腐食酪螨有效积温的研究

腐食酪螨 Tyrophagus putrescentiae(Schrank) ,是世界性仓储物品和食用菌重要害螨 ,也是人体皮炎、体内螨病及螨性过敏的主要病原。本文研究了该螨的有效积温。经测定 ,腐食酪螨全世代的发育始点为 8.38± 1.5 1℃ ,有效积温为 2 2 1.72日度 ;卵、幼螨、第一若螨和第二若螨的发育始点分别为 10 .4 7± 2 .31℃、8.0 9± 2 .36℃、9.0 9± 1.16℃和 10 .5 9± 1.73℃ ,有效积温分别为 4 1.79日度、5 8.0 6日度、36 .2 7日度和 39.5 3日度。     

黄瓜钝绥螨对茶黄螨雌成螨和腐食酪卵的功能反应

研究黄瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris 对茶黄螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)雌成螨和腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae卵的功能反应。结果表明,黄瓜钝绥螨的第1若螨,第2若螨,雌成螨捕食茶黄螨雌成螨和腐食酪螨卵的功能反应均属于Holling II型,其中,雌成螨的捕食能力最强,对腐食酪螨卵和对茶黄螨雌成螨的攻击系数a大,处理时间th短,第2若螨也具有较强的捕食能力,对静态的腐食酪螨卵比对动态的茶黄螨捕食能力强,黄瓜钝绥螨对茶黄螨雌成螨具有很强的捕食能力。     

常用杀虫杀螨剂对腐食酪螨的毒力测定

采用药膜法和玻片浸渍法分别测定了14种常用杀虫杀螨剂对腐食酪螨雌成螨和卵的毒力。结果表明:各药剂对雌成螨都有一定作用,但对卵没有杀伤效果。其中,对雌成螨毒力最高的为杀螨多,LC50为0.2568 mg.L-1;毒力最低的为敌敌畏,LC50为320.4793 mg.L-1。     

腐食酪螨对低氧高二氧化碳气调的抗性

在10％CO_2,5％O_2(其余部分为N_2,下同);35％CO_2,11％CO_2;35％CO_2,21％O_2;75％CO_2,11％O_2,及75％CO_2,21％O_2,五种气调环境下对腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae(Schrank)进行连续25～26代的抗气性诱导筛选。结果表明,抗性都有不同程度的增加,在75％CO_2,11％O_2下抗性系数最大为5.0,在10％CO_2,5％O_2下抗性系数最小为3.7,在其它气调环境下,抗性系数都在4以上。     

温湿度对腐食酪螨存活和繁殖的影响

研究了33种不同温湿度处理对腐食酪螨卵发育、孵化,成螨存活和繁殖的影响。结果表明：在15±1℃、20±1℃、25±1℃、30±1℃、35±1℃5种恒温下,相对湿度低于60％腐食酪螨几乎不能存活,高湿环境条件才有利于该种群正常繁衍。在适宜相对湿度范围,湿度与腐食酪螨成螨存活率关系显著,温度与腐食酪螨卵的发育历期、成螨日均产卵量关系极显著。     

腐食酪螨、粉尘螨传播霉菌的实验研究

探讨粉满能否携带、传播霉菌,对腐食酪螨(Tyrophagus putrescentiae)和粉尘螨(Dermatophagoides farinae)传播5种霉菌进行实验观察,并对自然环境中分离出的腐食酪螨和粉尘螨进行霉菌培养。结果表明,无论是实验条件下,还是自然情况下,腐食酪螨和粉尘螨均可携带、传播霉菌,两者无明显差异(p>0.05),且腐食酪螨和粉尘螨携带、传播霉菌不受其种类的影响。因此认为粉螨是携带、传播霉菌的重要媒介之一,应积极控制粉螨孳生,减少粉螨和霉菌对人类的危害。     

磷化氢、二氧化碳混合气体对腐食酪螨成螨的生物学效应

本文研究结果表明：腐食酪螨Ｔｙｒｏｐｈａｇｕｓｐｕｔｒｅｓｃｅｎｔｉａｅ（Ｓｃｈｒａｎｋ）成螨在０％、８％、１６％（容积比）ＣＯ２气体中耗氧量随ＣＯ２浓度的增加而增加,当在３２％、６４％ＣＯ２气体中,该成螨的耗氧量反倒低于其在正常大气中的耗氧量。在０％、８％、１６％、３２％、６４％ＣＯ２与０．０５ｍｇ／ＬＰＨ３混合气体中该成螨对ＰＨ３的吸收量分别为１．１１±０．９２、１．７９±０．５６、５．１４±１．１３、７．６０±１．８０、８．０８±０．８５μｇ／ｈｒ’ｇ,在同一ＣＯ２浓度条件下试螨对ＰＨ３的吸收量在高浓度ＰＨ３（０．４５ｍｇ／Ｌ）中明显大于在低浓度ＰＨ３（０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ）中,但ＰＨ３吸收量的增加倍数远远低于ＰＨ３浓度的增加倍数。ＰＨ３对该螨过氧化氢酶的抑制体内酶高于离体酶,细胞色素ｃ氧化酶受ＰＨ３抑制则相反。被ＰＨ３抑制的过氧化氢酶和细胞色素Ｃ氧化酶活性恢复时间分别为二周和一周。本文还对ＰＨ３的可能杀螨机理及ＣＯ２在此过程中的作用进行了讨论     

磷化氢、二氧化碳混合气体对腐食酪螨成螨的生物学效应

本文研究结果表明：腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putretcentiae(Schrank)成螨在0%、8%、16%(容积比)CO₂气体中耗氧量随CO₂浓度的增加而增加,当在32%、64% CO₂：气体中,该成螨的耗氧量反倒低于其在正常大气中的耗氧量。在0%、8%、16% 32% 64%CO₂与0.05mg/LPH₃混合气体中该戍螨对PH₃的吸收量分别为1.11±0.92、1.79±0.56 、5.14±1.13、7.60±1.80、8.08±0.85μg/hr'g,在同一CO₂浓度条件下试螨对PH₃的吸收量在高浓度PH₃(0.45mg/L)中明显大于在低浓度PH₃,(0.05mg/L)中,但PH₃,吸收量的增加倍数远远低于PH₃浓度的增加倍数。PH₃,对该螨过氧化氢酶的抑制体内酶高于离体酶,细胞色素c氧化酶受PH₃抑制则相反。被PH₃抑制的过氧化氢酶和细胞色素c氧化酶活性恢复时间分别为二周和一周。本文还对PH_{3的可能杀螨机理及CO2在此过程中的作用进行了讨论。}     

腐食酪螨螨体正己烷提取物的生物活性及成分分析

【目的】确定腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae报警信息素的存在及其成分。【方法】采取正己烷溶剂浸提法提取获得腐食酪螨螨体提取物, 通过观察腐食酪螨对提取物的行为反应确定其生物活性, 最后用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatograph-mass spectrum, GC-MS)对提取物的成分进行分析。【结果】腐食酪螨正己烷提取物对该螨有明显的报警作用。GC-MS分析显示, 提取物中含有橙花醇甲酸酯、Z-柠檬醛、E-柠檬醛等成分。【结论】该实验证明了腐食酪螨报警信息素的存在, 为进一步明确各成分及其作用奠定了基础。     

腐食酪螨在不同温度和营养条件下生长发育的比较研究

在12.5℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃恒温下,用啤酒酵母粉和玉米粉为饲料,测定了不同温度和饲料条件下腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae各个发育阶段和世代的发育历期,获得其在各条件下的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在本文的实验温度范围内,该螨的发育历期与温度呈负相关,即随着温度的升高发育历期缩短。在各发育阶段不同饲料条件下发育起点温度和有效积温都有所差异。用啤酒酵母粉作饲料时,腐食酪螨的全世代历期为48.04天（12.5℃下）和8.41天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.18℃,有效积温为155.44 d·℃; 用玉米粉作饲料时,全世代历期为78.79天（12.5℃下）和10.77天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.52℃,有效积温为208.33 d·℃。以成螨体长和体宽为指标,比较了在各温度条件及不同饲料条件对其生长的影响,结果表明不同饲料对螨体大小有显著影响,温度的影响不明显。     

猎物对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

在(25±1)℃、90%RH以上、无光照实验条件下,以腐食酪螨和刺足根螨为猎物,研究了巴氏钝绥螨的生长发育和繁殖情况。结果表明,以腐食酪螨幼螨为猎物,巴氏钝绥螨可正常发育和繁殖,雌、雄成螨寿命分别为(34.250±1.361)和(23.950±1.606)d;以刺足根螨为猎物时,无法发育到成螨;成螨寿命明显缩短,雌、雄分别为(7.300±0.619)和(6.567±0.609)d,显著短于捕食腐食酪螨的巴氏钝绥螨,而且雌螨不能产卵。     

屋尘螨成螨形态的扫描电镜观察

【目的】利用扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscopy, SEM）观察屋尘螨Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus颚体、 躯体、 外生殖器及足等的形态结构。【方法】从床尘、 枕尘中采集屋尘螨, 分离出雌雄成螨, 在体视显微镜下清洗处理活螨后, 用SEM观察其外部形态特征。【结果】SEM照片显示, 屋尘螨螯肢钳状, 须肢扁平; 体表具细密皮纹, 似指纹状, 纹间距小于2 μm。外生殖器位于腹面正中, 雌螨为产卵孔, 雄螨生殖孔具1对叶状生殖盖。肛门呈纵行裂孔, 雄螨具2个肛吸盘。雌螨足跗节末端各具爪垫1个, 雄螨跗节Ⅳ具2个吸盘。【结论】本研究观察结果为尘螨鉴定提供了更多依据。     

Impact of proteins and saccharides on mass production of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae) and its predator Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Proteins and saccharides are the two most important nutrients of artificial insect diets. In this study, additional protein or saccharide sources were added to the diet, and their impact on the population increase of both the prey Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank (Acari: Acaridae) and the predator Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was investigated. T. putrescentiae population increased by 319, 317 and 180 times within six weeks, when yeast powder, glucose or sugar was added to the basic wheat bran diet (diet mass: additive mass 10:3), respectively. However, T. putrescentiae population increased by only 70 times when reared on the basic diet. All three types of nutrients resulted in increased soluble saccharide level of mixed stages T. putrescentiae. Significant increase of soluble protein level was observed when yeast powder was added. When fed on T. putrescentiae reared on yeast powder, glucose or sugar added diets, the developmental duration of N. barkeri was shortened by 23, 23 and 33%, and the daily fecundity increased by 40, 20 and 27%, respectively. The proportion of N. barkeri female offspring was 64% when fed with T. putrescentiae reared on wheat bran, increased to 70% when yeast powder was added, and decreased to 59% and 58% when glucose and sugar was added, respectively. The commercial packaging requirement of N. barkeri is 80 mites per g. It generally takes 40 days from N. barkeri inoculation to reach this requirement, but this period was dramatically shortened to 20, 25 and 24 days when yeast powder, sugar and glucose were added to the diet of T. putrescentiae, respectively.     

The predatory mite Hypoaspis miles: biological and demographic characteristics on two prey species, the mushroom sciarid fly, Lycoriella solani, and the mould mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The biology of Hypoaspis miles Berlese (Acarina: Hypoaspidae) fed on mushroom sciarid larvae (Lycoriella solani Winnertz) (Diptera: Lycoriidae) and mould mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae), was investigated by laboratory experiments at 20 °C, 75% r.h. and LD16:D8 hours. H. miles had a significantly shorter development time and a significantly lower juvenile mortality when fed on sciarid larvae than on mould mites, the development time being 14.5 days and the mortality 3.5% on the former prey. The preoviposition and postoviposition periods of H. miles were not uninfluenced by the prey species and were 5–9 and 32–37 days, respectively. Oviposition periods of 53.2 and 68.5 days and female longevities of 82 and 109.6 days were observed on diets of sciarid larvae and mould mites, respectively. Male longevity (168–219 days) was uninfluenced by the prey species. The egg production of H. miles on sciarid larvae was estimated to be 44.4 ± 4.33 eggs per female, as compared to 22.43 ± 1.79 eggs per female on mould mites. The sex-ratio of the offspring was significantly influenced by the prey species, the ratios (/(+)) being 0.66 on sciarid larvae and 0.54 on mould mites. The net reproductive rate (R₀) for H. miles fed on sciarid larvae was approximately 27 which was three times higher than for mites feeding on mould mites. The innate capacity of increase (r_m) was highest (0.0747 day^–1) when sciarid larvae served as food, giving a doubling time of 9.3 days as compared to 12.8 days on mould mites. The generation times were 44.28 on sciarid larvae and 40.67 days on mould mites. The daily food consumption rate of juvenile and adult H. miles was 0.24 and 0.86 sciarid larvae and 10.8 and 21.7 mould mites, respectively. In terms of weight consumed, however, the consumption of sciarid larvae was 2–3.5 times the weight of mould mites. The ratio of females to males influenced the oviposition period and egg production of H. miles, with virgin females laying fewer eggs over a longer period of time as compared with females with access to males. The egg production in relation to the sex-ratio was described by models predicting a maximum number of eggs per female of 22.3 to be attained at a sex ratio of 0.69 (/(+)) and a maximum daily number of eggs per female of 0.33 to be attained at a sex ratio of 0.37 (/(+)).     

鲻鱼嗅囊组织形态结构观察及功能探讨

实验用鱼为全长35.5~40.0 cm的野生鲻(Mugil cephalus),采用石蜡切片以及透射电镜技术对鲻的嗅囊以及嗅板细胞进行观察。结果表明:鲻的嗅觉器官由左右两个呈扁平椭球形嗅囊构成,分别由前后两个鼻孔与外界相通。嗅囊长径与眼径之比为0.80,长径与短径之比为2.09。嗅囊的嗅轴左右两边分别有垂直于嗅轴并向上倾斜排列整齐的18~25个披针形嗅板,只有初级嗅板未见次级嗅板。嗅板由中央髓和两侧的嗅上皮两部分构成,中央髓由疏松的结缔组织和毛细血管组成。嗅上皮又分为感觉区和非感觉区,感觉区位于嗅板的内侧,具有发达纤毛,呈连续分布状态,非感觉区位于嗅板边缘,细胞纤毛较少。通过光镜和电镜的综合研究结果显示嗅上皮细胞大致可分为5类:基细胞、支持细胞、纤毛非感觉细胞、纤毛感觉细胞和柱状细胞。文章讨论了鲻的感官活动类型。