共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
K. Rajasekaran S. C. Schank I. K. Vasil 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1986,73(1):4-10
Summary Five hundred and twenty-four plants of a triploid, sexually sterile hybrid napiergrass (Pennisetum americanum x P. purpureum; 3x=21) were regenerated from embryogenic callus cultures obtained from segments of young inflorescences. Replicated field trials were conducted for two consecutive years to compare the biomass yield, phenotype and cytology of tissue culture regenerants (TC) and vegetatively propagated (V) plants. In the first year total biomass yield of TC plants was significantly greater than V plants but there was no significant difference in the second year. TC plants had more tillers compared to V plants. V plants did not show any morphological variability. The TC population also exhibited a high degree of phenotypic stability (96%). There were 23 phenotypic variants in the TC population of 524, most of them being more dwarf and late-flowering. Detailed morphological analysis of the TC-variant plants suggests that they very likely arose from only a few variant cell lines. Cytological analysis indicated stability of the triploid status in randomly selected regenerants. Two of the morphological variants were hexaploids (6x=42). It is concluded that embryogenic callus cultures can provide useful alternative for the rapid propagation of hybrid napier-grass which is commonly propagated by cuttings. 相似文献
2.
Xiuli Shen Jianjun Chen Michael E. Kane Richard J. Henny 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2007,91(1):21-27
The occurrence of somaclonal variation among regenerants derived through indirect shoot organogenesis from leaf explants of
three Dieffenbachia cultivars Camouflage, Camille and Star Bright was evaluated. Three types of somaclonal variants (SV1, SV2, and SV3) were
identified from regenerated plants of cv. Camouflage, one type from cv. Camille, but none from cv. Star Bright. The three
variants had novel and distinct foliar variegation patterns compared to cv. Camouflage parental plants. Additionally, SV1
was taller with a larger canopy and longer leaves than parental plants and SV2. SV2 and SV3 did not produce basal shoots (single
stem) but basal shoot numbers between SV1 and parental plants were similar ranging from three to four. The variant type identified
from regenerated cv. Camille had lanceolate leaves compared to the oblong leaves of the parent. This variant type also grew
taller and had a larger canopy than parental plants. The rates of somaclonal variation were up to 40.4% among regenerated
cv. Camouflage plants and 2.6% for regenerated cv. Camille. The duration of callus culture had no effect on somaclonal variation
rates of cv. Camouflage as the rates between plants regenerated from 8 months to 16 months of callus culture were similar.
The phenotypes of the identified variants were stable as verified by their progenies after cutting propagation. This study
demonstrated the potential for new cultivar development by selecting callus-derived somaclonal variants of Dieffenbachia. 相似文献
3.
J. Landsmann H. Uhrig 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1985,71(3):500-505
Summary The many reports of phenotypic variation among plants regenerated from tissue culture suggest underlying alterations at the DNA level. This hypothesis was tested with protoplast-derived Solanum tuberosum plants. Random potato-DNA clones were used to probe the genome of individual plants at specific sites. Two out of twelve plants were shown to be variant by Southern-hybridisation with one of the tester-clones. As this clone turned out to represent 25S-rDNA, both somaclonal variants can be regarded as mutants deficient in ribosomal RNA-genes. 相似文献
4.
The influence of plant growth regulator concentrations and callus age on somaclonal variation in callus culture regenerants of strawberry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Narender S. Nehra Kutty K. Kartha Cecil Stushnott Kenneth L. Giles 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1992,29(3):257-268
The effect of plant growth regulator concentrations and ageing of callus on the extent and nature of variation among callus culture regenerants of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv. Redcoat was examined. Plants regenerated from callus culture had reduced plant vigour, shorter petiole length and smaller leaf size, but more leaves and runners under greenhouse conditions. These responses appeared to be due to a physiological influence of plant growth regulators. No distinct phenotypic variants were observed at plant growth regulator concentrations in the range of 1–10 M each of BA and 2,4-d combination, but the highest concentration (20 M each) of this combination produced a high frequency (10%) of dwarf type variants. The dwarf nature of these variants was maintained in the runner plants produced by the primary regenerants. The plants regenerated from 8-week-old calli did not show any distinct morphological variants. However, a significant proportion of deformed leaf shape (6–13%) and yellow leaf (21–29%) variants was obtained among plants regenerated from 16 and 24-week-old calli. The primary regenerants of the leaf shape variants were established as chimeras. The chimeric plants produced runner progeny with normal plants and plants with completely distorted leaf morphology. Both leaf shape and yellow leaf variants remained stable through runner propagation. Isozyme analysis failed to distinguish any of the variants from the standard runner plants. Flow cytometric analysis indicated the aneuploid nature of leaf shape variants but it could not distinguish dwarf and yellow leaf variants from standard runner plants. 相似文献
5.
Clonal trueness of micropropagated or cryopreserved material is essential, especially with long-living tree species. In this study, the growth rate and morphology of regenerated silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) plants growing in the nursery were evaluated after different treatments: short-term (14 months) and long-term (70 months) tissue culture periods, cryostorage of in vivo buds and cryopreservation of in vitro shoot apices using four different slow cooling cryopreservation protocols with PGD (10% PEG, 10% glucose, 10% DMSO) as cryoprotectant. Genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants compared to the original donor trees was evaluated using RAPD assays together with chromosome analysis. The regenerated plants showed no genetic or phenotypic changes, and can thus be considered as reliable material for any research, breeding or silvicultural activities. 相似文献
6.
Chromosome number and nuclear DNA content of plants regenerated from salt adapted plant cells 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Plants regenerated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin 38) cells that were adapted to 428 mM NaCl were found to have hexaploid or near-hexaploid chromosome numbers compared to the normal tetraploid, 2N(2C)=4X=48 chromosome numbers of plants regenerated from unadapted cells. Even though cells with chromosome numbers other than hexaploid were found in the cell population only hexaploid plants were regenerated. The hexaploid condition may impart some karyotypic stability that allows more efficient morphogenic activity. The hexaploid condition could not be correlated with several phenotypic alterations associated with plants regenerated from adapted cells, including male sterility and increased salt tolerance. 相似文献
7.
T. Cai G. Ejeta J. D. Axtell L. G. Butler 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1990,79(6):737-747
Summary Genetic variants were found among over 6,000 primary plants (R1) regenerated from embryogenic tissue cultures of eight high tannin sorghums [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Field assessment of somaclonal variation has progressed to the R2 population, with over 48,000 R2 seedlings (27,000 plants) in 1,126 rows from 1,055 R1 plants. A total of 43 variant phenotypes was recovered, including several types of chlorophyll deficiencies, dwarfism, short culm, sterility, narrow leaf, and several previously unreported variants, such as ragged leaf, multibranched heads, and Hydra, a developmental variant which produces large numbers of panicles. Variation production greatly depends on parent genotype and appears to increase with increasing time in cultures. The toal average somaclonal variation rate (based per 100 R1 plants) and somaclonal variant frequency (based per 100 R2 plants) estimated in the tested population were 11.3 and 1.6, respectively. Chimerism was found in regenerants. The estimated size of the mutated sector carried by mutant regenerants ranged from the whole plant to less than 3% of a single head. The average proportion of mutated R1 heads carrying large (80%–100%), medium (40%–80%), and small (<40%) mutated sectors was 38.7%, 26.0% and 35.3%, respectively. Some sector mutations do not appear until the R3 generation. In order to avoid losing variants, the population for selecting somaclonal variation should be as large as possible. Some of these variants found may be useful for further study or for use in breeding programs. 相似文献
8.
D. G. Catcheside 《Genetica》1935,17(3-4):313-341
Summary The fertilisation of untreated ovules ofOenothera blandina by pollen subjected to doses of X-rays resulted in F1 generations consisting of normal plants with no pollen sterility, normal plants with about 50% or more pollen sterility and variant plants usually with 50% or more bad pollen.The pollen-sterile normal plants included seven with segmentally interchanged chromosomes, the remainder examined having only normal chromosomes. Five plants had one ring of four chromosomes, one had one ring of six chromosomes and one had two rings of four chromosomes. The inheritance of the interchanges was traced in several cases. Some of them were not transmitted because they were lethal to pollen carrying them and also failed to form embryo sacs.Most of the variant plants appeared cytologically normal, having seven ring pairs at metaphase 1. Three plants had interchanges, two of them having a chain of four chromosomes as the maximum catenation. The F2's of the variant plants consisted of normalblandina with the exception of the narrow leaved one that had a ring of four chromosomes.It is concluded that the variant plants, the pollen sterile normals and the interchange normals in which the interchange was not transmitted through the pollen were all defectives, resulting from deletions produced in the parental pollen by the action of the X-rays.Some indications of a quantitative relationship between X-ray dosage and percentage numbers of variants, pollen steriles and interchange heterozygotes respectively could be traced. 相似文献
9.
E. D. Badaeva E. B. Budashkina N. S. Badaev N. P. Kalinina F. M. Shkutina 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1991,82(2):227-232
Summary Tissue culture of the Zea mays inbred line A188 resulted in the regeneration of plants having a high level of phenotypic variation compared to seed-grown control plants. To determine how such variation was induced and whether this could be related to specific in vitro culture methods, callus cultures were established and maintained on different, commonly used culture media. Plants were regenerated and the genomic DNA of callus cultures and regenerants analysed for RFLP differences. The results show that regardless of the gene probe used, callus formation resulted in significant deviations from the DNA pattern normally found in seed-grown control plants. Alterations in gene copy number also occurred. As differentiation and organogenesis began, the level of DNA variation fell, and most of the regenerated plants showed a genetic similarity to the controls; those with RFLP differences were the somaclonal variants. 相似文献
10.
Selection of Glyphosate-Tolerant Tobacco Calli and the Expression of this Tolerance in Regenerated Plants 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
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From nonmutagenized haploid suspensions of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Wisconsin 38 cells, 51 cell lines capable of growth in the presence of 1 millimolar glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) were initially isolated at a frequency of 2.3 × 10−8. Eighteen cell lines retained tolerance when grown on selective medium for 3 years. Tolerance persisted for at least 14 months in six cell lines cultured in the absence of glyphosate. Some plants regenerated from four glyphosate-tolerant cell lines were tolerant. Glyphosate-tolerant tissue was isolated from some sensitive as well as some tolerant regenerated plants. Six of the tolerant cell lines were also tolerant to the herbicide amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole). Five cell lines selected for amitrole tolerance were glyphosate tolerant. Some plants regenerated from three of these five cell lines were glyphosate tolerant and glyphosate-tolerant tissue was obtained from several of these regenerated plants. Amitrole uptake in suspension cultures of several variants was assessed in terms of influx rate constants. This parameter was not sufficiently different indicating that altered membrane properties could not account for the herbicide tolerance. 相似文献
11.
Mature plants were regenerated via protoplasts fromAgrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed root cultures ofHyoscyamus muticus L., and chemical analyses were performed on 34 individual plants. The regenerated plants showed strong phenotypic differences from clone to clone as well as from the control plants. Polymerase chain reaction studies revealed that the plants exhibiting the strongest phenotypic alterations contained therol (A, B and C) genes, whereas the plants with fewer alterations had lost them. The plants produced hyoscyamine, scopolamine and a range of different calystegins, and considerable somaclonal variation was observed. Alkaloid production in the plants transgenic for therol genes was clearly reduced. The pattern of calystegins was similar within all the regenerated plants lackingrol genes. Among the plants withrol genes, the calystegin B1 was not detectable. It seems clear that the presence ofrol genes is detrimental to the alkaloid accumulation in the transgenic plants in contrast to hairy root cultures.Abbreviation
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction 相似文献
12.
Tore Skrøppa Mari Mette Tollefsrud Christoph Sperisen Øystein Johnsen 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2010,6(1):93-99
Seedlings of open-pollinated Picea abies families from Norwegian and Central European parent trees standing at three sites in Norway were tested for timing of bud
set at the end of the first growth season together with seedlings from control provenances producing seeds at their geographical
origin. The parental origins were confirmed with a maternally inherited mitochondrial marker that distinguishes trees of the
Northern European range from those of the Central European range. The seedlings from the families of Central European mother
trees producing seeds in Norway had on average a bud set more similar to the families of local Norwegian origin producing
seeds at the same site than the provenance of the same Central European origin. It is argued that the rapid change in this
adaptive trait from one generation to the next can be explained by recent research results demonstrating that day length and
temperature conditions during embryo formation and maturation can influence the phenotypic performance of seedlings in Norway
spruce. This effect may influence the fitness of naturally regenerated plants produced in plantations of Central European
trees in Norway. 相似文献
13.
Large scale selection of aluminum-resistant mutants from plant cell culture: expression and inheritance in seedlings 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A. J. Conner C. P. Meredith 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1985,71(2):159-165
Summary A large number of aluminum-resistant variants, selected from non-mutagenized homozygous diploid cell cultures of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv., are characterized. Of 115 variants cloned and reselected from single cells, 67 retained Al resistance in callus cultures after 6–9 months of growth in the absence of Al. There was no association between Al resistance and callus growth in the absence of Al, suggesting that the Al-resistant phenotype is not detrimental in the absence of Al challenge and that Al resistance is not the result of increased vigor. Plants regenerated from initially resistant callus lines that subsequently lost their resistance failed, with one exception, to transmit resistance to their seedling progeny. Fertile plants were regenerated from 40 of the 67 variants that retained stable Al resistance in callus culture. All 40 transmitted Al resistance to their seedling progeny (selfed and backcrossed) in segregation ratios expected for a single dominant mutation. The selfed progeny of many variants also segregated for recessive lethal mutations which were attributed to independent mutations that occurred during cell culture. 相似文献
14.
Alfalfa plants were regenerated from callus cultures of three source plants that differed in resistance to anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum trifolii. All regenerant plants were evaluated for variation in resistance to disease caused by races 1 and 2 of the pathogen. Of eighty-two plants that were regenerated and evaluated, no plants responded differently to inoculation with race 1 of C. trifolii, but two plants (2.4%) differed in resistance when inoculated with race 2. The source plant of these regenerants was resistant to races 1 and 2 of the pathogen but the regenerants were resistant to race 1 and susceptible to race 2. No variants to race 1 were detected. The susceptible response of the variant plants to race 2 was confirmed by cytological analysis and was consistent with the response of nonregenerant susceptible plants. These plants represent a near-isogenic plant model for studying the molecular biology of resistance and susceptibility to anthracnose of alfalfa. 相似文献
15.
Morphological and isozyme variation was observed among plants regenerated from callus cultures of Cereus peruvianus. Different morphological types of shoots (68%) were observed in 4-year-old regenerated plants, while no distinct morphological variants were observed in plants grown from germinated seeds. Isozyme patterns of 633 plants regenerated from calli and of 261 plants grown from germinated seeds showed no variation in isocitrate dehydrogenase isozyme, and the differential sorbitol dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and peroxidase isozyme patterns observed in regenerated plants were attributed to nonallelic variation. Allelic variation was detected at three isoesterase loci. The proportion of polymorphic loci for both populations was 13.6% and the deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for the Est-1 and Est-7 loci observed in somaclones was attributed to the manner in which the regenerant population was established. The high values for genetic identity among regenerant and seed-grown plant populations are in accordance with the low levels of interpopulation genetic divergence. In somaclones of C. peruvianus, morphological divergence was achieved within a short time but was not associated with any isozyme changes and also was not accompanied by biochemical genetic divergence. 相似文献
16.
H. Bouman G.-J. De Klerk 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(1):111-117
Begonia plants were regenerated from leaf explants treated with increasing concentrations of the chemical mutagen nitrosomethylurea
(NMU). In these plants, we evaluated three methods to assess the extent of variation: a qualitative, phenotypic assay (the
percentage of aberrant plants), a molecular assay (changes in RAPD patterns) and a quantitative, phenotypic assay (variation
in a quantitative trait). The qualitative, phenotypic assay required a large number of plants per treatment (approx. 100)
and careful, skilled judgement. It was sensitive to physiological variation. The RAPD assay was not sufficiently sensitive:
even at the highest NMU concentration there were no changes in RAPD patterns. The quantitative, phenotypic assay gave the
best results: it was simple, objective and sensitive, and required few plants per treatment (approx. 30). Plants were also
regenerated from different types of intermediate callus, and their variation was assessed. The performance of the three assays
was essentially the same as with plants obtained after mutagenesis with NMU. An intermediate nodular- or non-nodular-callus
phase resulted in slightly or strongly increased variation, respectively. In contrast to NMU-induced variation, callus-related
variation, as determined in the quantitative, phenotypic assay, appeared to be to a large extent transient since it decreased
strongly after a second direct-regeneration step. An intermediate callus phase resulted in 2.5% juvenile plants. This aberration,
which might be related with changes in the methylation status of DNA, was not observed in NMU-treated plants.
Received: 30 January 2000 / Accepted: 14 April 2000 相似文献
17.
Jin Cui Jianjun Chen Richard J. Henny 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2009,45(1):34-43
Plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis in Aeschynanthus radicans ‘Mona Lisa’ was achieved in this study. Globular somatic embryos were formed directly from cut edges of leaf explants and
cut ends or on the surface of stem explants 4 wk after culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with N-phenyl-N′-1, 2, 3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ) with α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), TDZ with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),
or 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or kintin (KN) with 2,4-D. MS medium containing 9.08 μM TDZ and 2.68 μM 2,4-D resulted in 71%
of stem explants producing somatic embryos. In contrast, 40% of leaf explants produced somatic embryos when induced in medium
containing 6.81 μM TDZ and 2.68 μM 2,4-D. Somatic embryos matured, and some germinated into small plants on the initial induction
medium. Up to 64% of stem explants cultured on medium supplemented with 9.08 μM TDZ + 2.68 μM 2,4-D, 36% of leaf explants
cultured on medium containing 6.81 μM TDZ and 2.68 μM 2,4-D had somatic embryo germination before or after transferring onto
MS medium containing 8.88 μM BA and 1.07 μM NAA. Shoots elongated better and roots developed well on MS medium without growth
regulators. Approximately 30–50 plantlets were regenerated from each stem or leaf explant. The regenerated plants grew vigorously
after transplanting to a soil-less substrate in a shaded greenhouse with more than a 98% survival rate. Three months after
their establishment in the shaded greenhouse, 500 plants regenerated from stem explants were morphologically evaluated, from
which five types of variants that had large, orbicular, elliptic, small, and lanceolate leaves were identified. Flow cytometry
analysis of the variants along with the parent showed that they all had one identical peak, indicating that the variant lines,
like the parent, were diploid. The mean nuclear DNA contents of the variant lines and their parent ranged from 4.90 to 4.99 pg
2C−1, which were not significantly different statistically. The results suggest that the regenerated plants have a stable ploidy
level, and the regeneration method established in this study can be used for rapid propagation of ploidy-stable Aeschynanthus radicans. 相似文献
18.
Laurence Tremblay Caroline Levasseur Francine M. Tremblay 《American journal of botany》1999,86(10):1373-1381
Plants of black spruce (Picea mariana, N = 7047 individuals) and white spruce (P. glauca, N = 3995 individuals) were regenerated from a total of 87 clones over a 5-yr period by somatic embryogenesis to study factors that might be associated with the appearance of variant phenotypes. Morphological evaluation of the plants showed several types of variation. These variations were grouped into nine types: dwarfism (type A), reduced height with various form anomalies (types B, C, and D), needle fasciation (type E), abnormality in tree architecture (type F), variegata phenotype (type G), and plants with an overall regular morphology but smaller than normal plants (type H). Plagiotropic plants were also observed (type I). Each plant from types A to H (except type C where no plants survived more than 6 mo) had retained its phenotype over 4–5 yr of growth. Some of the variant types could be related to chromosomic instability: chromosome counts showed aneuploid cells for type-A and type-D plants. The type I (plagiotropism) was not related to genetic instability but rather to physiological disorders. In total, spruce variants of types A–H were obtained at relatively low frequencies, i.e., 1.0% (39/3995) for white spruce and 1.6% (110/7047) for black spruce. Statistical analyses, conducted with family, clone, and time in maintenance as variables, showed that clone was the most important source of genetic instability followed by time in maintenance. 相似文献
19.
Root deformation in plantations of container-grown Scots pine trees: effects on root growth,tree stability and stem straightness 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Root system deformation was studied in 23 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in central Sweden. The study comprised both
plantations created with container-grown plants (Paperpot) and natural stands including young (7–9 year old) and older (19–24
year old) trees. Trees were measured with regards to distribution of roots, root deformation, stability, stem straightness
and wood properties in stumps. Root distribution was most uniform for naturally regenerated trees. Older trees generally showed
a better root distribution than young trees. The young planted trees displayed a high frequency of severely spiralled root
systems, while only a few of the older trees had spiralled root systems. No severe root deformations were observed on naturally
regenerated trees. Naturally regenerated trees were more stable than those which had been planted. Differences in bending
moment, when trees were pulled to an angle of 10°, were considerable between young planted and naturally regenerated trees,
but less pronounced for the older trees. Young planted trees had the highest frequency of severely crooked stem bases, while
naturally regenerated trees had the straightest mode of growth. Tensile strength in peripheral wood samples of the stumps
was substantially lower for planted than for naturally regenerated trees. Strain values to breakage of wood samples, taken
from the root collar and the central- and peripheral part of the stump were lower for planted trees. The conclusions from
this study are that root distribution, tree stability and stem straightness of planted Paperpot-grown trees will improve after
a certain time and approach the state of naturally regenerated trees. As trees grow older, early established crooked stem
bases will be compensated by radial growth and the tree will appear straighter. Inside the stem, however, problems may still
remain with abnormal fibre direction and compression wood together with inferior root strength due to fibre disturbances as
a result of spiralled roots.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
S. Y. Park H. N. Murthy D. Chakrabarthy K. Y. Paek 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2009,45(1):104-108
Somaclones exhibiting variations with flower characteristics were recovered from the tissue-culture-derived plants of Doritaenopsis. Two molecular techniques, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP)
analyses, were used to characterize the somaclones. RAPD analysis, using 100 randomly selected primers, failed to differentiate
variants and normal plants, even though some primers (six out of 100 primers) exhibited 6–10 distinct banding patterns. However,
MSAP analysis revealed the differences in the DNA methylation patterns in the normal and variant plants which were correlated
with phenotypic variation. In all, 311, 337, 366, and 343 fragments were obtained with normal and V1, V2, and V3 variant plants,
respectively; each representing recognition site cleaved by either or both of the isoshizomers were amplified using 12 combination
of primers. A total of 36 (11.6%), 77 (22.9%), 73 (19.9%), and 47 (13.7%) sites were found to be methylated at cytosine in
the genomes of normal and V1, V2, and V3 variant Doritaenopsis plants. This study demonstrates usefulness of MSAP to detect DNA methylation events in tissue cultured Doritaenopsis plants. 相似文献