产业动向

IMSHealth展望全球医药市场据IMSHealth近期公布的数据显示,2005年处方药的销售量增长了7%,销售额为6020亿美元。美国仍然独占鳌头,年销售量为2520亿美元。但是美国及另外九个大市场的销售量只增长了5.7%,而中国、俄罗斯、韩国、墨西哥等新兴市场的销售量增长了81%。其中,中国医药市场增长了约20%,达到93亿美元的市场规模;墨西哥市场增长12%,达到75亿美元的规模。拉美地区2005年医药市场增长18.5%,达到240亿美元;而不包括日本在内的亚太及非洲地区的药品销售额也达到464亿美元,增长率为11%。全球10种最畅销药物的销售额达到569亿美元,其…     

国际重组蛋白药物市场和研发趋势的分析

从1982年美国批准第一个重组蛋白药物（重组人胰岛素Humulin）上市至今,已过去了四分之一世纪。重组蛋白药物虽仅占全球处方药市场的7％～8％,但却是增长最快的一类。目前,共有82个重组蛋白药物被用于临床,其中“重磅炸弹”15个,占总数的18％。2005年重组蛋白药物销售总额约410亿美元,而其中“重磅炸弹”的销售额合计约270亿美元,占总额的66％。2006年,美国和欧洲批准了第一个肺吸入型胰岛素上市;欧洲批准了第一个由转基因羊生产的重组人抗凝血酶用于临床,并批准了第一个重组蛋白仿制药物上市。重组蛋白药物市场已经从蛹发育为美丽的蝴蝶,但是,这只蝴蝶能够美丽多久,还受到多种因素的制约。本文以美国和欧洲重组蛋白药物市场为主,采用市场细分的方法,从重组蛋白药物种类的销售额入手,分析了市场及研发趋势,将对我们判断市场走向、提供创新思维和制定创新战略有实际的参考价值。     

构建支撑新药创制的平台

从1982年第一个新生物技术药物一一基因重组人胰岛素上市至今．生物制药已有20余年的发展历程．约有80余种产品上市，2005年全球生物制药销售额已经超过550亿美元．连续8年增长率保持在15%～33%．有22个生物技术药物年销售额超过10亿美元。在我国．生物医药产业受到了各区域政府的高度重视．纷纷出台了促进生物医药产业发展的各种政策和措施．[第一段]     

IMS Health展望全球医药市场

据IMS Health近期公布的数据显示,2005年处方药的销售量增长了7％,销售额为6020亿美元。美国仍然独占鳌头,年销售量为2520亿美元。但是美国及另外九个大市场的销售量只增长了5．7％,而中国、俄罗斯、韩国、墨西哥等新兴市场的销售量增长了81％。其中,中国医药市场增长了约20％,达到93亿美元的市场规模;墨西哥市场增长12％,达到75亿美元的规模。拉美地区2005年医药市场增长18．5％,达到240亿美元;而不包括日本在内的亚太及非洲地区的药品销售额也达到464亿美元,增长率为11％。     

凝血因子药物市场分析

凝血因子是一类特殊的药物,是血友病等血液疾病的治疗药物,目前已经成为血液制品的重要组成部分。国外已经有二十多种重组凝血因子药物上市,2015年全球重组凝血因子药物的市场规模已经达到78.54亿美元,未来还将持续增长,Baxalta公司的重组凝血因子产品销售额位居全球首位,达到28.40亿美元。国外有多种重组凝血因子处于研发阶段,其中长效重组凝血因子将成为新的市场增长点。国内各类凝血因子药物的批签发状况良好,且随着国家发展和改革委员会取消血液制品最高零售价,各类产品价格均有不同幅度增长,其中人纤原蛋白原增长幅度最高,达到189%。国产凝血因子市场空间巨大,但存在产品供给和研发力度不足等问题,发展受到限制,必须改革行业管理制度、提高血浆分离技术、加强重组产品研发。     

生物技术药物市场现状与发展趋势

目的:基于市场角度分析生物技术药物发展现状和未来趋势。方法:检索Thomson Reuters Cortellis数据库、全球医药市场研究机构Evaluate Pharma和美国食品药品监督管理局公布的数据,利用对比分析方法对检索结果进行分析。结果:得益于生物技术药物本身的优势特点,全球生物技术药物市场比例将由2013年的22%增长至2020年的27%,2020年全球市场中罗氏仍然保持最大的市场份额,市场销售额将达435亿美元。尽管中国生物技术药物的市场总额占全球市场的比例仅为2%,但未来发展空间较大,且目前已经形成了以国药集团为龙头的产业集群。结论:随着疾病治疗需求的增加,生物技术药物发展潜力巨大,未来市场将进一步扩大。     

“新一代生物技术药物:单克隆抗体、疫苗类药物”国际论坛

从 198 2年第一个基因工程药物重组人胰岛素问世以来 ,新的生物技术药物相继被开发和投入市场。自80年代末 ,利用基因工程手段构建嵌合抗体或人源化抗体为发展治疗性单抗药物带来突破。 90年代中 ,美国Ｇｅｎｅｔｅｃｈ、ＩＤＥＣ、ＯｒｔｈｏＢｉｏｔｅｃｈ、Ｃｅｎｔｏｃｏｒ公司、德国Ｒｏｃｈｅ公司的多个治疗性单抗药物获批准后仅两三年便创下几十亿美金的销售额 ,且每年增长近 5 0 % ,预计到 2 0 0 3年可达 5 0 0亿美元 ,10 0种以上的单抗正在进行临床实验 ,占整个生物药品数量的一半。显而易见 ,单抗药物已代替重组蛋白药物 ,成为生…     

产业动向

十一五期间拟培育5个50亿元规模医药集团国家发改委近日公布了《医药行业“十一五”发展指导意见》。提出在“十一五”期间培育5个销售额在50亿元以上的大型医药集团,10个销售额在30亿元以上的医药商业企业,并争取有5家左右的本土企业初步发展成为国际化医药企业。根据《指导意     

天然香料发展现状

1.世界香料工业市场动态随着世界各国工业的迅速发展,人民生活水平的日趋提高,近年来,世界各国的香精香料生产、销售迅速发展和增长。据报导:全世界香精香料总销售额1970年为13亿美元,1976年为23亿美元,1977年为30亿美元,1978年为36亿美元,1979年为40亿美元,1985年为78亿美元,到1988年已突破100亿美元大关。全世界70年代的递增幅度为10％、八十年代为13％,其中日、美的递增幅度达15％以上。     

人源性治疗性抗体技术平台

治疗性抗体具有广泛的应用前景和巨大的市场价值。治疗性抗体产业已经成为整个生物制药行业的支柱产业,其销售额连年大比例上升,2007年已达240亿美元（约合1648．56亿元人民币）,占整个生物技术药物年销售总额的近1／3。目前,治疗性抗体已经发展到人源性抗体阶段,尽管已上市的抗体仅有20％为人源性抗体,但是临床研究阶段的人源性抗体却已达到50％左右。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.