龙脑香科植物对丛枝菌根真菌的影响

在天然林地和温室盆栽条件下,比较研究了龙脑香科植物对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizas,AM)真菌孢子密度、相对多度、频度、属的组成、丰度和侵染状况等方面的影响.结果表明,用坡垒作盆栽寄主加富培养后,菌根侵染率、泡囊、丛枝和侵入点都低于原采样植物,以原坡垒土壤中栽植苗木的侵染率为最高,可达20.3%;而以望天树根围土壤栽植的苗木为最低,仅为10.6%;坡垒还不同程度地改变了原采样植物根围土壤中AM真菌孢子的密度、相对多度、频度、属的组成、丰度等.在4种土壤中,栽植坡垒苗木后,AM真菌的孢子密度都有不同程度的增长.采用与原采样相同种类的植物作为AM真菌加富培养的寄主更有利于促进AM真菌的生长发育、保持AM的多样性.     

三峡库区消落带常见野生植物AM真菌

从三峡库区消落带3种常见野生植物的15个根际土壤样本中共分离鉴定出24种丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）,包括球囊霉属Glomus 15种、无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 3种、近明球囊霉属Claroideoglomus 2种和多样孢霉属Diversispora、内养囊霉属Entro phospora、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora及类球囊霉属Paraglomus各1种。其中地表多样孢囊霉D. epigaea 和伯氏类球囊霉P. pernambucanum是我国的新记录种。研究发现这3种植物根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属为球囊霉属,优势种为地球囊霉G. geosporum、单孢球囊霉G. monosporum、地表球囊霉G. versiforme、副冠球囊霉G. coronatum 和黄孢球囊霉G. flavisporum。研究还发现在这3种植物根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度平均为839±170个/100g土,物种丰富度在14-22种之间,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度分别在1.97-2.21、0.409-0.479之间波动。结果表明三峡库区消落带是一个AMF多样性研究的资源库。     

黄河流域微塑料污染现状及防治策略

微塑料污染(microplastics pollution)在全球范围内受到广泛关注。相比于海洋环境以及其他主要河流、湖泊的微塑料污染情况,黄河流域的相关数据较为贫乏。通过综述文献分析了黄河流域河道沉积物和表层水的微塑料污染丰度、类型以及空间分布特征,探讨了黄河流域重要城市和重点保护区的微塑料污染现状,并提出了相应的防控措施。结果表明：黄河流域沉积物和表层水中微塑料污染在空间分布上整体呈现自上游向下游增多的趋势,尤其在黄河三角洲湿地该趋势更加明显;黄河流域沉积物和表层水中微塑料类型存在明显差异,主要与微塑料的材质有关;与全国同类区域相比,黄河流域国家重点城市市域和国家湿地公园的微塑料污染水平处于中高程度,应引起重视;塑料通过多种暴露途径会对黄河滩区养殖业和人类健康造成严重影响。控制黄河流域水体微塑料污染,需要完善相关生产标准和法律法规,提高可降解微塑料产能和塑料废弃物的工程化降解能力。     

黄河三角洲盐碱土壤中AM真菌的初步调查

2000年3月－2001年2月对黄河三角洲盐碱土壤中5种优势植物柽柳（Tamarix chinensis),芦苇（Phragmites communis),碱蓬（Suaeda glauca),獐毛（Aeluropus littralis var.sinensis) 和刺儿菜（Cirsium setosum)根围内丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌进行了长期定点调查,结果表明,AM真菌在这5种植物根围土壤内都有分布,但多样性较低,尤其在冬季,AM真菌种的丰度和孢子密度分别在夏季降低了18．0％和61．6％,不同深度土层中AM真菌的分布存在诸多差异。     

黄河三角洲草地退化的研究

黄河三角洲位于东经118°7′—119°10′,北纬36°56′—38°12′;东自山东省小清河口,西至徒骇河口,以利津县宁海为顶点向渤海湾呈扇形分布。自50年代以来,随着国营及地方农场的建立以及人口的不断增长,这一地区的草地资源得到了广泛的开发利用。但是,由于一些单位只顾盲目地开垦草地和过度放牧、割草,30多年来整个黄河三角洲盐碱化、退化草地达6.67×10~4ha多,约占当地草地总面积的40%。本文研究了该地区草地退化的现状并就退化程度与累计开发时间的关系初步进行了数     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal status of spring ephemerals in the desert ecosystem of Junggar Basin, China

A survey was made of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status of 73 spring ephemeral plant species that grow in the desert ecosystem of Junggar Basin, northwest China. The proportion of AM colonization ranged from 7 to 73% with a mean value of 30%. A total of 65 plant species studied were AM with coils/arbuscules or vesicles and the remaining eight species were possibly AM with no coils/arbuscules or vesicles but with fungal mycelia in the root cortex. AM fungal spores were isolated from rhizosphere samples of all 73 plant species and identified. The mean spore density was 22 per 20 ml of air-dried soil, ranging from 0 to 120. Colonization and spore density of perennials were slightly higher than of annuals and varied among different plant families. A total of 603 AM fungal spore (or sporocarp) specimens were isolated belonging to six genera, Acaulospora, Archaeopora, Entrophospora, Glomus, Paraglomus, and Scutellospora; Glomus was the dominant genus. We conclude that spring ephemerals may be highly dependent on AM associations for survival in the very infertile and arid soils of this desert ecosystem.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available for this article at     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal propagules in a salt marsh

The tolerance of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to stressful soil conditions and the relative contribution of spores of these fungi to plant colonization were examined in a Portuguese salt marsh. Glomus geosporum is dominant in this salt marsh. Using tetrazolium as a vital stain, a high proportion of field-collected spores were found to be metabolically active at all sampling dates. Spore germination tests showed that salt marsh spores were not affected by increasing levels of salinity, in contrast to two non-marsh spore isolates, and had a significantly higher ability to germinate under increased levels of salinity (20) than in the absence of or at low salinity (10). Germination of salt marsh spores was not affected by soil water levels above field capacity, in contrast to one of the two non-marsh spore isolates. For the evaluation of infectivity, a bioassay was established with undisturbed soil cores (containing all types of AM fungal propagules) and soil cores containing only spores as AM fungal propagules. Different types of propagules were able to initiate and to expand the root colonization of a native plant species, but spores were slower than mycelium and/or root fragments in colonizing host roots. The AM fungal adaptation shown by this study may explain the maintenance of AMF in salt marshes.     

西双版纳热带次生林中的丛枝菌根调查

对西双版纳热带次生林中13个科的26种植物根系的丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fongii,AMF）侵染情况进行了研究,并从这些植物的根围土壤中分离鉴定了隶属于球囊霉属（Clomus）、巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）、盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）和无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）的11种丛枝菌根真菌。该地次生林中AMF的孢子密度为13—29个／100g土壤,平均为19个;种的丰富度在4．9之间（平均为6）;平均频度为53．8％;相对多度为3．2％-26．5％;物种多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为0．94和0．93。丛枝菌根的侵染率达到44．8％．57．2％（平均为50．9％）;球囊霉属（Glomus）和无梗囊霉属（Acattlospora）是热带次生林根围土壤中菌根真菌的优势类群。     

湿地植物的丛枝菌根（AM）

随着对湿地重要性认识的增加,湿地植物的丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）结构研究受到了关注。研究表明,AM结构在多种湿地类型和湿地植被类型中存在,但AM形成受植被生长地水文状况的影响;从湿地植物上的AM真菌种类看,球囊霉属（Glomus）是湿地环境的常有属。同陆生植物相比,有关湿地植物AM结构的研究尽管已取得了一些进展,但还有很大差距,尤其在我国还几乎处于空白状态。鉴此,从形成AM的湿地植被类型、湿地环境中的AM真菌种类、AM对湿地植物生长的影响,以及影响湿地植物AM形成的因素等方面进行了详细阐述,并对今后的研究方向做了展望,以期为我国开展湿地植物AM结构研究提供参考。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in non-grazed,restored and over-grazed grassland in the Inner Mongolia steppe

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity was investigated in non-grazed, restored and over-grazed (fenced) plots of a grassland in the Inner Mongolia steppe. Plant cover and variety differ between the plots, being highest in the non-grazed to lowest in the over-grazed plots. A total of 19 AM fungal taxa belonging to six genera were found based on spores isolated from field samples and trap cultures. One belonged to Acaulospora, one to Archaeospora, one to Entrophospora, one to Gigaspora, 12 to Glomus and three to Scutellospora. Glomus was the dominant genus in all plots, and Glomus geosporum was the dominant species, whilst G. albidum and G. etunicatum were dominant in the restored plot. Scutellospora was the second dominant genus in the non-grazed plot with Scutellospora calospora being the dominant species. The mean spore density and mean species richness of AM fungi were significantly decreased by long-term over-grazing. The Sorenson’s similarity coefficients of AM fungal community composition ranged from 0.5 to 0.64 among the three types of plot management. The results suggest that the AM fungal diversity is greatly affected by long-term over-grazing and that fencing of degraded areas partly restores plant cover and AM fungal diversity in grassland ecosystems.     

丛枝菌根真菌N代谢与C代谢研究进展

N元素是植物需求量最大的元素,丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌可以与大部分植物形成共生关系,通过根外菌丝促进植物对N元素的吸收。C元素也是AM真菌完成其生命过程的必备元素,AM真菌依赖宿主植物提供所必需的C源。近年来对AM真菌的N代谢途径的研究有了新的进展,AM真菌中与代谢途径相关酶的发现,相关基因的克隆,更进一步验证了N元素在AM真菌中的代谢途径。对C代谢及与N代谢的关系也有所涉及。综述近几年文献,总结了AM真菌的最新研究进展。     

广州地区7种菊科入侵植物丛枝菌根侵染和根际土壤孢子密度的生境差异性分析

为了解广州地区7种菊科(Compositae)入侵植物与丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)的互作共生关系,调查了这7种菊科入侵植物在4种生境中的AMF侵染和根际土壤孢子密度,并分析土壤因子对AMF的影响。结果表明,7种入侵植物根内均受到AMF侵染,根际土壤中均检测到AMF孢子;AMF侵染在宿主间差异显著,生境间的差异不显著;孢子密度在生境和宿主间的差异均显著,人工绿地、农田果园的AMF孢子密度均显著高于森林周边和滨海地带。相关性分析表明,农田果园生境的根际土壤孢子密度与土壤有机质含量呈显著负相关关系;森林周边生境的AMF总侵染率与土壤全氮呈极显著正相关关系;人工绿地的AMF总侵染率与土壤速效氮含量呈显著负相关关系;滨海地带的AMF总侵染率与土壤有效磷含量呈显著负相关关系。这些对理解菊科植物入侵机理具有非常重要的作用。     

黄河三角洲土壤运行多样性初步调查研究

1995－1996年对黄河三角洲9个代表性样区,进行了土壤运动定性,定量调查,并对古代,近代,现代黄河三角洲3个代表性样区开展了土壤动物周年调查,研究了土壤动物的种类组成,分布和节季变化,以及土壤动物多样性,调查研究结果,黄河三角洲共鉴定出土壤运动38种,土壤运动种类组成和数量分布因三个三角洲成土年龄不同而存在差异,土壤运动多样性以夏季为丰富,黄河三角洲土壤运动多样性]与均匀度表现为正相关关系,与单纯度呈负相关趋势。     

黄河改道以来黄河三角洲演变过程及其驱动机制

基于1976—2009年的23期遥感影像,并结合1976—2008年利津站水沙数据以及黄河流域年均降水量数据,定量分析黄河入海水沙特征以及黄河三角洲演变过程及其驱动机制.结果表明:1976—2008年间,黄河入海年径流量和年输沙量呈现出年际变化大和丰枯水(沙)年交替的特征,但总体均呈下降趋势;清水沟流路河口三角洲岸线和面积变化总体呈淤积增长趋势,三角洲的发育过程大致分1976—1985年、1986—1995年和1996—2009年3个阶段,3个阶段的增长速率逐阶段递减;黄河三角洲岸线和面积与利津站累积输沙量之间均呈显著的指数函数关系;黄河流域降水量的年际波动与利津站入海输沙量年际波动基本同步,并具有相关性,说明黄河流域降水量的年际波动是引起入海径流量和输沙量波动的重要原因.     

不同盐碱度土壤中AM菌根真菌群落结构组成及影响因子

为研究黄河三角洲盐渍土壤中植物根围AM菌根真菌多样性及影响多样性的因素,从东营孤东和孤岛油区采集碱蓬和柽柳植物的根围土壤,鉴定了4种土壤试样中丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)的群落组成。结果表明:球囊霉属(Glomus)是盐碱地中的优势种,同时还有许多未知真菌;考察不同盐碱度情况下菌根真菌群落结构差异,结果表明:碱蓬根围土壤中AM真菌的多样性高于柽柳,孤东根围土壤AM真菌多样性比孤岛高。相关分析表明,铵态氮含量与AM真菌多样性呈现显著负相关。     

黄河三角洲湿地水生植物组成及生态位

通过大范围的野外调查和室内测定,运用Levins及Pianka公式,对近代黄河三角洲湿地水生植物的构成及主要物种的生态位进行了研究.结果表明:调查样方内共有水生植物34 种,隶属于16科26属;各调查区域间物种组成和群落类型具有一定的差异性.区域形成的年份越久,其物种数和群落类型就越丰富;挺水植物中以芦苇的生态位宽度最大,为0.905,藨草的最低,为0.127; 沉水植物中轮藻、穗花狐尾藻、川蔓藻及小茨藻的生态位宽度较大,分别为0.783、0.673、0.669和0.640,金鱼藻的最低,仅为0.100.龙须眼子菜、大茨藻和苦草间,马来眼子菜和菹草间生态位重叠值较大,说明这几种植物具有相似的环境适应能力.物种的生态位宽度与该物种的分布范围及耐盐区间的大小存在显著的相关性,由此可以断定土壤和水体盐度是导致黄河三角洲湿地水生植物生态位分化的关键因子.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with the Meliaceae on Hainan island, China

Species richness, spore density, frequency of occurrence, and relative abundance of AM fungi were determined in rhizosphere soil samples from nine tropical rainforest sites on Hainan island, south China, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status of members of the Meliaceae was examined. All 28 plant taxa investigated (25 species including two varieties of 1 species and three varieties of another) were colonized by AM fungi. The mean proportion of root length colonized was 56% (range 10–95%). Vesicles were observed in 27 and hyphal coils in 26 of the 28 plant taxa. Mycorrhizas were of the Paris-type or intermediate-type, with no Arum-type mycorrhizas observed. Species richness of AM fungi varied from 3 to 15 and spore density from 46 to 1,499 per 100 g rhizosphere soil. Of 33 AM fungal taxa in five genera isolated and identified, 18 belonged to Glomus, 9 to Acaulospora, 1 to Entrophospora, 2 to Gigaspora, and 3 to Scutellospora. Acaulospora and Glomus were the dominant genera identified. Glomus claroideum was the taxon most commonly isolated, with a frequency of occurrence of 56.5% and relative abundance of 10.4%. A positive correlation was found between percentage of root length colonization and species richness. However, there was no correlation between spore density and percentage of root length colonized by AM fungi.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biological control of Verticillium-wilted cotton plants

The interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, and Glomus versiforme) with a wilt-causing soil-borne pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, was studied in cotton. It was found that establishment by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduced disease index. In diseased cotton plants colonised by G. etunicatum, the disease index was less than other diseased mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal ones. In diseased cotton plants, chlorophyll content was lower than others. Three Glomus species significantly increased content of sugar and protein in shoot and root. Pathogen-infected plants had higher proline concentration in shoot and root than healthy plants. On the other hand, the increased content of proline as stress sensor showed that Verticillium accelerates senescence and reduces yield. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of mycorrhiza can alleviate the pathogenesis effects of V. dahliae partly, and also there is a competitive interaction between the pathogenic and symbiotic fungi.     

黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区植物区系研究

对黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区的植物区系进行了研究分析,该区系具有以下特点：组成植物区系成分的种类比较少,计有43科,123属,193种,温带性质明显,温带分布型属占总属数的54．7％,植物成分以草本植物为主,自然分布的木本植物只有草麻黄（Ephedra sinica),柳（Salix matsudana),杞柳（S.integra),柽柳（Tamarix chinensis),单叶蔓荆（Vitex trifolia var.simplicifolia)等少数几种,植物成分中盐生物种类比较丰富,计有73种,占总种数的37．8％,植物成分中湿生,水生植物种类丰富,计有92种,占总种数的47．7％,属于比较典型的湿地生态系统。