光肩星天牛种组研究现状

评述了我国光肩星天牛种组种类的外部形态和外生殖器主要鉴别特征、寄主、地理分布、起源及其演化。光肩星天牛主要分布在山西吕粱山、太行山以东的广大平原地区 ,寄主广泛 ,主要有榆、复叶槭、杨、柳、五角枫等。黄斑星天牛主要分布在秦岭以北 ,山西吕粱山、太行山以西的陕甘宁地区 ,向东已扩展到河南、河北 ;主要危害杨树 ,也为害柳、榆。四川星天牛主要分布于秦岭以南的云、贵、川地区 ,主要危害柳树 ;在这里至今还没有发现光肩星天牛和黄斑星天牛。     

蔷薇科果树八种天牛的危害特征及成虫种群动态

【目的】为明确辽宁省瓦房店市得利寺镇果园内蔷薇科果树上天牛的种类、危害特征和种群动态。【方法】采用笼养法和虫害木解析法进行研究。【结果】(1)共发现天牛8种,分别是家茸天牛Trichoferus campestris Faldermann、双隆短翅天牛Glaphyra kojimai Matsushita、多斑坡天牛Pterolophia multinotata Pic、拟蜡天牛Stenygrinum quadrinotatum Bates、樱桃虎天牛Chlorophorus diadema Motschulsky、桃红颈天牛Aromia bungii Faldermann、薄翅锯天牛Megopis sinica White和四点象天牛Mesosa myops Dalman。(2)桃红颈天牛为害果树活立木的主干;四点象天牛、樱桃虎天牛和多斑坡天牛主要为害衰弱的果树主干和树枝;薄翅锯天牛为害果树朽木;家茸天牛为害枯死的果树树干和树枝;双隆短翅天牛和拟蜡天牛为害细枝。(3)家茸天牛、双隆短翅天牛、多斑坡天牛、拟蜡天牛、桃红颈天牛和薄翅锯天牛一年中均有1个明显的羽化高峰,四点象天牛一年中有2个成虫出现高峰,樱桃虎天牛的羽化高峰不明显。【结论】不同果树上为害的天牛种类存在差异。8种天牛为害果树的健康程度存在差异,其中桃红颈天牛对果树的为害最严重。8种天牛的种群动态规律存在差异。     

松墨天牛在秦巴林区不同寄主上的危害规律

松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus是次期性蛀干害虫,也是松材线虫病的主要传播媒介,廓清该害虫在秦巴林区不同寄主上的危害程度和发生规律,对于控制松材线虫病的扩散蔓延具有重要意义.本研究对秦巴林区遭受松材线虫病严重危害的3种主要松树(油松Pinus tabuliformis、华山松P.armandii和马尾松P.massoniana)进行了冬季疫木野外解析,并在统计不同胸径、不同高度疫木树干上松墨天牛侵入孔和幼虫数量的基础上,采用聚集度指标分析方法,对该害虫在不同寄主上的危害差异进行了比较研究.结果表明,松墨天牛在3种寄主上的危害程度具有显著差异,以华山松受害最重,其次分别为马尾松和油松;越冬幼虫在油松上主要危害皮下1～2 cm的边材;在华山松和马尾松上危害比较多样,以髓心部位受害最重,其后依次为心材、边材和树皮;在油松和华山松上,松墨天牛主要在树干7m以下部分危害,而在马尾松上主要危害树干7m以上部分,且虫口数量均与寄主胸径呈显著正相关.松墨天牛侵入孔和越冬幼虫在不同寄主树干上均呈聚集性分布.本研究揭示了松墨天牛在秦巴林区3种主要寄主上的危害规律,对于进一步开展大尺度地理范围松墨天牛的寄主选择性及危害规律研究提供了基础信息,也为秦巴林区松墨天牛的有效防治和松材线虫病的蔓延控制提供了新的重要信息.     

光肩星天牛与星天牛种间竞争行为研究

光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis和星天牛Anoplophora chinensis是我国两种重要的林业蛀干害虫,存在很多共同的寄主植物。为了阐明两种星天牛之间的物种竞争关系,本文采用行为观察试验,研究两种星天牛寄主危害部位、异种危害寄主识别和种间争斗行为等试验。结果显示,光肩星天牛和星天牛在寄主植物上的取食危害部位有很大差异,光肩星天牛主要取食寄主植物的枝条上部,取食面积为2 390.0 mm^2,占整个寄主植物取食面积的69.3%,星天牛主要取食寄主植物的树干上部,取食面积为3 140.0 mm^2,占整个寄主植物的96.6%;两种星天牛都能识别异种天牛危害过的寄主,对其具有显著的回避性,其中光肩星天牛对星天牛危害过的寄主取食量平均值为420.8 mm^2,显著低于健康寄主取食量平均值2 518.8 mm^2,同样,星天牛对光肩星天牛危害过的寄主取食量平均值为436.8 mm^2,显著低于健康寄主取食量平均值1 803.5 mm^2,而对同种天牛危害过的寄主没有显著的选择性;两种星天牛之间争斗共发生34次,其中星天牛获胜30次,表现出更强的竞争力。两种星天牛之间存在显著的种间竞争关系,并且能够识别对方物种的存在,其对寄主的感受机制和植物免疫反应机制需要进一步的试验研究。     

罗浮栲受红腹柄天牛为害后黄酮含量变化

应用乙醇浸提法采集受红腹柄天牛不同程度危害的罗浮栲韧皮部和叶片,测定其中黄酮的含量,并分析黄酮含量的变化与红腹柄天牛虫害为害之间的关系.结果表明,在害虫危害季节罗浮栲的韧皮部和叶部中黄酮含量随不同受害程度而不同.与未受害的相比,受轻、中度害的植株黄酮含量显著增加;在害虫休眠季节,罗浮栲黄酮的含量在不同受害程度及未受害植株间均没有显著差异,说明天牛取食为害是刺激罗浮栲产生黄酮应激反应的直接原因.     

沙棘主要蛀干害虫种群生态位

沙棘木蠹蛾(H olcocerus h ipp ophaecolusHua,Chou,F ang et Chen)是近几年在我国内蒙古、辽宁、山西、宁夏、陕西和甘肃等地大面积爆发的一种钻蛀性害虫,主要以幼虫危害沙棘(H ipp ophae rham noid ea)的根部和干部。在宁夏,沙棘除受到沙棘木蠹蛾的危害,还受到红缘天牛(A sias ha lod end ri Pa llas)的严重危害,该虫主要危害沙棘的干部。作者根据种群生态位理论,从时间、空间等资源利用上,定量地描述了沙棘木蠹蛾与红缘天牛种群之间的联系和竞争共存机制,结果表明:沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫主要分布在根部和干部80~120cm的范围内,不同时期,幼虫具有从干部向根部转移危害的习性;而红缘天牛主要分布在干部40~120cm的范围内,不同时期,幼虫没有转移危害的习性。沙棘木蠹蛾和红缘天牛的时间生态位和空间生态位宽度均较大,发生期较长,在沙棘上的活动范围较广,而不同时期内沙棘木蠹蛾的空间生态位宽度变动较红缘天牛大,其在沙棘上的活动范围在不同时期有较大的变动,而红缘天牛则较小。空间生态位重叠较小,在沙棘上的分布趋于分离,对空间资源的需求具有较大的差异,而时间生态位重叠较大,在沙棘的生长季节均能同时危害,危害期长但不具有明显的危害高峰期。两种害虫在空间生态位上的种间竞争强度较小,而在时间生态位上的种间竞争强度较大,在整个发生期内,两种害虫均能同时危害沙棘,但其位置有较大差异,在沙棘根部和干部40cm范围内,两种害虫几乎不能共存。     

云斑天牛在白蜡树上的发生与防治研究

云斑天牛Batocera horsfieldi(Hope)是白蜡树上近年来新出现的一种蛀干害虫。在东营市的市区绿化中危害日趋严重,目前其受害率达到10％强,成为白蜡树上继“窄吉丁虫”为害后的又一主要蛀干害虫。该虫2—3年完成1代,以第1年幼虫和第2年成虫,在主干或主干分叉处的蛀道内越冬。主要危害胸径8cm以上生长的白蜡树,在树干根基部30cm以下,或在主干分叉处蛀食为害,并常引起“风折木”。在9月下旬进行注药和4月上旬进行埋药防治,控制效果可达90％以上。     

松墨天牛对寄主树木的产卵选择

在室内采用选择行为方法,研究了松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus对几种松属植物的产卵选择行为。结果表明,松墨天牛对黑松Pinus thunbergii的选择性最强,对马尾松P.massoniana的选择性最弱,二者间差异显著,它们与火炬松P. taeda和湿地松P. elliottii间无明显差异。在黑松和马尾松的被松材线虫危害木与健康木之间,松墨天牛明显选择被害木产卵;具产卵痕枝段和虫粪处理过的枝段,对松墨天牛的产卵有显著抑制作用,松墨天牛明显地选择对照枝段产卵。     

四合木种群的生态适应性

通过四合木异地播种生长量比较、以及四合木对土壤的适应性和对水热综合因子的适应性分析,得到如下结果：（1）四合木生长量高低的顺序为乌海区的东胜土（12．12g）〉乌海区的乌海土（10．62g）〉东胜区的乌海土（3．10g）〉东胜区的东胜土（2．59g）。同一地区不同土壤间四合木生长量之间没有差异（P≥0．05）,不同地区相同土壤间的生长量之间却有十分显著的差异,说明了土壤条件对四合木的生存影响是次要的,气候条件是保证四合木生存的最重要的条件。（2）四合木分布区与异地保护区之间9种土壤微量元素具有差异,但由于四合木植株中的微量元素含量均高于土壤中的有效量,说明四合木对微量元素具有富集作用,土壤微量元素含量不是四合木成活与生长的限制因子。（3）四合木分布区与异地保护区之间各月平均温度差异显著;全年气温日较差以及温暖指数、寒冷指数、湿润指数和水热综合因子指数差异显著;生长季地表地温昼夜温差具有特殊性,这可能是异地保护不易成功的限制因子之一。     

武夷山景区松墨天牛种群密度与环境因子的坐标变换对应分析

为了探明松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope种群密度指标与环境因子的对应关系, 在福建武夷山风景区设立了10块马尾松林监测标准地, 通过对松墨天牛的6个数量指标和7个环境因子的调查, 对调查结果进行了坐标变换对应分析。结果表明: 海拔（Y1）对松墨天牛的6个指标都有正向的促进作用, 郁闭度（Y6）和地被物覆盖率（Y7）对6个指标都有负向的抑制作用; 林龄（Y2）、树高（Y3）、坡向（Y4）, 也都是正向的促进作用, 但影响程度也较小; 坡位（Y5）关系最不密切, 影响程度也较小; 最为敏感的指标是幼虫平均虫口密度（X1）、雌成虫虫口密度（X2）、下层虫口密度（X5）; 其次为雄成虫虫口密度（X3）、 冠层虫口密度（X4）; 最不敏感的是诱捕器成虫捕获量。这些结果表明: 环境因子对松墨天牛数量变化有重要影响, 但不同因子影响程度不同, 不同的松墨天牛数量指标对环境变化的敏感程度也不同。     

荒漠景观拟步甲科昆虫多样性及其对生境的指示作用

本研究在宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区北部荒漠景观下的磁窑堡地区,选取典型荒漠草原区(DS)、人工柠条林种植区(CCL1,CCL2)及流沙人工封育区(SDE1,SDE2,SDE3)3类生境共6块样地,于2010年4月至8月以巴氏罐诱法采集该地区拟步甲科昆虫,研究该地区拟步甲科昆虫多样性及其对生境的指示作用。结果共获得标本3406头,计12属22种,其中东鳖甲属Anatolica和小鳖甲属Microdera为优势属,波氏东鳖甲Anatolica potanini Reitter、阿小鳖甲Microdera kraatz alashanica Skopin、小丽东鳖甲Anatolica amoenula Reitter和尖尾东鳖甲Anatolic amucronata Reitter为优势种。在流沙人工封育区的SDE1样地物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数最高,SDE3样地个体数量和优势度指数最高;人工柠条林种植区的CCL1样地个体数量最低。聚类分析结果表明流沙人工封育区与荒漠草原区、人工柠条种植区在物种组成及生境相似性方面差异较大。利用指示值法确定不同生境的特征指示种类,结果显示波氏东鳖甲、谢氏宽漠王Mantichorula semenowiReitter、尖尾东鳖甲可作为流沙封育区特征指示种;突角漠甲Trigonocnera pseudopimelia(Reitter)、中华砚甲Cyphogenia chinensis(Faldermann)和纳氏东鳖甲AnatolicanuretiSchusteretReymond可作为荒漠草原特征指示种;蒙古漠王Platyope mongolica Faldermann、多毛宽漠甲Sternoplax setosa setosa(Bates)、克小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi(Reitter)是生境恢复的监测种;小丽东鳖甲Anatolica amoenula Reitter等种类可作为生境退化的监测种。     

长白山北坡访花天牛区系研究

通过对长白山北坡访花天牛种类初步调查,结果表明,有访花天牛31种,其中花天牛亚科25种,占80.65%,天牛亚科6种,占19.35%。中国新记录1种:黑翅裸花天牛,优势种10种:北亚伪花天牛、六斑凸胸花天牛、黑胫宽花天牛、黑带宽花天牛、曲纹花天牛、红翅裸花天牛、桦肿腿花天牛、黑角伞花天牛、双斑厚花天牛、刺槐绿虎天牛。优势种访花天牛主要访问的优势种植物为长白金莲花、棣棠升麻、黑水当归、翼果唐松草、珍珠梅、柳兰、大独活。长白山北坡访花天牛种类,主要以古北区系成分为主,随着海拔增高,访花天牛种类逐渐减少,古北区系成分种类增多,古北、东洋区系成份种类减少。     

A culture-based study of the bacterial communities within the guts of nine longicorn beetle species and their exo-enzyme producing properties for degrading xylan and pectin

In this study, bacterial communities within the guts of several longicorn beetles were investigated by a culture-dependent method. A total of 142 bacterial strains were isolated from nine species of longicorn beetle, including adults and larvae. A comparison of their partial 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that most of the bacteria constituting the gut communities can typically be found in soil, plants and the intestines of animals, and approximately 10% were proposed as unreported. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the bacterial species comprised 7 phyla, and approximately half were Gammaproteobacteria. Actinobacteria were the second most populous group (19%), followed by Firmicutes (13%) and Alphaproteobacteria (11%). Betaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, and Acidobacteria were minor constituents. The taxonomic compositions of the isolates were variable according to the species of longicorn beetle. Particularly, an abundance of Actinobacteria existed in Moechotypa diphysis and Mesosa hirsute, which eat broadleaf trees; however, no Actinobacteria were isolated from Corymbia rubra and Monochamus alternatus, which are needle-leaf eaters. Considerable proportions of xylanase and pectinase producing bacteria in the guts of the longicorn beetles implied that the bacteria may play an important role in the digestion of woody diets. Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were the dominant xylanase producers in the guts of the beetles.     

Chemistry of cerambycid host plants. Part I: Survey of Leguminosae—A study in adaptive radiation

Eighty wood samples representing 51 taxa in 33 genera of Leguminosae were collected in the Sinnamary River Basin in Northern French Guiana and evaluated for their fauna of longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) and their phytochemical constituents. The cerambycid fauna was assessed using cut branches and trunks that were continuously observed for emerging beetles. Phytochemical patterns were determined in partially purified methanolic extracts that were obtained from wood and bark of the same branches and trunks using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was found that small groups of taxonomically related and often phytochemically similar plant species serve as host plants for small and well-defined longicorn guilds. Members of longicorn guilds are usually not taxonomically related. Host-plant chemistry appears to play a role in resource allocation among longicorn guilds in this lowland neotropical rainforest. These findings are discussed in reference to theories on coevolution and adaptive radiation in plant-insect associations.     

锦天牛属阳茎内囊结构

采用显微解剖和冰冻组织切片方法研究锦天牛属Acalolepta三种天牛阳茎内囊的结构,发现内囊骨化结构物,尤其端部骨化结构物,及其控制内囊伸缩的加厚侧带和有聚集精子作用的射精管壶腹结构,在探讨天牛科分类和系统发育上均具有重要意义。     

Life history traits predict insect species responses to large herbivore overabundance: a multitaxonomic approach

There is increasing concern over the ecological impact of markedly increasing numbers of large herbivores (hereafter large herbivore overabundance) on forest ecosystems. To predict the ecological consequences of large herbivore overabundance, it is first necessary to understand how biological communities respond to large herbivore overabundance. Here, we examined the relationships between the life history traits of five insect taxonomic groups (moths, dung beetles, longicorn beetles, carabid beetles, and carrion beetles) and their responses to deer overabundance in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Insects were collected from three study sites: enclosure (20 deer/km²), control (10 deer/km²), and exclosure (0 deer/km²). The different taxonomic and functional insect species differed in their response to deer overabundance. The abundance (number of individuals) of longicorn beetles, dung beetles, and arbor-feeding moths was higher in the enclosure site than in the control site, whereas that of carabid beetles, carrion beetles, and herb- or shrub-feeding moths was higher in the control site than in the enclosure site. These results suggest that the type of food and the level of dependence on the understory are key traits determining insect sensitivity to deer overabundance. In addition, large or flightless species responded negatively to deer overabundance. Overall, this study demonstrated a significant change in insect communities following experimental deer overabundance, suggesting that large herbivore overabundance leads to the homogenization of biological communities. Unfortunately, because insects have diverse functions in forest ecosystems, such marked changes in both abundance and composition of insect communities will decrease ecosystem functions and resilience.     

红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松林种内种间竞争分析

运用Hegyi单木竞争指数分析了内蒙古红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var．mongolica Litv．）林内所有胸径大于2cm的樟子松、山杨（Populus davidiana Dode．）、白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk．）和山荆子（Malus baccata L．）的种内和种间竞争强度。结果表明,样地中主要的竞争木和对象木均为樟子松和白桦;樟子松的种内竞争强度（0．534）远大于种间竞争强度。随径级的增大,樟子松的种内竞争强度逐渐减小,且与胸径存在幂函数关系CI=A·D^-B。胸径达到30cm后,樟子松种内竞争强度变化不明显。作为竞争木,樟子松对其他树种产生了较大的竞争压力。     

Degradation of longicorn beetle (Coleoptera,Cerambycidae, Disteniidae) fauna caused by conversion from broad-leaved to man-made conifer stands of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> (Taxodiaceae) in central Japan

We studied the species richness and assemblages of longicorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Disteniidae) in ten secondary broad-leaved stands and eight plantation stands of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) of various ages after clear-cutting or plantation in Ibaraki, central Japan. The species richness of longicorns, which were collected with Malaise traps, was the highest in young stands, decreasing with the age of the stand for both broad-leaved and conifer stands. A canonical correspondence analysis divided the 18 plots into three groups based on longicorn assemblages and environmental variables. These three groups consisted of (1) very young (1–4 years old) stands after clear-cutting or plantation; (2) 12- to over 100 year-old broad-leaved stands; (3) 7- to 76-year-old conifer stands. The species richness of the longicorns was the highest in the young stands followed, in order of decreasing species richness, by broad-leaved stands and conifer stands. Possible causes of the high species richness in young stands include large amounts of coarse wood debris and flowers, which are resources for oviposition and nutrition for adults, respectively. The lower longicorn diversity in conifer stands than in broad-leaved stands may be due to the lower diversity of trees available as host plants in the former. Almost all species that occurred in conifer stands were also collected in young and/or broad-leaved stands, but the reverse was not true, suggesting that conifer plantations cannot replace broad-leaved stands in terms of longicorn biodiversity. We argue that an extensive conversion of broad-leaved forests into conifer plantations will lead to an impoverishment of the longicorn fauna, which may result in the degradation of ecosystem functions possibly carried out by them.     

筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫寄主调查及其土壤空间分布

对安吉竹博园内筛胸梳爪叩甲Melanotus cribricolls(Faldermann)的寄主危害进行调查,主要调查竹种隶属于刚竹属(Phyllostachys)、矢竹属(Pseudosasa)、大明竹属(Pleioblastus)、唐竹属(Sinobambusa)、短穗竹属(Brachystachyum)、少穗竹属(Oligostachyum)和箣竹属(Bambusa),共7个属,包括47个竹种,其中41种寄主都不同程度地受到筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫期的危害,新发现受害寄主30余种。据筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫在5个竹种林区间的空间分布表明:筛胸梳爪叩甲较大体型的幼虫在竹林土壤中主要为聚集分布。调查过程发现,除筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫对竹种的危害以外,竹笋夜蛾Apamea spp.也是导致退笋的主要虫害之一,二者一并成为目前竹博园内竹笋退笋的主要害虫。此外,园内竹种也受到浙江栉蝠蛾Bipectilus zhejiangensi、叶甲、白蚁和腐生蝇的侵害。鉴于筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫危害的竹种范围比以往报道的有扩大的趋势,在竹种移植、土壤改良及敏感品种的选育应考虑到这些方面。     

New data on the fauna of longicorn beetles (Coleoptera,Cerambycidae) of the Southern Urals

New records of Cerambycidae from Orenburg Province are presented. Four species were recorded for the first time from the region, and Cortodera turgaica Danil. was recorded for the first time from Russia. In total, 143 species of longicorn beetles are known in Orenburg Province.