大肠杆菌Sec依赖性蛋白质转运途径

与真核细胞蛋白质外运方式不同,大肠杆菌分泌蛋白的合成和跨内膜转运是不偶联的,对于一些小分子蛋白质（例如噬菌体Ｍ１３外壳蛋白）不需要其它分子协助能自发保持松散构象从核糖体定位到质膜,而对于大的蛋白质分子,尤其含有疏水结构域或疏水信号肽,需要其它分子伴侣的协助以保持转运感受状态才能被有效转运。除了这种依赖Ｓｃｃ（ｓｅｃｒｅｔｏｒｙ）蛋白的一般分泌途径以外,还存在其它Ｓｅｃ非依赖性的Ｔａｔ途径等。本文对大肠杆菌Ｓｅｃ依赖性蛋白质转运途径进行综述。     

Structure of the Sec13–Sec16 edge element,a template for assembly of the COPII vesicle coat

Ancestral coatomer element 1 (ACE1) proteins assemble latticework coats for COPII vesicles and the nuclear pore complex. The ACE1 protein Sec31 and Sec13 make a 2:2 tetramer that forms the edge element of the COPII outer coat. In this study, we report that the COPII accessory protein Sec16 also contains an ACE1. The 165-kD crystal structure of the central domain of Sec16 in complex with Sec13 was solved at 2.7-Å resolution. Sec16 and Sec13 also make a 2:2 tetramer, another edge element for the COPII system. Domain swapping at the ACE1–ACE1 interface is observed both in the prior structure of Sec13–Sec31 and in Sec13–Sec16. A Sec31 mutant in which domain swapping is prevented adopts an unprecedented laminated structure, solved at 2.8-Å resolution. Our in vivo data suggest that the ACE1 element of Sec31 can functionally replace the ACE1 element of Sec16. Our data support Sec16 as a scaffold for the COPII system and a template for the Sec13–Sec31 coat.     

Sec1/Munc18蛋白的研究进展

大多数细胞包含许多种转运到不同目的地的囊泡.尽管存在许多特定的转运途径,根本的分子原则非常相似并在进化中保守.有充足的证据表明,膜融合除需要SNARE蛋白家族的参与外,也需要Sec1/Munc18(SM)蛋白;但是与SNARE蛋白功能的一致清楚相反,不同的实验系统得到的不同研究数据,使人们对于不同的SM蛋白的确切作用、作用位点和它们与SNARE蛋白的作用方式持不同观点.不同的SM蛋白与SNARE蛋白存在三种不同的作用模式.最近的研究确定,Munc18-1直接促进融合,并且它可能以所有三种模式与SNARE蛋白相互作用.本文综述了该领域的最新研究进展.     

Sec23a基因对人乳腺癌类肿瘤干细胞的干性抑制作用研究

该文使用新型悬浮细胞连续培养法从人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-435中分离出类肿瘤干细胞株(MDA-435-spheroid enrichment,MDA-435-SE),并通过流式细胞术检测细胞表面标志物以及裸鼠皮下成瘤实验,对MDA-435-SE细胞的类肿瘤干细胞特性进行了验证。然后对MDA-435-SE细胞进行慢病毒感染,建立了稳定敲低Sec23a基因表达的细胞株MDA-435-SE-sh Sec23a和阴性对照细胞株MDA-435-SE-LV3NC,通过Cell Counting Kit-8增殖实验、96孔板单克隆成球实验和裸鼠皮下成瘤实验探索Sec23a基因对乳腺癌类肿瘤干细胞MDA-435-SE的干性调控作用。在乳腺癌类肿瘤干细胞MDA-435-SE中敲低Sec23a基因后,细胞的增殖曲线和倍增时间并没有明显改变,但细胞的体外成球直径和单细胞克隆效率均显著增强。动物实验表明,Sec23a基因的敲低可以显著提高乳腺癌类肿瘤干细胞MDA-435-SE的体内成瘤能力。该研究使用新型悬浮细胞连续培养的方法获得来源于人乳腺癌的类肿瘤干细胞株,并使用体内和体外干性相关实验验证了敲低Sec23a基因后,可以显著提高乳腺癌类肿瘤干细胞MDA-435-SE的干性,对肿瘤干细胞的研究具有重要的参考意义。     

人源EFA6A蛋白Sec7结构域的克隆表达与纯化

作为小GTP酶Arf6的鸟甘酸交换因子(GEF),人EFA6A蛋白主要包含PH和Sec7两个结构域,Sec7是行使GEF功能的核心区域。通过分析Jpred、Uniprot等生物信息学软件的预测结果,从全长1 024 aa中选取的重组Sec7结构域的边界为506-719,共214 aa。以人脑cDNA文库为模板,通过优化PCR程序成功扩增出Sec7基因,经NdeI和XhoI双酶切后亚克隆至原核表达载体p28a中,成功构建p28-Sec7重组子,测序结果与NCBI中公布的序列100%吻合。将重组质粒p28-Sec7转化至BL21-Gold(DE3)宿主菌中,终浓度0.3 mmol/L IPTG、16℃、24 h诱导表达,重组蛋白经过Ni柱和分子筛两步纯化。试验结果显示,重组Sec7成功表达,性质均一,纯度高于95%,表达量为70 mg/L。     

在酵母体内用RNA聚合酶Ⅱ表达大肠杆菌tRNA~（Sec）基因

我们将大肠杆菌的硒代半胱氨酸ｔＲＮＡ基因（ＳｅｌＣ基因）连接到分泌型表达质粒ＰＶＴ１０２Ｕ－αＭＦＬ中，并调整好阅读框架，使蛋白翻译的终止密码子位于ＳｅｌＣ基因的下游．将该质粒转化酵母，通过ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析，在ＳＤ液体培养基中检测出７～８ｋｄ的蛋白条带，这与理论值是相符合的。同时，我们抽提出酵母的总ＲＮＡ用互补与该ｔＲＮＡＴＣ茎环区的２１－ｍｅｒ寡核苷酸，经５′标记后作为探讨进行Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ。结果有两条较强的条带和一条较弱的条带，较强条带中一条相当于７９０ｎｔｓ左右，另一条相当于３７０ｎｔｓ左古，根据组建的表达型质粒结构资料推测７９０ｎｔｓ左右的条带是由ＲＮＡ聚合酶ＩＩ转录的未被加工的前体；３７０ｎｔｓ左右的条带是５′端被加工而３′端未被加工的分子，较弱的条带则是相当于９０ｎｔｓ左右的成熟ｔＲＮＡ分子。因此，我们认为ＲＮＡ聚合酶ＩＩ可以转录ｔＲＮＡ基因。由于实验用酵母的３′内切核酸酶含量较低，致使带长尾巴的ｔＲＮＡ前体３′端加工速度缓慢。     

Knockdown of Sec6 improves cell-cell adhesion by increasing α-E-catenin in oral cancer cells

The Sec6/8 complex is essential for specific exocytic sites on the plasma membrane and contributes to membrane growth in mammalian cells. In Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, E-cadherin and nectin-based adhesion complexes recruit the Sec6/8 complex to intercellular contacts. However, in cancer cells, the relationship between the Sec6/8 complex and the cell-cell adhesion proteins remains obscure. We demonstrate that the expression of α-E-catenin is increased by Sec6 siRNAs, and E-cadherin and β-catenin localize mainly at the cell-cell contact region in HSC3 cells, which were transfected with Sec6 siRNA.     

以SecA蛋白为“动力泵”的细菌Sec蛋白转运途径

细菌细胞中,三分之一的蛋白质是在合成后被转运到细胞质外才发挥功能的.其中大多数蛋白是通过Sec途径(即分泌途径secretion pathway)进行跨膜运动的.Sec转运酶是一个多组分的蛋白质复合体,膜蛋白三聚体SecYEG及水解ATP的动力蛋白SecA构成了Sec转运酶的核心.整合膜蛋白SecD,SecF和vajC形成了一个复合体亚单位,可与SecYEG相连并稳定SecA蛋白的膜结合形式.SecB是蛋白质转运中的伴侣分子,可以和很多蛋白质前体结合.SecM是由位于secA基因上游的secM基因编码的,可调节SecA蛋白的合成量,维持细胞在不同环境条件下的正常生长.新生肽链的信号肽被高度保守的SRP特异性识别.伴侣分子SecB通过与细胞膜上的SecA二聚体特异性结合将蛋白质前体引导至Sec转运途径,起始转运过程.结合蛋白质前体的SecA与组成转运通道的SecYEG复合体具有较高的亲和性.SecA经历插入和脱离细胞内膜SecYEG通道的循环,为转运提供所需的能量,每一次循环可推动20多个氨基酸的连续跨膜运动.     

Interaction of calmodulin with Sec61α limits Ca2+ leakage from the endoplasmic reticulum

In eukaryotes, protein transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is facilitated by a protein-conducting channel, the Sec61 complex. The presence of large, water-filled pores with uncontrolled ion permeability, as formed by Sec61 complexes in the ER membrane, would seriously interfere with the regulated release of calcium from the ER lumen into the cytosol, an essential mechanism for intracellular signalling. We identified a calmodulin (CaM)-binding motif in the cytosolic N-terminus of mammalian Sec61α that bound CaM but not Ca2+-free apocalmodulin with nanomolar affinity and sequence specificity. In single-channel measurements, CaM potently mediated Sec61-channel closure in Ca2+-dependent manner. At the cellular level, two different CaM antagonists stimulated calcium release from the ER through Sec61 channels. However, protein transport into microsomes was not modulated by Ca2+-CaM. Molecular modelling of the ribosome/Sec61/CaM complexes supports the view that simultaneous ribosome and CaM binding to the Sec61 complex may be possible. Overall, CaM is involved in limiting Ca2+ leakage from the ER.     

Biophysical parameters of the Sec14 phospholipid exchange cycle – Effect of lipid packing in membranes

Sec14, a yeast phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein, functions at the trans-Golgi membranes. It lacks domains involved in protein-protein or protein-lipid interactions and consists solely of the Sec14 domain; hence, the mechanism underlying Sec14 function at proper sites remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the lipid packing of membranes and evaluated its association with in vitro Sec14 lipid transfer activity. Phospholipid transfer assays using pyrene-labelled phosphatidylcholine suggested that increased membrane curvature as well as the incorporation of phosphatidylethanolamine accelerated the lipid transfer. The quantity of membrane-bound Sec14 significantly increased in these membranes, indicating that “packing defects” of the membranes promote the membrane binding and phospholipid transfer of Sec14. Increased levels of phospholipid unsaturation promoted Sec14-mediated PC transfer, but had little effect on the membrane binding of the protein. Our results demonstrate the possibility that the location and function of Sec14 are regulated by the lipid packing states produced by a translocase activity at the trans-Golgi network.     

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 regulates Sec16A at ER exit sites to allow ER–Golgi export

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other disorders. However, its normal physiological functions and pathogenic properties remain elusive. Here we show that LRRK2 regulates the anterograde ER–Golgi transport through anchoring Sec16A at the endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES). LRRK2 interacted and co-localized with Sec16A, a key protein in the formation of ERES. Lrrk2 depletion caused a dispersion of Sec16A from ERES and impaired ER export. In neurons, LRRK2 and Sec16A showed extensive co-localization at the dendritic ERES (dERES) that locally regulate the transport of proteins to the dendritic spines. A loss of Lrrk2 affected the association of Sec16A with dERES and impaired the activity-dependent targeting of glutamate receptors onto the cell/synapse surface. Furthermore, the PD-related LRRK2 R1441C missense mutation in the GTPase domain interfered with the interaction of LRRK2 with Sec16A and also affected ER–Golgi transport, while LRRK2 kinase activity was not required for these functions. Therefore, our findings reveal a new physiological function of LRRK2 in ER–Golgi transport, suggesting ERES dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.     

黑麦碱基因（Sec–1）表达缺失的1RS／1BL易位系的鉴定

用改良的Giemsa C－带技术、DNA原位杂交和酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）对来源于小麦品种绵阳11与不同黑麦自交系远缘杂交获得的高代株系（BC1F7）的染色体结构和醇溶蛋白进行了研究。结果发现,在鉴定的200个株系中,有45个株系经C-带和A-PAGE检测均一致地发现它们含有一对1RS /1BL易位染色体,而一个株系843-1-1,C-带鉴定、原位杂交结果均证明它含有一对1RS/1BL易位染色体,但A-PAGE醇溶蛋白图谱却不具有黑麦1RS染色体臂的黑麦碱特征带,而表达出既不同于黑麦碱又不同于亲本绵阳11的醇溶蛋白带型。这一结果表明,利用不同的黑麦亲本资源,可以获得黑麦碱基因Sec-1表达缺失的新的1RS/1BL易位系。这种新的1RS/1BL易位系缺失了影响小麦品质的黑麦碱蛋白,因此是进一步研究1RS/1BL 易位对小麦品质影响的珍贵材料。研究指出,在利用外源基因的植物育种中,外源种供体材料的遗传多样性是值得重视的基因资源。     

敲低Sec23a基因对人乳腺癌寡灶型转移细胞株体外细胞生物学特性的影响

针对来源于乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-435的小鼠肺癌寡灶型转移肿瘤细胞株MDA-435-OL,利用慢病毒感染的方法建立稳定敲低Sec23a基因表达的细胞株MDA-435-OL-Sec23a-GFP和其阴性对照细胞株MDA-435-OL-LV3NC-GFP,通过CCK-8(Cell Counting Kit-8)增殖实验、Transwell小室细胞迁移实验、侵袭实验和琼脂克隆斑形成实验探索敲低Sec23a基因后,寡灶型转移肿瘤细胞株体外细胞生物学特性的改变。在寡灶转移细胞株中敲低Sec23a基因后,细胞生长曲线与倍增时间并没有显著差异(28.23 h和28.32 h,P0.05),但Transwell小室迁移细胞数量(58.50±2.81和39.60±3.21)、侵袭细胞数量(54.40±3.33和34.60±1.44)和细胞体外克隆形成率(0.67±0.05和0.37±0.03),均较阴性对照组显著增加(P0.001)。该研究结果表明,乳腺癌寡灶型细胞株稳定敲低Sec23a基因后,细胞的增殖特性并没有明显变化,但细胞的迁移、侵袭能力和克隆形成能力均增强。     

A triple arg motif mediates α(2B)-adrenergic receptor interaction with Sec24C/D and export

Recent studies have demonstrated that cargo exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) may be directed by ER export motifs recognized by components of the coat protein II (COPII) vesicles. However, little is known about ER export motifs and vesicle targeting of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Here, we have demonstrated that a triple Arg (3R) motif in the third intracellular loop functions as a novel ER export signal for α(2B)-adrenergic receptor (α(2B)-AR). The 3R motif mediates α(2B)-AR interaction with Sec24C/D and modulates ER exit, cell surface transport and function of α(2B)-AR. Furthermore, export function of the 3R motif is independent of its position within α(2B)-AR and can be conferred to CD8 glycoprotein. These data provide the first evidence implicating that export of GPCRs is controlled by code-directed interactions with selective components of the COPII transport machinery.     

通过失活Sec途径阻遏蛋白和胞外蛋白酶提高地衣芽孢杆菌产碱性蛋白酶的能力

为了探究Sec分泌途径对地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)碱性蛋白酶产量的影响,对地衣芽孢杆菌TCCC11470 (BL ΔuppΔepsΔpgs)中的分子伴侣阻遏蛋白基因hrcA和基因组中3个Sec途径分泌的胞外蛋白酶基因epr、bpr和vpr进行叠加敲除。通过对比分析基因缺失前后的碱性蛋白酶酶活力发现,敲除菌株TCCC11470ΔhrcA和TCCC11470ΔhrcAΔeprΔbprΔvpr在42 h的碱性蛋白酶酶活力分别达到18 521.2 U/mL和20 048.5 U/mL,分别高出对照菌株BLΔuppΔepsΔpgs(14 478.6 U/mL) 27.9%和38.5%。这一结果指出,通过改进Sec分泌通路可以显著提升碱性蛋白酶的催化效能,为构建优化的工业酶生产宿主提供了新思路和研究方向。     

Molecular cloning and sequence and 3D models analysis of the Sec61α subunit of protein translocation complex from Penicillium ochrochloron

The Sec61α subunit is the core subunit of the protein conducting channel which is required for protein translocation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In this study, we cloned a Sec61α subunit from Penicillium ochrochloron (PoSec61α). Sequence and 3D structural model analysis showed that PoSec61α conserved the typical characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic Sec61α subunit homologues. The pore ring known as the constriction point of the channel is formed by seven hydrophobic amino acids. Two methionine residues from transmembrane α-helice 7 (TM7) contribute to the pore ring formation and projected notably to the pore area and narrowed the pore compared with the superposed residues at the corresponding positions in the crystal structures or the 3D models of the Sec61α subunit homologues in archaea or other eukaryotes, respectively. Results reported herein indicate that the pore ring residues differ among Sec61α subunit homologues and two hydrophobic residues in the TM7 contribute to the pore ring formation.     

Neofunctionalization of the Sec1 α1,2fucosyltransferase Paralogue in Leporids Contributes to Glycan Polymorphism and Resistance to Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus

RHDV (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus), a virulent calicivirus, causes high mortalities in European rabbit populations (Oryctolagus cuniculus). It uses α1,2fucosylated glycans, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), as attachment factors, with their absence or low expression generating resistance to the disease. Synthesis of these glycans requires an α1,2fucosyltransferase. In mammals, there are three closely located α1,2fucosyltransferase genes rSec1, rFut2 and rFut1 that arose through two rounds of duplications. In most mammalian species, Sec1 has clearly become a pseudogene. Yet, in leporids, it does not suffer gross alterations, although we previously observed that rabbit Sec1 variants present either low or no activity. Still, a low activity rSec1 allele correlated with survival to an RHDV outbreak. We now confirm the association between the α1,2fucosyltransferase loci and survival. In addition, we show that rabbits express homogenous rFut1 and rFut2 levels in the small intestine. Comparison of rFut1 and rFut2 activity showed that type 2 A, B and H antigens recognized by RHDV strains were mainly synthesized by rFut1, and all rFut1 variants detected in wild animals were equally active. Interestingly, rSec1 RNA levels were highly variable between individuals and high expression was associated with low binding of RHDV strains to the mucosa. Co-transfection of rFut1 and rSec1 caused a decrease in rFut1-generated RHDV binding sites, indicating that in rabbits, the catalytically inactive rSec1 protein acts as a dominant-negative of rFut1. Consistent with neofunctionalization of Sec1 in leporids, gene conversion analysis showed extensive homogenization between Sec1 and Fut2 in leporids, at variance with its limited degree in other mammals. Gene conversion additionally involving Fut1 was also observed at the C-terminus. Thus, in leporids, unlike in most other mammals where it became extinct, Sec1 evolved a new function with a dominant-negative effect on rFut1, contributing to fucosylated glycan diversity, and allowing herd protection from pathogens such as RHDV.     

梨火疫病菌两个Sec依赖的外泌纤维素酶鉴定及在侵染梨幼果过程中的基因表达分析

利用生物信息学技术结合基于大肠杆菌的碱性磷酸酯酶（PhoA）检测体系,在梨火疫病菌（Erwinia amylovora）全基因组序列中筛选鉴定了2个依赖Sec途径分泌的纤维素酶：内切葡聚糖酶EAMY_3602和β-葡萄糖苷酶EAMY_1236。将梨火疫病菌DSM17948接种酥梨幼果,分别于接种后0、8和24 h定量检测基因表达,结果显示EAMY_3602编码基因(Ea3602)在接种后8和24 h的mRNA表达量逐渐降低,但与0 h相比无显著差异;EAMY_1236编码基因(Ea1236)在接种后8和24 h的mRNA表达量逐步提高,较0 h分别提高了2.43和3.26倍,差异具有统计学意义（P<001）。由研究结果推测Sec依赖分泌的内切葡聚糖酶EAMY_3602可能与梨火疫病菌侵染无关,而β-葡萄糖苷酶EAMY_1236可能是梨火疫病菌的毒力因子,在侵染寄主植物过程中发挥作用。     

A New Class of Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Signal ΦXΦXΦ for Transmembrane Proteins and Its Selective Interaction with Sec24C

Protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) depends on the interaction between a signal motif on the cargo and a cargo recognition site on the coatomer protein complex II. A hydrophobic sequence in the N terminus of the bovine anion exchanger 1 (AE1) anion exchanger facilitated the ER export of human AE1Δ11, an ER-retained AE1 mutant, through interaction with a specific Sec24 isoform. The cell surface expression and N-glycan processing of various substitution mutants or chimeras of human and bovine AE1 proteins and their Δ11 mutants in HEK293 cells were examined. The N-terminal sequence (V/L/F)X(I/L)X(M/L), ²⁶VSIPM³⁰ in bovine AE1, which is comparable with ΦXΦXΦ, acted as the ER export signal for AE1 and AE1Δ11 (Φ is a hydrophobic amino acid, and X is any amino acid). The AE1-Ly49E chimeric protein possessing the ΦXΦXΦ motif exhibited effective cell surface expression and N-glycan maturation via the coatomer protein complex II pathway, whereas a chimera lacking this motif was retained in the ER. A synthetic polypeptide containing the N terminus of bovine AE1 bound the Sec23A-Sec24C complex through a selective interaction with Sec24C. Co-transfection of Sec24C-AAA, in which the residues ⁸⁹⁵LIL⁸⁹⁷ (the binding site for another ER export signal motif IXM on Sec24C and Sec24D) were mutated to ⁸⁹⁵AAA⁸⁹⁷, specifically increased ER retention of the AE1-Ly49E chimera. These findings demonstrate that the ΦXΦXΦ sequence functions as a novel signal motif for the ER export of cargo proteins through an exclusive interaction with Sec24C.     

Aegeline,a natural product from the plant Aegle marmelos, mimics the yeast SNARE protein Sec22p in suppressing α-synuclein and Bax toxicity in yeast

Herein, we have identified yeast Sec22p (ySec22p), a SNARE protein essential for endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking, as a suppressor of Bax-induced yeast apoptosis and corroborated published observations that ySec22p suppresses α-synuclein’s toxicity in yeast. It has been suggested that compounds which enhance expression, in neurons, of human homologues of ySec22p (Sec22Bp/Sec22p/Sec22A) would prevent synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease. With the aim of finding a small molecule that would mimic ySec22p, a library of natural products consisting of 394-compounds was screened using yeast cells that express either human α-synuclein or human Bax. The antioxidant aegeline, an alkaloid-amide occurring in the leaves of the plant Aegle marmelos Correa, was the only molecule that overcame apoptosis induced by both α-synuclein and Bax in yeast. Besides, aegeline also prevented growth block in cells expressing the more toxic A53T α-synuclein mutant. Restoration of cell growth occurred through inhibition of increased ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential loss and nuclear DNA fragmentation, characteristics of apoptosis manifested in α-synuclein or Bax-expressing cells. These results highlight the importance of yeast systems to identify rapidly molecules that may prevent the onset of apoptosis that occurs in Parkinson’s disease.