Do soft drinks affect metal ions release from orthodontic appliances?

ObjectiveThe effect of orange juice and Coca Cola^® on the release of metal ions from fixed orthodontic appliances.Materials and methodsA continuous flow system designed for in vitro testing of orthodontic appliances was used. Orange juice/Coca Cola^® was flowing through the system alternately with artificial saliva for 5.5 and 18.5 h, respectively. The collected samples underwent a multielemental ICP-OES analysis in order to determine the metal ions release pattern in time.ResultsThe total mass of ions released from the appliance into orange juice and Coca Cola^® (respectively) during the experiment was calculated (μg): Ni (15.33; 37.75), Cr (3.604; 1.052), Fe (48.42; ≥156.1), Cu (57.87, 32.91), Mn (9.164; 41.16), Mo (9.999; 30.12), and Cd (0.5967; 2.173).ConclusionsIt was found that orange juice did not intensify the release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances, whereas Coca Cola^® caused increased release of Ni ions.     

Coca, Cocaine, and the Bolivian Reality

Coca, Cocaine, and the Bolivian Reality. Madeline Barbara Leons and Harry Sanabria. eds. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.310 pp.     

Textual Interpretation in the Amazon

Yumpari: Studies of an Amazonian Foundation Myth. Geraldo Reichel-Dolmatoff. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. 300 pp.
Cool Tobacco, Sweet Coca: Teachings of an Indian Sage from, the Colombian Amazon. Hipólito Candre and Juan Alvaro Echeverri. Devon, England: Themis Books, 1996. 294 pp.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Gays/Justice by Richard Mohr.
Death:Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria , edited by Richard M. Zaner.
The Contraceptive Ethos:Reproductive Rights and Responsibilities Edited by S.F. Spicker, W.B. Bondeson, H.T. Englehardt, Jr., Dordrecht, Holland:D. Reidel.
Made to Order:The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress Edited by Patricial Spallone and Deborah Lynn Steinberg.
Reproductive Technologies:Gender, Motherhood and Medicine Edited by Michele Stanworth.
For the Patient's Good:The Restoration of Beneficence in Health Care by Edmund D. Pellegrino and David C. Thomasma.
'The Physician as Captain of the Ship:A Critical Reappraisal', Philosophy and Medicine , vol. 29. Edited by Nancy M.P. King, Larry R. Churchill, and Alan W. Cross.     

Book Reviews

Book reviews in this article:
Wetzel, Th. Integrierter Pflanzenschutz und Agroökosysteme.
The Indian Experience
Nagarajan, S. and K. Muralidharan Dynamics of Plant Diseases.
70. Geburtstages von Herrn Prof. Dr. J. Kranz Biochemie des Bodens.
McIntosh R. A., C. R. Welling, and R. F. Park . Wheat rusts—an Alias of Resistance Genes.
Haider, K. Biochemie des Bodens.
Kimber, D., McGregor, D. I., (eds) Brassica Oilseeds: Production and Utilization.
Oropeza, C, F. W. Howard, and G. R. Ashlninier (Eds); Lethal Yellowing: Research and Practical Aspects.
Kreuzer, J Kreuzers Gartenpflanzenlexikon 'Kurz und bũndig'.
Spatz, G. , Freiflächenpflege.
W. Eschiich , Rezension: Funktionelle Pflanzenanatomie .
Iecraemer, W. The family Trichodoridae: Stubby Root and Virus Vector Nematodes.     

BOOK REVIEW SECTION

Book reviewed in this article:
Martinez-Palomo, Adolfo 1982. The Biology of Entamoeba histolytica.
Ristic, M. & Kreier, J. P., eds. 1981. Babesiosis .
Krylov, M. V., ed. 1981. The Evolution and Phylogeny of the Unicellular Animals .
Petrushevskaya, M. G. 1981. [ Radiolaria of the Order Nasselaria of the World's Oceans .]
Amos, W. B. & Duckett, J. G., eds. 1982. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Flagella .
Matthes, Dieter 1982. Sesshafte Wimpertiere: Peritricha, Suctoria, Chonotricha .
Kaestner, Alfred, ed. 1980. Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie . Band I: Wirbellose Tiere.
Rosowski, James R. & Parker, Bruce C., eds. 1982. Selected Papers in Phycology II.
Raikov, Igor B. 1982. The Protozoan Nucleus: Morphology and Evolution .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
The Ethics of Reproductive Technology edited by Kenneth D. Alpern. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992
Medical Confidentiality and Legal Privilege by Jean V. McHale. London and New York: Routledge, 1993
The Codes of Codes , edited by Daniel J. Kevles and Leroy Hood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992
The Troubled Dream of Life: Living with Mortality by Daniel Callahan. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1993
International Directory of Bioethics Organizations. Anita L. Nolen and Mary Carrington Coutts, editors. Bioethics Resource Series, Volume 1. Washington, DC: Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University, 1993
The Codification of Medical Morality, Volume One: Medical Ethics and Etiquette in the Eighteenth Century , edited by Robert Baker, Dorothy Porter and Roy Porter. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1993
Pursuing Parenthood: Ethical Issues in Assisted Reproduction by Paul Lauritzen. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Crop Evolution, Adaptation and Yield. By L. T. EVANS.
The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. By P rzemyslaw PRUSINKIEWICZ and A ristid LINDENMAYER.
Plant–Soil Interactions at Low pH: Principles and Management. Ed. by R. A. DATE, N. J. GRUNDON, G. E. RAYMENT and M. E. PROBERT.
Soils, Sustainability and the Natural Heritage. Ed. by A. G. TAYLOR, J. E. GORDON and M. B. USHER.
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Biochemistry, Eco-physiology and Evolution (Ecological Studies: vol. 114). Ed. by K. WINTER and J. A. C. SMITH.
Centres of Plant Diversity. A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. WWF and IUCN.
Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, Vol. 3: Gymnosperms. Ed. by S. M. JAIN, P. K. GUPTA AND R.J. NEWTON.
In Vitro Embryogenesis in Plants. Ed. by T. THORPE.
The Cambial Derivatives. Ed. by M. IQBAL.
Leaf Structure: Montane Regions of Venezuela with an Excursion into Argentina. By I ngrid ROTH.
The Plant Viruses (vol. 5: Polyhedral Virions and Bipartite RNA Genomes). Ed. by B. D. HARRISON and A. F. MURANT.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Recent Advances in Cytology. By C. D. D arlington .
Order and Life. By J oseph N eedham .
The Plant Diseases of Great Britain: A Bibliography. Compiled and annotated by G. C. A insworth .
Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr O. A ppel .
Three Thousand Mycological Terms. By W. H. S nell .
The Pests of Fruits and Hops. By A. M. M assee .
Yearbook of Agriculture , 1936.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Introduction to Social Psychology. E. Llewellyn Queener.
The Development of Human Behavior. Richard Dewey and W. J. Humber.
Social Psychology. Solomon E. Asch.
Social Psychology: An Analysis of Human Behavior. Leonard W. Doob.
Social Psychology. Robert E. L. Faris.
Fundamentals of Social Psychology. Eugene L. and Ruth E. Hartley.
Readings in Social Psychology. Prepared for the Committee on the Teaching of Social Psychology of The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. Revised Edition. Editorial Committee: Guy E. Swanson, Theodore M. Newcomb, Eugene L. Hartley, and others.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Forest Pathology . By J. S. Boyce.
Yearbook of Agriculture , 1937.
Physiological Genetics . By R. Goldschmidt.
The Study of Heredity . By E. B. Ford.
Tropical Fruits and Vegetables: an account of their Storage and Transport . By C. W. Wardlaw.
Erosion and Soil Conservation . By G . V. Jacks and R. O. Whyte.
Sixty Years of Botany in Britain (1875–1935). Impressions of an Eyewitness . By F. O. Bower.
Herbals: Their Origin and Evolution. A Chapter in the History of Botany , 1470–1670. By Agnes Arber.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in this Article:
Accountability of Bioethics Committees and Consultants by Sigrid Fry Revere.
Research Ethics in Practice : The Animal Ethics Committees in Sweden,
The Beginning of Human Life edited by Fritz K. Beller and Robert F. Weir. Dordecht
Dementia und Aging: Ethics, Values, ad Policy Choices , edited by Robert H. Binstock, Stephen G. Post and Peter J. White-house.
Least Worst Death — Essays in Bioethics on the End of Life by Margaret Pabst Battin.
All God's Mistakes — Genetic Counseling in a Pediatric Hospital by Charles L. Bosk.
Informed Consent: Patient Autonomy and Physician Beneficence within Clinical Medicine by Stephen Wear.     

European and Mediterranean Studies, an Overview

Social Change in a Peripheral Society: The Creation of a Balkan Colony . Daniel Chirot. Studies in Social Discontinuity
People of the Mediterranean: An Essay in Comparative Social Anthropology . J. Davis.
Catholics and Protestants: Agricultural Modernization in Two German Villages . Gunter Golde.
Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe, 1200–1800 . Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk , and E. P. Thompson.
The One Blood: Kinship and Class in an Irish Village . Elliott Leyton.
Mediterranean Family Structures . J. G. Peristiany. Studies in Social Anthropology, 13
Kinship and Modernization in Mediterranean Society . J. G. Peristiany.
The Fate of Shechem: Or the Politics of Sex . Julian Pitt-Rivers.
East European Peasantries: Social Relations: An Annotated Bibliography of Periodical Articles . Irwin T. Sanders and Walter C. Bisselle
Culture and Political Economy in Western Sicily . Jane Schneider and Peter Schneider. Studies in Social Discontinuity
Three Bells of Civilization: The Life of an Italian Hill Town . Sydel Silverman.
Peasant Wisdom: Cultural Adaptation in a Swiss Village . Daniela Weinberg.     

Reviews of publications

Book reviewed in this article:
The North American Grasshoppers:Volume II Acrididae, Oedipodinae , by D. Otte.
Animal Behavior and ils Applicaiions, by Derek V. Ellis.
Bracken:Ecology, Land Use and Control Technology, edited by R. T. Smith and J. A. Taylor.
Functional Vertebrate Morphology, edited by M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake.
Air Pollution by Pholochemical Oxidants, edited by R. Guderian.
Physiological Ecology of Lichens (Cambridge Studies in Ecology), by Kenneth A. Kershaw.
The Evolutionary Ecology of Ant-Plant mutualisms , by A. J. Beattie.
Fundamentals of Insect Physiology, edited by Murray S. Blum.
The Leajhppers and Planthoppers, edited by L. R. Nault and J. G. Rodriguez.     

SHORT REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Kalmia: The Laurel Book II . R. A. Janes.
Hemerocallis, The Daylily . R. W. Munson, Jr.
Tropicals . G. Courtright. 155 pp., 563 colour photos.
Herbaceous Perennial Plants . A. M. Armitage. 646 pp., 96 colour photos, 160 line drawings.
Once upon a Windowsill . T. Martin. 303 pp., 100 historical engravings.
Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives V. ed. J. Arditti. 451 pp., 51 black-and-white illustrations.
Born in the Spring: a collection of spring wildflowers . June Carver Roberts. 159 pp., 90 water-colour paintings and line drawings.
The Flower Colour Directory . John Dale & Kevin Gunnell. 192 pp., many colour photographs.     

Reviews

Book Reviewed in This Article:
Tropische Nutzpflanzen. By H einz B rücher .
The Molecular Biology of Plant Cells. Ed. by H. S mith .
Plant Metabolism. By H. D. K umar and H. N. S ing h.
The Ribonucleic Acids. Ed. by P. R. S tewart and D. S. L etham .
Transport Phenomena in Plants. By D. A. B aker .
Transport of Ions and Water in Animals. Ed. by B. L. G upta , R. B. M oreton , J. L. O scham and B. J. W all .
Water in Plants Bibliography. Ed. by J. P ospisilova and J. S olarova .
Advances in Botanical Research. Vol. 4. Ed. by R. D. P reston and H. W. W oolhouse .
Progress in Botany: Morphology: Physiology: Genetics: Taxonomy: Geobotany. Ed. by H einz E llenerg , K arl E sser , H ermann M erxmuller , E berhard S chnepf and H ubert Z eigler .
Progress in Botany – Morphology, Physiology, Genetics, Taxonomy, Geobotany. Ed. by H. E llenberg , K. E sser , H. M erxmüller , E. S chnepf and H. Z iegler .
Plant Root Systems. By R. S cott R ussell .
Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. Edited by K enneth S. N orris .     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Back-Crossing. By M ary T homas .
The Principles of Line Illustration. By L. N. S taniland .
Medical Mycology: an Introduction to its Problems. By G. C. A insworth .
Poplars. By T. R. P eace .
Statistical Method in Biological Assay. By D. J. F inney .
Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. By R eginald H. P ainter .     

Reviews of publications

Book reviewed in this article:
Die Milben des Süsswassers (Hydrachnellae und Halacaridae [part.], Acari) Teil 1: Bibliographie, Teil 2: Katalog , by Kurt O. Viets.
A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons , edited by Annie Gautier-Hion, F. Bourlière, J.-P. Gautier and J. Kingdon.
Neurobiology of the Cardiorespiratory System , edited by E. W. Taylor.
The Dragonflies of Europe , by R. R. Askew.
Studying Fossil Horses , by V. Eisenmann, M. T. Alberdi, C. de Giuli & U. Staesche. Collected papers after the 'New York International Hipparion Conference. 1981' Volume I: Methodology , edited by M. Woodburne & P. Sondaar. E. J. Brill.
The Hymenoptera , edited by Ian Gauld & Barry Bolton.
A Study of Blackbirds , by David Snow
Temperature Biology of Animals , by Andrew R. Cossins and Ken Bowler.
Honey Identification , by Rex Sawyer.
Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology , by R. N. Owen-Smith.     

REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article:
Pigments in Plants . Ed. by F. C zygan .
Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism . Ed. by J. D erek B ewley .
Advances in Biochemical Engineering . Vol. 18, Plant Cell Cultures II . Managing Editor: A. F iechter .
The Botany of Auckland . By L ucy M. C ranwell .
Photosynthesis . By D. O. H all and K. K. R ao .
Plants and Mineral Salts . By J. F. S utcliffe and D. A. B aker .
The Archives of the Peat Bogs . By S ir H arry G odwin .
The Biology of Mosses . By D. H. S. R ichardson .