叶肉细胞原生质体培养再生植株变异的研究

为了满足社会对经济作物在数量及质量上不断提高的要求,寻找克服远缘杂交不亲和性及定向改变植物遗传性状的新途径,以培育出适合要求的优良品种,一直是生物学工作者努力的一个重要方面。近来年的研究结果表明,熟练地掌握植物原生质体培养的技术和方法,对于利用原生质...     

马铃薯野生种叶肉原生质体培养及其植株再生（简报）

马铃薯野生种叶肉原生质体培养及其植株再生（简报）何亚文,李耿光,张兰英（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＭＥＳＯＰＨＹＬＬＰＲＯＴＯＰＬＡＳＴＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＰＬＡＮＴＬＥＴＲＥＧＥＮＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＦＲＯＭＷＩＬＤＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＰ...     

马铃薯叶肉原生质体再生植株的研究

马铃薯两个品系小叶子x多子白和乌盟601的叶肉原生质体在原生质体培养基中诱导出愈伤组织,叶肉原生质体来源的愈伤组织转移到MS＋2mg/1ZT 0.1mg/1 IAA培养基中,培养至70天以后,开始发生芽的分化,待芽生长到2－3cm高度时,转入MS＋0．05mg/1 NAA培养基中,很快出根长成完整植株,带1－2片叶的茎段移栽入灭菌的混合土壤中生长并结出薯块。     

马铃薯栽培种和野生种叶肉原生质体紫外线辐射效应

4个马铃薯栽培种和4个野生种叶肉原生质体黑暗中进行紫外线辐射处理。观察了不同剂量紫外线照射对原生质体分裂生长的影响。S.demissum,S.tuberosum,S.bulbocastum,S.phureja和S.brevidens最低失活剂量分别为8min,5.5min,4.0min,2.0min和15min。３种紫外线照射方式中,“15w,60cm”照射方式失活效果最好。刚分离的原生质体对紫外线最敏感,随着原生质体培养进程,其紫外线抗性逐渐增强。基因型、倍性水平、原生质体体积对原生质体紫外线失活剂量有影响。     

茼蒿叶肉原生质体培养再生植株

从茼蒿(Chrysanthemum coronarium)第1片真叶制备原生质体,经悬滴培养和琼脂糖小块培养形成愈伤组织。愈伤组织在分化培养基上诱导芽的分化,再经诱导生根得到再生植株。     

烟草NC89叶肉细胞原生质体培养再生植株及影响因素的研究

生长１２０天的ＮＣ８９无菌苗叶片在Ｏｎｏｚｕｋａ Ｒ－１０和Ｍａｃｅｒｏｚｙｍｅ Ｒ－１０的混合酶液中,酶解、收集、纯化,在修改的ＮＴ培养基上,应用液体－固体双层培养,原生质体经生长、分裂,形成愈伤组织,在多种分化培养基上,分化成再生植株。试验中对传统的酶解、收集方法进行了改进并对原生质体的分裂和愈伤组织的分化条件作了研究,对影响分化的多种因素作了深入的比较和探索,同时,本试验表明,叶片的生长状态     

桑树叶肉原生质体培养再生植株

近年来,木本植物原生质作诱导再生植株的研究越来越受到国内外学者关注。但在林木树种中,迄今成功的种类仍然不多,在文     

马铃薯叶肉原生质体再生植株的研究

马铃薯两个品系小叶子x多子白和乌盟601的叶肉原生质体在原生质体培养基中诱导出愈伤组织,叶肉原生质体来源的愈伤组织转移到MS＋2mg/1ZT+0.1mg/1 IAA培养基中,培养至70天以后,开始发生芽的分化,待芽生长到2－3cm高度时,转入MS＋0．05mg/1 NAA培养基中,很快出根长成完整植株,带1－2片叶的茎段移栽入灭菌的混合土壤中生长并结出薯块。     

马铃薯叶肉原生质体碘乙酰胺、罗丹明6G失活研究

马铃薯生产种和野生种叶肉原生质体碘乙酰胺和罗丹明６Ｇ的失活浓度以及影响其失活的因素。结果表明：不同种（或品种）其碘乙酰胺和罗丹明６Ｇ失活浓度不一样,野生种失活浓度普遍较生产品种高。影响失活的主要因素包括：材料的基因型,失活剂处理时间,处理液的ｐＨ和成份等。采用高于失活浓度的处理浓度有利于融合后杂种细胞的准确筛选     

可乐茄叶肉原生质体培养再生植株

本文报道茄属果树可乐茄（ＳｏｌａｎｕｍｑｕｉｔｏｅｎｓｅＬａｍ．）叶肉原生质体的分离、培养及植株再生。幼嫩叶片原生质体经酶游离、纯化后,以１×１０４个／ｍｌ密度培养于稍加改良Ｋ８ｐ（附加２,４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇＬ（－１）、ＮＡＡ１．０ｍｇＬ（－１）和ＢＡ０．５ｍｇＬ（－１））的培养基中,三天后开始分裂,一周分裂３—４次。一个月形成小细胞团,植板率为０．１—０．２％,小细胞团转培养于ＭＳ＋２,４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇＬ（－１）上增殖后进行分化。原生质体来源愈伤组织在ＩＡＡ（０．１—１．０ｍｇＬ（－１））与ＢＡ或ＺＴ组合的培养基中能诱导器官发生,芽分化率最高可达４２．９％;但ＩＡＡ、ＢＡ、ＺＴ三者一起使用未见任何器官分化。小芽在ＭＳ＋ＩＡＡ０．２ｍｇＬ（－１）中生根成植株。可乐茄叶肉原生质体的植株再生,可应用于育种和茄属植物遗传工程研究。     

Isolation and culture of mesophyll protoplasts from Rosa hybrida

After 1 h plasmolysis in CPW13M solution, highly viable (>75%) protoplasts were isolated from leaves of axenic shoot cultures of Rosa hybrida L. cv. Abraham Darby using an enzyme mixture containing 1.0% (w/v) Hemicellulase, 0.1% (w/v) Macerozyme, 1.0 (w/v) Cellulase RS, 0.05% (w/v) Pectolyase Y23 and 1.0% (w/v) PVP-10 and from cv. Marie Pavié using an identical mixture but with Cellulase RS and Pectolyase Y23 at 0.7% (w/v) and 0.1% (w/v), respectively. With both cvs., sustained protoplast division was achieved after plating in agarose beads with modified KM8p medium containing 1.0% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (mol. wt. 10 000; PVP-10), 8.91 μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 4.44 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA). Protoplast-derived callus gave rise to roots after transfer to SH medium containing 14 μM 2,4-D. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Allantoinase activity and ureide content of mesophyll and paraveinal mesophyll of soybean leaves

Paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) is a specialized soybean (Glycine max Merr.) leaf tissue which represents a significant biochemical compartment. Stereological measurements showed that PVM makes up 23% of the mesophyll volume in nodulated soybean. To get an indication of the extent of involvement of PVM in ureide metabolism, physical characteristics, distribution of allantoinase activity and ureide content were determined in isolated PVM protoplasts (PVMP) and mesophyll protoplasts (MP). PVMP were larger and contained less chlorophyll and protein than MP. PVMP had twice as much allantoinase activity per protoplast but only half as much allantoinase activity when expressed on a volume basis as compared to MP. Total leaf ureide concentration was high and nearly equally distributed between MP and PVMP. PVMP had a higher ureide content per protoplast, a higher concentration of allantoic acid and a lower ratio of allantoin to allantoic acid. These results suggest that both tissues have the capacity to assimilate allantoin in vivo. The data are discussed with reference to the relative access of the two mesophyll tissues to incoming ureides.     

Factors promoting sustained divisions of mesophyll protoplasts isolated from dihaploid clones of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and a cytological analysis of regenerated plants

A culture protocol has been developed for mesophyll protoplasts isolated from various dihaploid clones of potato. A special effort was made to promote the growth of initially dividing cells to form cell colonies and calli. An increase in plating efficiency in 3 different dihaploid clones and one doubled dihaploid clone was obtained after serial dilution of cultures with a suitable amount and type of medium at different stages of cell colony development. Plating on a refined semi-solid medium after 14 days of culture further improved both the yield and the quality of calli obtained. The refined plating medium also enhanced shoot regeneration ability from 67 to 90% in one of the dihaploid clones (67:9). The refined culture protocol could also be used without causing a decrease in plating efficiency at a low population density adjusted after 3 days of culture. The ploidy level of plants regenerated from dihaploid protoplasts were determined by chromosome counting and DNA analysis by flow cytometry. Most of the plants were aneuploid or tetraploid although, some dihaploid plants were obtained after protoplast culture of 2 dihaploid clones derived from the same cultivar (cv. Stina).Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - 2,4-D dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - GA₃ gibberellic acid - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid     

Inheritance of competencies for leaf disc regeneration,anther culture,and protoplast culture in Solanum phureja and corrleations among them

Competence for leaf disc regeneration, anther culture, and protoplast culture was examined in the parental, F₁, and F₂ generations of a population of the diploid, cultivated, primitive potato, S. phureja (2n=2x=24). The parental pair consisted of AM3-8, an anther culture derived homozygous diploid, and NBP2, a heterozygous, field selected line. AM3-8 produced embryos in anther culture, and shoots on cultured leaf discs, but its cells did not divide after protoplast isolation. Cells of NBP2 divided to form calli and shoots in protoplast culture, but the clone did not respond to anther culture or leaf disc regeneration. All the individual plants in the F₁ generation were responsive to both anther and protoplast culture; however, there was segregation for the ability to regenerate shoots from leaf discs. The F₂ population, the result of a sib-cross, segregated for all three tissue culture competencies. Segregation data fit a one gene model for anther culture competence with the homozygous dominant genotype expressing the highest response, the heterozygote resulting in a marginal response, and the homozygous recessive resulting in no response. A two-gene model applied to the protoplast culture data, with a dominant allele at both loci required for division to occur after protoplast isolation. Leaf disc regeneration data could only be explained by a two gene model with recessive alleles at each locus required for the highest response, a dominant allele at either of the loci resulting in a marginal response, and dominant alleles at both loci resulting in no response. No significant correlation was found among these traits, implying three separate genetic mechanisms which segregate independently.Abbreviations BA N⁶-benzyladenine - GA₃ gibberellic acid - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid     

Plant regeneration and protoplast culture of Browollia speciosa

Explants from hypcotyls and cotyledons of Browalia speciosa were shown to regenerate plantlets.Protoplasts were isolated from etiolated cotyledon material, and, although callus was readily obtained, plantlet regeneration was not observed using numerous hormone regimes.Abbreviations M Mannitol - 2,4-D Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - NAA Naphthalene-acetic acid - BAP Benzylaminopurine - MS medium Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium - UM medium Uchimiya and Murashige (1974) medium - COT cotyledon - SH shoot - R root     

Enhanced protoplast division by media ultrafiltration

Leaf protoplasts of lucerne (alfalfa-Medicago sativa L.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were cultured in standard liquid culture medium and in medium that had been passed through a 10-kDa cut-off ultrafilter. The proportion of lucerne cells that divided was increased by 50–400% in ultrafiltered medium over that in standard medium. The effect was seen in six independent experiments performed over a period of 9 months. The inhibitory effect was detected in each of four separate batches of glucose that were examined from the same manufacturer. Ultrafiltration of medium used to culture tobacco protoplasts gave a 10% increase in the proportion of cells that divided. High molecular weight inhibitors of protoplast division were detected as contaminants in a number of components of the lucerne protoplast culture medium, including glucose, minor sugars and sugar alocohols, coconut water and casein hydrosylate. Gel filtration showed that the major inhibitory contaminant in glucose had a molecular weight greater than 200 000.     

Study of factors affecting the culture of Brassica napus L. and B. juncea Coss. mesophyll protoplasts

Various factors affecting the culture of Brassica napus and B. juncea mesophyll protoplasts were examined in order to develop suitable culture media for these species. The basic components (salts and vitamins) of culture media K3 and Kao best supported cell division and colony development in protoplast culture of both species. The addition of casamino acids to Kao's medium resulted in colony browning in B. napus genotypes. B. napus protoplasts grew well with glucose as the osmotic stabilizer, whereas B. juncea protoplasts responded better to sucrose. High NAA and low 2,4-D combinations were effective in stimulating colony growth. Colony development was rapid for a range of genotypes cultured with these recommendations in these media and plant regeneration was obtained from protoplast-derived calli in both species.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - BAP 6-Benzylaminopurine - MES 2(N-Morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid Contribution No. 931.     

Oxidative metabolism and protoplast culture

Summary Barley leaf blade protoplasts accumulate malonaldehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, during culture. In addition, glutathione levels fall after protoplast isolation and the proportion of glutathione in the oxidized state rises. These data indicate oxidative stress after protoplast isolation and during culture. The cause of this phenomenon is revealed by data showing that the activities of enzymes associated with antioxidative processes including glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase decrease after barley protoplast isolation. In contrast, protoplasts isolated from suspension cultured cells of bromegrass and soybean exhibit little evidence for oxidative stress and increased activities of glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase. We suggest that an antioxidative response is associated with mitosis and colony formation from protoplasts, as exhibited by bromegrass and soybean. Conversely, failure of an antioxidative response is associated with low viability and absence of mitosis, as in barley. Increased viability of barley leaf protoplasts cultured on feeder layer cells is correlated with increased glutathione content and higher glutathione reductase activity.     

Plant regeneration from suspension culture and mesophyll protoplasts of Medicago sativa L.

A system was established for achieving plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplasts and cotyledon-derived cell suspension cultures of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Peeled leaflets or cells from 6-day-old cell suspensions were incubated in an enzyme mixture containing 1% Driselase, 1% Rhozyme, 0.1% Cellulase and 72 gl^-1 mannitol at pH 5.8 for 2–16 h to liberate protoplasts. A complex Kao medium supported cell division and colony formation, whereas a high auxin/low cytokinin treatment on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium followed by culture on growth regulator-free Blaydes or Linsmaier and Skoog medium resulted in somatic embryo formation. Of the three varieties tested. Citation, Answer and Regen S, the latter two produced embryos from which plants could be regenerated.     

盐胁迫下芦苇叶肉细胞超微结构的研究

对青藏高原柴达木盆地柯柯盐湖边盐碱地上生长的芦苇叶肉细胞的超微结构进行了研究,并以西宁地区非盐碱地上生长的芦苇作对照。结果表明：西宁地区的芦苇叶肉细胞的叶绿体呈椭圆形,其膜系统完整,基粒片层和基质片层发育良好。在盐碱地上生长的芦苇叶肉细胞的叶绿体呈圆形,叶绿体内出现较大的淀粉粒,并发现有线粒体嵌入叶绿体的现象。叶绿体的类囊体膨大,线粒体的嵴也有膨大的现象。在盐湖水中生长的芦苇叶肉细胞,叶绿体的类囊体排列紊乱、扭曲、松散。类囊体膜局部被破坏,部分类囊体膜解体,空泡化,甚至消失,一些溶解了的类囊体流进细胞质中。综上所述,芦苇叶肉细胞超微结构的变化是该植物适应柯柯盐湖地区盐渍、低温、低气压、强辐射等环境因子的结果。