粉发育过程与栽培稻一致,同样经历了8个时期,即小孢子母细胞形成期、小袍子母细胞减数分裂期、小孢子早期、小孢子中期、小孢子晚期、二孢花粉期和成熟花粉期。