环境雌激素硫丹对根田鼠(Microtus oeconomus)生殖毒性效应

为探讨硫丹的生殖毒性,实验选择健康雄性根田鼠20只,随机分成对照组和实验组,分别注射等剂量生理盐水(6mL/kg)和硫丹溶液(7.0mg/kg)。在染毒的第7天和第14天,实验组和对照组各处死5只根田鼠。通过实验,第1阶段实验组与对照组根田鼠的体重变化不大,睾丸系数差异不明显,精子数、精子活动率下降不明显,精子畸形率明显增加(P0.05)。第2阶段实验组与对照组根田鼠的体重变化不大,睾丸系数差异不明显,精子数、精子活动率下降明显,精子畸形率增加,与第1阶段相比,体重没变化,睾丸系数也无明显变化,精子活动率下降明显(P0.05),精子畸形率增加极显著(P0.01)。因此,环境雌激素硫丹可以引起根田鼠睾丸的精子数下降、精子活动率下降、精子畸形率明显增加。     

环境雌激素硫丹对根田鼠(Microtus oeconomous)生殖毒性效应

为探讨硫丹的生殖毒性.实验选择健康雄性根田鼠20只.随机分成对照组和实验组,分别注射等剂量生理盐水(6 mL/kg)和硫丹溶液(7.0 mg/kg).在染毒的第7天和第14天,实验组和对照组各处死5只根田鼠.通过实验,第1阶段实验组与对照组根田鼠的体重变化不大,睾丸系数差异不明显,精子数、精子活动率下降不明显,精子畸形率明显增加(P<0.05).第2阶段实验组与对照组根田鼠的体重变化不大.睾丸系数差异不明显,精子数、精于活动率下降明显,精子畸形率增加,与第1阶段相比,体重没变化,睾丸系数也无明显变化,精子活动率下降明显(P<0.05),精子畸形率增加极显著(P<0.01).因此,环境雌激素硫丹可以引起根田鼠睾丸的精子数下降、精子活动率下降、精子畸形率明显增加.     

氯化二丁基锡对雄性小鼠睾丸和精子质量的影响

成年雄性小鼠腹腔注射 0 0 2 5～ 0 40 μg/kg/d氯化二丁基锡 (DBTCl) ,染毒 7d。实验温度 2 2± 2℃ ,光∶暗 =1 2h∶1 2h。结果表明 ,DBTCl对雄性小鼠生殖系统毒性影响很强。在≥ 0 0 5μg/kg剂量作用下 ,小鼠睾丸重量、精子存活率和密度明显下降 ,精子畸形率明显增加。观察发现 ,在 0 0 2 5～ 0 0 5μg/kg低剂量组中精子头部畸形率较高 ,而在0 2 0～ 0 40 μg/kg高剂量作用下 ,精子尾部的畸形率明显增加。剂量大于 0 1 0 μg/kg处理组小鼠体重明显下降。DBTCl和雄性小鼠生殖指标之间存在剂量 效应关系。DBTCl对精子存活率和精子密度 7d的ED50 值分别为 0 1 7和 0 1 9μg/kg。本项研究为有机锡化合物引起哺乳动物精子畸形的早期诊断提供可能的指标与方法     

三氧化二砷(As2O3)对雄性小鼠的遗传毒性的研究

本以清洁级ICR雄性小鼠为实验动物,研究As2O3对小鼠的遗传毒性。采用小鼠精子畸形实验法以及小鼠骨髓PCE微核实验法,对成年的小鼠腹腔注射0．25—6．0mg/kg/dAs2O3,染毒7d。结果表明,AsO3对小鼠的体重增长及睾丸的重量存在抑制作用,其中1．00mg/kg／d剂量AS2O3对小鼠体重增长及睾丸重量的抑制是最显的(P＜0.001);AS2O3使小鼠精子的畸形率明显增加(P＜0.001),且呈明显的剂量-效应关系;此外As2O3还使小鼠PCE微核率增加,且As2O3与PCE微核率之间也具有明显的剂量效应。结论是As2O3对雄性小鼠具有明显的遗传毒性。     

乙酸铜对雄性小白鼠生殖毒性的影响

以清洁级ICR雄性小白鼠为实验动物,研究不同剂量乙酸铜对小白鼠的生殖毒性。采用小白鼠精子畸形实验及小白鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞(以下简称PCE)微核实验等方法。分别对成年小白鼠腹腔每天注射0.25~16.00mg/kg8个剂量的乙酸铜,染毒7天。结果表明:乙酸铜对小白鼠的体重增长及睾丸重量具有一定的抑制作用,其中组VI、组VII的最明显。不同剂量的乙酸铜均使雄性小白鼠精子密度(P<0.001)、精子活力明显降低,具有明显的剂量效应。各实验组精子畸形率、PCE微核率均明显高于对照组(P<0.001)(P<0.05或P<0.001),且均随乙酸铜剂量的增加而明显升高。结果表明实验剂量的乙酸铜对ICR雄性小白鼠具有明显的生殖毒性效应。     

雷公藤制剂对雄性布氏田鼠的不育作用

采用强制给药和自由取食2种方式,研究了雷公藤制剂对发育期成体雄性布氏田鼠不育作用,给药剂量分别为80 mg/kg、120 mg/kg和160 mg/kg.结果表明,120 mg/kg和160 mg/kg剂量使睾丸脏器系数下降,但剂量组间差异不明显(F(3,21)=2.197, F0.05=3.07,P>0.05).不同剂量能够对附睾中精子数量和活力产生显著影响(F(3,21)=17.305, F0.05=3.07,P<0.05),且随药物剂量的升高精子密度与精子活力均呈下降趋势.精子畸形率亦随药物剂量的增加而增加.80 mg/kg及其更高的剂量使附睾出现萎缩并造成睾丸组织损伤.120 mg/kg剂量可减少布氏田鼠平均胎仔数及降低繁殖率.给药后的繁殖后代未发现畸形幼仔.雷公藤制剂的最佳使用剂量介于120～160 mg/kg.自由取食与连续强制给药两种方式对雄性布氏田鼠的作用差异不显著.     

EP-1对雄性中华姬鼠和黑线姬鼠繁殖力的影响

为了检测左炔诺孕酮-炔雌醚（EP-1）对雄性中华姬鼠和黑线姬鼠的不育效果, 将32只雄性中华姬鼠和30只雄性黑线姬鼠分为 30mg/kg 单剂量组、30mg/kg多剂量组和对照组, 15d 和 45d 后剖检, 比较睾丸、附睾、储精囊、精子密度、睾酮含量及睾丸组织形态的变化。结果发现：给药后第 15 天,两种试鼠的睾丸、附睾、储精囊的重量较对照组明显降低; 精子密度、睾酮含量显著下降; 曲细精管结构破坏明显。给药后第45天,处理组各生理指标继续下降,但与第15天相比差别不显著;单剂量组和多剂量组在两个时间点的差别并不显著。结果表明,EP-1对雄性中华姬鼠和黑线姬鼠的繁殖器官有显著抑制效果,单次给药与多次给药的不育效果差别不大。     

雷公藤制剂对雄性长爪沙鼠繁殖功能的影响

为了检测雷公藤制剂对长爪沙鼠繁殖功能的影响,根据预实验结果,将40只雄性长爪沙鼠分为40 mg/kg连续用药4周组(n=16)、100 mg/kg一次给药组(n=10)和1%CMC灌胃对照组(n=14)处理,6周后剖检,比较睾丸、附睾的脏器系数、精子密度、精子活力、精子形态和繁殖率等指标.结果表明40 mg/kg连续用药组鼠的睾丸、附睾脏器系数与对照组比较差异显著;精子密度、精子活力和活精子百分率显著下降;精子畸形率显著上升;繁殖率显著下降(df=1,P<0.05).100 mg/kg一次给药组除附睾脏器系数显著下降、精子畸形率显著上升外,其它指标与对照组无明显差异.该药对长爪沙鼠连续作用4周后不育效果明显,并且具有致畸性,在药物有效范围内,高浓度一次性给药方式不如较低浓度连续多次给药效果显著.     

镰形棘豆正丁醇提取物对小鼠的致突变试验

目的:评价镰形棘豆的正丁醇提取物对小鼠的致突变性.方法:小鼠随机分成6组,设阴性对照组(Ⅰ组)、阳性对照组(Ⅱ组)和4个剂量组(Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组和Ⅵ组),4个剂量组经口给予镰形棘豆正丁醇提取物的剂量分别为800mg/kg、100mg/kg、2000mg/kg、4000mg/kg,于给药后第2d取材观察小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞(PCE)微核率,于第35d取材来观察精子畸形率的变化.结果:镰形棘豆正丁醇提取物对小鼠微核细胞的产生及致精子畸形存在剂量-效应关系.Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组与Ⅰ组比较差异不显著(P＞0.05);Ⅴ组、Ⅵ组与Ⅰ组比较均差异显著(P＜0.05).结论:低浓度的镰形棘豆正丁醇提取物对小鼠的骨髓嗜多染红细胞和精子没有致突变作用,而高浓度的对小鼠的骨髓嗜多染红细胞和精子具有致突变作用.     

氯化镧对雄性小鼠精子质量及睾丸酶活力的影响

探讨氯化镧对小鼠精子质量及睾丸细胞酶的影响。40只成年昆明种雄性小鼠随机分成对照组、低(25mg·kg-1)、中(50mg·kg-1)、高(100mg·kg-1)剂量组,腹腔注射1次/4d,饲养35d。测定睾丸和附睾脏器指数,检测并计算精子数量、活精率、活动率和畸形率以及睾丸碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力。结果显示,高剂量氯化镧降低了小鼠睾丸AKP活力,抑制了精子数量和质量;中剂量氯化镧能促进NOS活力,使精子数量减少,对精子质量造成损伤。     

Absence of in vivo mutagenic potency of heated and fried oils in mice.

The mutagenic potency of heated and fried oils (under laboratory conditions), viz. peanut, sesame and coconut oils were studied employing two well validated in vivo mammalian assays, viz. bone marrow micronucleus assay and the sperm morphology assay in albino mice. In the bone marrow micronucleus assay oral doses of fresh, heated and fried oils (7.5 ml and 30.0 ml/kg body weight) did not induce any increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Intragastric administration of oils at the highest dose (30.0 ml/kg body weight/day) for 5 consecutive days in male mice did not produce any morphological effect either on the testicular or epididymal weights and histology. No significant alterations were observed in the caudal sperm counts at any of the sampling intervals and also there was no treatment related increase in the incidence of sperm head abnormalities. It is concluded that controlled thermal treatment as well frying of these oils did not produce appreciable amount of mutagens which could be detected under in vivo situations.     

Testis size,epididymis weight,and sperm competition in rhesus macaques

The intensity of sperm competition is often measured using the gonadosomatic index (testes/body weight). But sperm competition could be mediated more by size of the epididymis than by size of the testicles, and little information is available on the relationship between testicular and epididymal size. We found that both organs were positively correlated in size among male rhesus macaques. Body weight accounted for over 70% of the variance in testicle size and volumetric estimates of testicle size accurately reflected testicle weight. We conclude that methods for ascertaining testicle size are accurate, but the covariation in size between testicles and epididymis will hamper understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in sperm competition in primates. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Testicle size of orang-utans in relation to body size

Few data are available for assessing the relative testicle size of orang-utans, Pongo pygmaeus, so measures were obtained for 31 individuals of varying age. It was shown that the volume of the testicles, calculated from in situ measures of testicle length and breadth, closely approximates testicle weight when multiplied by the specific gravity of solid tissue. Growth curves for body weight and data published for wild specimens were evaluated to obtain the weight most characteristic of male Pongo, and the ratio of testicle weight to body weight was calculated. The mean ratio for individuals with fully adult stature is 0.034, similar to but smaller than that of humans at about 0.050, and larger than the ratios reported for 5 gorillas at 0.013. The testicles mature faster than the body, however, so the mean ratio for young adult orang-utans is about 0.056 and resembles the ratio for humans more closely than the full adults. The differences between the ratios for a monogamous gibbon species, orang-utans, and humans is accounted for when testicle size relative to the weight of the female is considered. This is consistent with a sperm dilution effect produced by variation in the size of the female reproductive tract. The small relative testicle size of the gorilla is anomalous and requires verification as does the application of female size to scale the testicles. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Mutagenicity of the mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol on somatic and germ cells of mice

Genotoxicity of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) was studied on laboratory mice after intraperitoneal injection with single and repeated doses. DAS was administrated at three different dose levels (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/kg body weight). The study was conducted on both somatic and germ cells additional to the sperm morphology analysis. DAS treatment resulted in a significant reduction (P<0.01) in mitotic activity at all levels of doses tested, confirming that DAS is a potent protein and DNA synthesis inhibitor. At somatic cells (bone marrow) both structural and numerical chromosome abnormalities were observed. Single dose treatment showed significant abnormalities only with high dose treatment. In contrast, at repeated dose similar abnormalities were also observed with some significance but no systematic relation between the administrated dose and abnormalities ratio could be settled. In germ cells (testicles), structural and numerical abnormalities were also observed. In general, the frequencies of scored abnormalities at germ cells were lower than that the somatic cells. Sperm count test revealed a decrease in the number of released sperm after toxin treatment. Abnormalities of sperm shape (head and tail) were observed, confirming the positive correlation between cytogenetic damage and sperm abnormality. The results also proved that DAS is a very toxic mycotoxin, in addition to inducing chromosomal abnormalities, it causes a severe inhibition of DNA synthesis which subsequently affects the cell cycle and cell division. A good system for good harvesting practice and good food technology can lower the risk for the consumers.     

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin, for its genotoxicity in mice

Indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug was assessed for its genotoxicity in Swiss male mice employing bone marrow micronucleus induction, abnormal sperm formation and the induction of meiotic chromosome anomalies in spermatocytes as the test parameters. The results showed that the test compound was toxic to the genetic material in the dose range of 12-36 mg/kg body weight.     

Efficiency of Coleus aromaticus extract in modifying cyclophosphamide and mitomycin-C induced clastogenicity in mouse bone marrow cells

The anticlastogenic potency of the ethanolic extract of a medicinal plant, C. aromaticus was investigated by taking bone marrow chromosomal aberration assay and micronucleus (MN) test as the test parameters. Swiss albino mice were fed orally with different doses (10,15, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) of ethanolic extract for 7 days and on the 7th day, two doses each of anticancer drugs cyclophosphamide (CP; 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) and mitomycin-C (MMC; 4 and 8 mg/kg body weight) were injected, ip, to different groups of animals. Bone marrow MN preparations were made at 24 and 48 hr time intervals. Coleus extract reduced CP and MMC induced MN and lower doses of the extract were found to be more effective than higher doses. The effective doses of extract in MN test were selected to study the anticlastogenic effects against CP (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) and MMC (2 and 4 mg/kg body weight) induced chromosomal aberrations. The results indicate the protective effect of C. aromaticus against CP and MMC induced cytogenetic damage.     

Comparison of Three Inbred Mouse Strains with Respect to General and Genetic Radiosensitivity

The radiosensitivities of three mouse strains (BALB/cLacY, C3H/SnY, and 101/HY) have been compared using the following parameters: survival after irradiation at a dose of 6–7 Gy, chromosome aberration frequency in bone marrow cells after irradiation at a dose of 1.5 Gy, and the change in testis weight and frequency of abnormal sperm heads (ASHs) after irradiation at doses from 0.5 to 4 Gy. Strain BALB/c is the most radiosensitive with respect to the survival and chromosome aberration frequency in the bone marrow but the most resistant with respect to the change in testis weight and the frequency of abnormal sperm heads. Strain 101/HY was the most resistant with respect to survival and chromosome aberration frequency in bone marrow after irradiation but the most radiosensitive with respect to testis damage.     

Effect of feed restriction on the peripheral blood and bone marrow cell counts of Wistar rats

The effects of 33% and 66% restricted feeding on body and organ weights, and hematological and bone marrow cellular findings in rats were investigated. The body weight gains were suppressed by restriction of feed amount and the body weights of 66% restricted-feeding groups were almost unchanged for three months (110 g in males and 80 g in females). Marked organ weight reduction (both absolute and relative) was found in the liver and thymus of rats of both sexes. Neutrophils and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were reduced. Reticulocytes in the 66% restricted groups were decreased to 1/4 of the control values at one month, but recovered slightly thereafter. Nucleated cell counts in bone marrow in the 66% restricted groups were decreased to 1/3 of the control values after three months. Thus, the most important effect of feed restriction seemed to be on bone marrow cells rather than on peripheral blood cells except for the reticulocytes. There was no significant difference between males and females.     

Genotoxic effects of deltamethrin in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay

The genotoxicity of deltamethrin was studied in Swiss albino male mice (five animals/group) using the bone marrow micronucleus assay. Deltamethrin (two i.p. injections, 30 h and 6 h before sample collection) was found to induce micronuclei at 162.5 and 300.0 mg/kg body weight. A lower dose (32.5 mg/kg body weight) failed to induce a significant increase in micronuclei over the control level.     

Effect of testosterone and progesterone on carboxypeptidase H activity during stress in mice

It was found that testosterone propionate (3 mg/kg of body weight) and progesterone (1 mg/kg of body weight) partially prevent an augmentation of the carboxypeptidase H activity in the mouse pituitary gland under stress caused by a single intraperitoneal administration of olive oil. In testicles, testosterone prevented augmentation of the enzyme activity within 0.5 hours but increased it through in 4 and 24 hours after treatment. Progesterone in testicles augmented the enzyme activity within 0.5 hours, but not in 4 and 24 hours. Sex steroids were not affected by stressinduced carboxypeptidase H activity in hypothalamus and adrenal medulla. It was concluded that carboxypeptidase H did not take part in integration of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis under the stress.