昆虫复眼的仿生学应用

昆虫复眼结构独特、功能优异,是重要的仿生对象。仿生学家模拟复眼特性研发了人造同位复眼照相机;模拟蜻蜓复眼结构研制了相控阵雷达;从蚂蚁、蜜蜂和其他昆虫的复眼结构中得到启示,研制了偏振光导航仪;根据甲虫的视动反应机制研制出空对地速度计。科学家还对昆虫复眼的信息加工原理进行研究,研制出寻的末制导装置;法国科学家研制出仿复眼视觉导航装置及昆虫化机器人。     

北京萤火虫复眼的显微结构及其光学特性

北京萤火虫(Pyrococelia pekinensis)是一种夜行性昆虫,具有一对半球形的复眼。本文叙述了我们研究北京萤火虫复眼的结构特点,测量了屈光器的折射率,观察了在复眼不同水平的成像特点,比较了影响屈光器成像的因素,并由此得出该复眼可能是一种具有晶丝光导的联立型复眼。     

三只复眼的昆虫

<正> 昆虫畸型怪胎,过去有过一些报道,如触角、上颚、足或翅的异常情况。但总的说来,发现很少。 本文报道新发现的一头具有三只复眼的昆虫,作为“昆虫小品”,以飨读者,增加一点《昆虫知识》的趣味性。 1981年6月30日在杭州浙江农业大学植保系大门口玻璃窗上获得一头日本黑瘤姬蜂Coccygomimusnipponicus(Uchida)雄蜂(浙江农业大学寄生峰标本室编号814689)。在鉴定时发现此峰头部有三只奇怪的复眼(见图),即在左复眼之上方生有另一只小形复眼,眼面小眼与正常复眼一样,而原来左复眼长和宽都比正常的复眼为小,且复眼内缘在触角窝附近平直,一点不凹入。右复眼之大小形状正常。此外,由于左侧多生了一个复眼,占据了部分头顶空间,左面的侧单眼亦向前移位而靠近中单眼。     

昆虫复眼形态结构及感光机制研究进展

复眼是昆虫的主要视觉器官,昆虫复眼形态、结构的研究是理解昆虫感光的基础。本文从昆虫复眼的外部形态、内部微观结构和功能以及对光的感受机制作一简要综述,且对今后昆虫复眼的研究方向进行了展望。     

一种快速鉴别烟粉虱与温室白粉虱成虫的方法——复眼镜检法

介绍能够快速鉴别2种形态相似的重要农业害虫即烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)成虫的方法——复眼镜检法及其应用。复眼镜检法研究表明,烟粉虱成虫上部复眼、下部复眼之间有一个小眼连接,而温室白粉虱成虫上部复眼、下部复眼是完全分离的。     

萤光虫复眼光学模型重叠成象的研究与模拟

以北京萤光虫复眼结构与生理参数为依据,基于已知的梯度折射率透镜特征,对复眼的整个光学系统进行模型化,模型的尺寸与折射率分布依据实际晶锥的测量值,通过对模型复眼的光线追迹,证明北京萤光虫复眼是一个折射重叠型复眼,重叠孔径以内入射的平行光线在视网膜水平形成一半宽度为一定值的模糊圈,利用计算机光线追迹模拟了复眼的重叠成象过程,随着象平面与晶锥近端距离的增加,信号光线的数目也逐渐增加,信噪比逐渐提高,在视     

萤火虫复眼光学模型重叠成象的研究与模拟

以北京萤火虫复眼结构与生理参数为依据,基于已知的梯度折射率透镜特征,对复眼的整个光学系统进行模型化.模型的尺寸与折射率分布依据实际晶锥的测量值.通过对模型复眼的光线追迹,证明北京萤火虫复眼是一个折射重叠型复眼.重叠孔径以内入射的平行光线在视网膜水平形成一半宽度为一定值的模糊圈.利用计算机光线追迹模拟了复眼的重叠成象过程,随着象平面与晶锥近端距离的增加,信号光线的数目也逐渐增加,信噪比逐渐提高,在视网膜水平达到最大值.     

神经重叠复眼感杆光导的模式与性特化光感受器

采用反向照明的角膜中和方法,光镜下观察了活体家蝇和华虻神经重叠复眼感杆光导的模式.结果表明:其模式不仅与复眼的适应状态有关,而且与复眼的性特化区以及它的性别有关,这一结果用电镜方法得到证实.本文讨论了Boschek和Franceschini等不同研究结果和神经重叠复眼两个亚视觉系统的概念.     

家蚕复眼突变系光泽眼（lu）和光泽小眼（ve）的复眼形态观察

家蚕Bombyx mori复眼突变系光泽眼(lustrous, lu）及光泽小眼(varnished eye, ve）都是由单基因控制的隐性突变, 目前为止, 其突变基因及突变机理还未知。为了了解其复眼突变性状内外部形态结构差异, 本研究以家蚕正常品系大造Dazao （Dz）为对照, 利用光学显微镜及扫描电镜对家蚕Dz, lu和ve的成虫复眼和幼虫单眼表面进行观察, 并利用石蜡切片HE染色技术对3个品系复眼内部结构进行观察。结果表明： 突变体lu和ve的复眼表面形态除了典型的富有光泽外, 复眼形状、 大小和小眼形态、 排列及数量上都与正常型明显不同。突变体lu和ve的角膜、 晶锥、 感杆束及色素细胞均发生了异常。lu和ve不仅是复眼表面形态发生了变化, 其内部结构也发生了很大的变化。本研究为lu和ve突变基因的克隆及突变机理的阐明提供了参考信息。     

大双角蝎蛉幼虫复眼超微结构及其在全变态类幼虫侧单眼演化中的意义

【目的】长翅目(Mecoptera)是全变态类昆虫中唯一在幼虫期具有复眼而无侧单眼的类群,是研究昆虫复眼与侧单眼之间演化关系的理想材料。本研究旨在阐明长翅目幼虫复眼的结构特征,为探讨长翅目幼虫复眼与其他全变态类幼虫侧单眼之间的进化关系提供依据。【方法】本研究运用光学显微镜、扫描和透射电子显微镜技术观察了蝎蛉科(Panorpidae)大双角蝎蛉Dicerapanorpa magna(Chou)幼虫复眼的超微结构,并依据其结构特征对长翅目幼虫复眼在全变态类幼虫侧单眼演化中的意义进行了探讨。【结果】结果表明,大双角蝎蛉幼虫复眼属于并列像眼,由50多个小眼组成。小眼由1个角膜、1个晶体、8个视网膜细胞、2个初级色素细胞和数个次级色素细胞等组成。视网膜细胞分为4个远端细胞和4个近端细胞。远端视网膜细胞的视小杆向上延伸包裹着晶体的基部,使视杆末端呈漏斗状。【结论】分层的视网膜细胞和漏斗状的视杆很可能是长翅目幼虫复眼的共有祖征。这两个特征不存在于长翅目成虫复眼中,但存在于许多渐变态类昆虫中。由此推测,长翅目幼虫复眼可能与渐变态类昆虫的复眼存在同源关系。我们认为,长翅目幼虫独有的复眼很可能是全变态类昆虫的祖征,其他全变态类幼虫的侧单眼可能是由复眼演化来的。     

北京萤火虫复眼的光学成像*

本文利用光学成像方法,研究了不同适应状态下的北京萤火虫phrococelia Pekininsis复眼所成的光学重叠像以及复眼的视场角。不同适应状态的晶体柱都能在距离复眼表面300-350μm之处形成光学重叠像。经过暗适应的晶体柱可以对不同物距的目标形成清晰的正重叠像,像的大小随物距的增大而减小;经明适应的晶体柱,成像物距范围变小,重叠像的像面亮度降低;经过漂白处理的晶体柱只能对一定的物距成像,像面亮度最低。 不同数目的晶体柱都能形成一重叠像,并随着其数目的增加,像面亮度也逐渐增强。根据对局部复眼视场范围的观察和其结构特征的了解,认为萤火虫单个复眼的视场角大于180度。     

Ultrastructure of the eye of a euphausiid crustacean

The compound eye of the Antarctic euphausiid Euphausia superba is a spherical clear zone eye. The dioptric system consists of a hexagonally-faceted cornea, two corneagenous cells, two crystalline cone cells which form the bipartite crystalline cone, and two accessory cone cells. The dioptric system of each ommatidium is separated from that of adjacent ommatidia by six distal pigment cells and a basement membrane. The proximal tip of the crystalline cone is cupped by the distal ends of the seven retinula cells whose nuclei are arranged in a staggered array slightly distal to the middle of the clear zone. In the distal half of the clear zone, each narrow retinula cell column is surrounded by large proximal extensions of the six distal pigment cells. The pigment cells narrow more proximally and terminate at the proximal basement membrane. A specialized axial channel complex extends from the crystalline cone through the clear zone, and is continuous with a conical refractive element which caps the distal end of the rhabdom. The rhabdom is fused, and made up of alternating highly birefringent layers of orthogonally-oriented microvilli. It is surrounded by a narrow extra-cellular space which is continuous with the distal refractive element and a second conical refractive element at the proximal end of the rhabdom.     

北京萤火虫复眼的模型小眼设计与光线追迹

以实际的北京萤火虫复眼结构与生理参数与依据,基于已知的ＧＲＩＮ透镜特征,把小眼的整个光学系统分成几个部分被模型化。模型中,在晶体柱部分使用了一个径向梯度折射率透镜柱具有的抛物线轮廓折射率公式;在晶锥末端所接的半椭球ＧＲＩＮ透镜部分,使用了一个径向梯度和纵向梯度分布都存在的折射率公式．模型的尺寸与折射率的大小根据实际晶锥的测量值．通过对模型小眼的光线追迹,证明模型小眼基本上是一个平行光入射,年行光出射的望远镜系统．小眼光学系统的前半部分把入射的平行光束聚焦到中间焦点,而这个点的位置恰好位于实际晶锥的腰的部位,而光线再次经过晶锥近端以后又以大致平行光束从晶锥末端出射。此模型小眼的最大入射角为３０度,在这个入射角内其角放大率基本上是相同的。随着对平行入射光束与小眼光轴的角度的增加,所产生的中间像越来越远离晶锥光轴。     

灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼的超微结构及其明暗适应中的变化

【目的】明确灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens成虫复眼的超微结构及其明暗适应中的变化,探究其调光机制。【方法】采用超景深显微镜测定了灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼的小眼数量、间角、直径和曲率半径等外部参数,并通过组织切片、光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜等技术观察了复眼的内部超微结构;通过光学显微镜观察了灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼在明暗环境中分别适应2 h后晶锥结构及色素颗粒的位置变化。【结果】灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼呈半球形,雌、雄虫单个复眼分别有2 502±105和3 123±78个小眼。小眼自远端至近端由角膜、晶锥、透明区构成的屈光层和由15个视网膜细胞构成的感光层组成。2个初级色素细胞包裹着晶锥,自角膜近端延伸至视网膜细胞核区的远端;每个小眼外围由6个次级色素细胞围绕,自角膜近端延伸至基膜;在透明区内14个视网膜细胞聚集成束(非感杆束),远端与晶锥束末端连接,在感光层内形成闭合型感杆束,延伸至第15个视网膜细胞(基部视网膜细胞)。在明暗适应时,灰茶尺蠖复眼的晶锥细胞间出现开闭,色素颗粒进行纵向位移,以适应外界的光强度的变化。【结论】灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼属于重叠像眼,感杆束为“14+1”模式;屏蔽色素颗粒的移...     

The microanatomy of the compound eye of Munida irrasa (Decapoda: Galatheidae)

The compound eye of Munida irrasa differs in several respects from the typical decapod eye. The proximal pigment is found only in retinula cells. The eccentric cell is extremely large and expanded to fill the interstices of the crystalline tract area; thus, a typical "clear-zone" is absent. Six retinula cells course distally to screen two sides of the crystalline cone. There are approximately 12,500 ommatidia in each compound eye. There are several similarities to the typical decapod eye. Each ommatidium is composed of a typical cornea, corneagenous cells, crystalline cone cells, crystalline cone, crystalline cone tract and eight retinula cells. Distal pigment cells are present and surround the crystalline cone. The distal processes of the retinula cells also contain pigment. The retinula cell processes penetrate the basement membrane as fascicles composed of processes from adjacent retinulae.     

棉铃虫蛾复眼的微细结构及其区域性差异

用电子显微镜观察棉铃虫蛾复眼的微细结构及其区域性差异。此复眼具有小网膜细胞柱的透明带。每个小眼包括一个外凸内平的角膜,一个晶锥,四个形成晶锥、晶束的晶锥细胞和两个围绕着晶锥的主虹膜细胞,六至八个小网膜细胞和一个基细胞。晶锥末端有一短小固定的晶束。小网膜细胞柱远侧中央有似微绒毛结构的视杆束。每个小眼被六个附色素细胞围绕。 微细结构的区域性差异:1.背方小眼视杆中段横切面近似矩形,主要由六个微绒毛平行排列的三角形视小杯组成,整个视杆包含两个互相垂直的微绒毛轴;腹方、前方、后方和侧方区域的小眼视杆中段横切面为风扇形,“V”字形视小杆内微绒毛排列不平行;2.前方区域小眼视杆中段的横切面要比后方大;3.前方、腹方区域内,有的相邻小眼的小网膜细胞柱互相连结,背方、后方区域未观察到这一现象。     

一种模拟昆虫视觉系统并行信息处理功能的光学实现

本文提出了一种新的模拟生物视觉神经系统并行信息处理功能的光学方法,它采用了昆虫复眼透镜阵列处理器和非相干光源实现图像矩阵正交变换,它为光神经计算提供了一种可能实现的新途径.     

The visual ecology of pupillary action in superposition eyes

The two most common mechanisms of pupillary screening-pigment migration in arthropod superposition eyes are the cone and longitudinal pigment migration mechanisms. The dynamics of each were investigated by optical modelling and by determining experimentally the relationship between eye glow brightness and screening pigment position within the eyes of two representative insect species: the noctuid moth Agrotis infusa and the dung beetle Copris elphenor. During dark adaptation, in both mechanisms, the screening pigment is contracted distally to expose the proximal half of each crystalline cone. During light adaptation the pigment migrates proximally and reduces light flux in the retina. In the longitudinal mechanism, pigment migrates into the clear zone of the eye. In the cone mechanism, pigment never enters the clear zone and is instead restricted to the proximal half of each crystalline cone: a migrating sleeve of pigment creates a small aperture at the end of the crystalline cone, the area of which depends on the degree of light adaptation. According to the model, the cone mechanism provides a limited range of light attenuation (ca. 0.6 log units) for which both good spatial resolution and accuracy of control are maintained, and within this range attenuation is controlled very finely. Beyond this range, whilst attenuation is still possible, diffraction at the pigment aperture and increasing coarseness of control worsen visual performance significantly. In contrast, the longitudinal mechanism provides a much larger useful range of light attenuation (up to several log units) and maintains reasonable fineness of attenuation control over the entire range (although not as fine as the cone mechanism). The experimental results support the model. An extensive survey of arthropods with superposition eyes reveals that the cone mechanism is almost exclusively possessed by those animals experiencing a narrow range of light intensities, and the longitudinal mechanism by those experiencing a wide range.Dedicated to Professor Rolf Elofsson on the occasion of his retirement from the Chair of Zoology in Lund     

Eye morphology and optics of the double-eyed mysid Euchaetomera typica

The structure and optics of the mesopelagic double-eyed mysid crustacean Euchaetomera typica Sars, 1884 are described for the first time. The lateral eye is a typical refracting superposition eye with a wide field of view (172°) and low resolution (interommatidial angle of 7.3°). The antero-dorsal part of the eye is elongated due to the extension of the clear zone. This dorsal eye has a restricted field of view (33°) but much higher resolution (1.5°). The dorsal eye also uses refracting superposition optics, although the optical array is unusual as many of the peripheral ommatidia lack crystalline cones. The centre of curvature of the cornea is in front of the flattened rhabdom layer whereas the axes of the crystalline cones are centred on a point about twice as deep as the rhabdom layer. This results in a well-focused eye, free of spherical aberration. There is a remarkable similarity in eye structure between this species and some mesopelagic double-eyed euphausiid crustaceans.     

A novel intercellular junction between cone cells in the compound eye of Ephestia kuehniella

A previously unidentified intercellular junction between cone cells in the compound eye of the moth Ephestia is described. The junctions are characterized by deposition of granular material, in register, along portions of the membranes of adjacent cone cells during compound eye development and by a constant intercellular space of 8–10 nm. Accumulation of the cone cell material along localized regions of the cell membrane suggests an interaction between a specialized area of the membrane and a specific cytoplasmic constituent, and the exact matching of the regions of deposition between adjacent cells implies intercellular interaction. The junctional nature of these membrane regions is often obscured in the adult crystalline cone but is inferred from observations on developing cone cells.