长白山针阔混交林不同演替阶段的昆虫多样性

昆虫多样性变化对生态系统健康有重要的指示作用, 为研究昆虫群落变化与生境演替之间的关系, 本研究采用网捕、灯诱和诱捕法系统调查了长白山针阔混交林不同演替阶段（次生白桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始阔叶红松林）昆虫群落的组成和多样性, 分析了昆虫在森林演替过程中的规律及与植被群落之间的关系。系统调查共采集昆虫标本8 183头, 隶属于14个目699种, 其中鳞翅目和鞘翅目是主要优势类群。次生针阔混交林昆虫的个体数量最多, 原始阔叶红松林中物种数最多。不同演替阶段昆虫群落的物种数和个体数差异不显著, 但次生针阔混交林、原始阔叶红松林的Fisher’s α指数显著高于次生白桦林。目水平上的昆虫多样性未表现出显著性差异. 昆虫多样性在森林演替过程中和草本植物多样性的变化趋势相同;由于食性和生境选择的不同, 森林演替过程中鳞翅目昆虫多样性逐渐升高, 而鞘翅目多样性逐渐降低。     

长白山不同演替阶段针阔混交林群落物种多样性及其影响因子

基于长白山3个5.2hm²针阔混交林永久监测样地的野外调查数据,以胸径(DBH)≥1cm的乔木树种为对象,运用R4.0.3软件计算物种多样性指数以及进行物种多样性相关性分析和多元回归分析,以探讨生物和非生物因素对不同演替阶段针阔混交林物种多样性的影响。结果表明：(1)3个典型针阔混交林的4个物种多样性指数均随演替的正向进行而下降,其中物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数在3个演替阶段存在显著性差异,而Pielou均匀度指数在次生杨桦林与次生针阔混交林阶段差异不显著。(2)胸径结构变量是影响物种多样性变化的主要驱动因子,随着演替的进行,林分密度对物种多样性产生的影响越来越大。(3)所有土壤因子在针阔混交林阶段对物种多样性指数均表现出显著的影响,而在次生杨桦林只有土壤全氮与物种多样性指数存在显著相关关系,土壤全磷在原始椴树红松林阶段是影响物种多样性的主要因素。综上,研究认为在各演替阶段,生物和非生物因素均影响着森林群落的物种多样性,胸径结构和林分密度是影响群落物种多样性的主要因素,林分中的土壤因子受到不同群落特征的影响产生不同变化,从而对群落的物种多样性产生影响也有所不同。     

气候变化对阔叶红松林不同演替阶段红松种群生产力的影响

本文以长白山地区阔叶红松林不同演替阶段(次生杨桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始红松林)内红松种群作为研究对象,采用树轮学与相对生长式相结合,获取红松种群净初级生产力(NPP)连年生长(1921—2006年)数据以及相对增长率的年际变化数据,建立红松种群NPP与年际和季节性气候因子的关系,分析不同气候时期长白山阔叶红松林不同演替阶段内红松种群NPP年际变化特征及其对气候变化的响应差异.结果表明： 研究期间,不同演替阶段红松种群NPP与气候因子响应关系存在差异.随着温度上升,次生杨桦林红松种群NPP与上年生长季和当年生长季低温由显著负相关关系转变为显著正相关关系;次生针阔混交林红松种群NPP由与当年春季最低温度的正相关关系转变为与上年和当年生长季温度的显著正相关关系,气候因素对次生针阔混交林红松种群NPP影响的滞后效应增强;原始红松林红松种群NPP与温度的相关性减弱,与上年生长季降水量的正相关关系增强.研究区气候变化表现为低温和平均温度显著上升,而最高温度和降水没有明显变化.气候变化有利于提高演替初级阶段次生杨桦林和演替中级阶段次生针阔混交林内红松种群生产力,尤其是次生针阔混交林,而对演替顶极阶段红松种群NPP影响不明显.     

秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究 Ⅱ演替系列的群落α多样性特征

应用物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数、Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数、Ａｌａｔａｌｏ均匀度指数研究了太白山弃耕地植物群落次生演替过程中的群落α多样性动态特征,结果表明,群落在由一年生草本植物群落阶段向多年生草本植物群落、灌丛、混交林阶段的演替过程中,群落多样性指数逐渐上升,至混交林阶段达到最高值。若以分布在这一垂直地带的代表性森林群落锐齿栎林为演替进一步发展的方向,则由多样性指数在锐齿栎混交林、锐齿栎林阶段呈下降趋势。不同演替阶段不同生长型的多样性指数变化规律为：在演替的初期,草本层多样性指数＞灌木层＞乔木层;在混交林阶段,这３个不同生长型的多样性指数相差无几,乔木生长型稍占优势;在锐齿栎混交林和锐齿栎林阶段,灌木生长型的物种多样性最大,草本次之,乔木生长型的物种多样性则迅速降低。首次利用群落各生长型的叶层相对厚度和相对盖度作为加权参数,对群落总体的物种多样性指数进行了测度,结果表明,这种加权处理是比较合理的。     

秦岭山地典型次生林木本植物幼苗更新特征

采用样方法调查了秦岭山地5种典型次生林--油松林、锐齿栎林、红桦林、云杉林和华山松林幼苗的更新特征.结果表明: 不同次生林木本植物幼苗物种分化明显,除锐齿栎林和华山松林外,其余次生林幼苗物种相似性系数均较低;油松林和锐齿栎林木本植物幼苗数量、物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数及均匀度指数均较高,红桦林均最低;云杉林和华山松林幼苗数量及物种多样性指数基本一致.不同次生林幼苗和幼树所占比例存在明显差异,除红桦林幼树数量的比例较大外,其余林分幼苗的比例较大,为云杉林＞油松林＞锐齿栎林＞华山松林.不同林分幼苗萌生比例差异明显,为华山松林＞云杉林＞红桦林＞锐齿栎林＞油松林.锐齿栎林和油松林乔木幼苗比例最高,分别占木本幼苗总种数的68%和51.4%,群落处于演替中期,持续更新能力较强;云杉林、华山松林乔木幼苗比例分别为40%和15%,处于演替后期,更新能力较差;而红桦林中幼苗很难发育成幼树,持续更新能力欠缺.     

长白山三种林型对蛾类群落结构和多样性的影响

选择长白山阔叶红松林、白桦林和落叶松林3种林型,对各林型蛾类的群落结构和多样性进行了比较。结果表明:蛾类各科(亚科)在3种林型中的比例分配明显不同。阔叶红松林中尺蛾科数量占优绝对优势,占47.0%,其次是舟蛾科,为9.3%。优势种为台褥尺蛾,占17.2%;从蛾类总种数和蛾类个体总数上看,白桦林中蛾类物种丰富度、多度和多样性指数明显高于阔叶红松林和落叶松林,优势度指数则最低;白桦林的优势种有尘尺蛾、枞灰尺蛾和双星白枝尺蛾;在落叶松林中,灯蛾科、波纹蛾科和枯叶蛾科的多度都比阔叶红松林和白桦林高,其优势种为阿泊波纹蛾。     

长白山西坡风灾区森林恢复状况

以长白山西坡风灾迹地（阔叶红松林、云冷杉林、岳桦林）的样地调查资料为基础,研究了各林型森林群落遇灾23年后的恢复特征.结果显示：3种林型的恢复速度为阔叶红松林>云冷杉林>岳桦林,并且它们与各自对照的群落共有度指数分别为0.49、0.44、0.33.风灾对各林型的乔木组成和多样性的影响不同：阔叶红松林中,风灾显著增加了乔木总数量,但对乔木种数和α多样性指数没有显著影响（P>0.05）;云冷杉林中,风灾仅显著降低了Shannon多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数;岳桦林中,除Pielou均匀度指数,其余多样性指数都因风灾而显著降低.各林型优势树种组成变化及更新情况对风灾的响应也与林型相关：阔叶红松林与对照区的优势树种组成显著不同,而云冷杉林及岳桦林受灾前后的优势树种组成差异均不大;阔叶红松林的幼树更新情况较好,云冷杉林有少量更新,岳桦林带几乎没有林木更新.表明风灾对森林群落的影响在23年后仍未消除,森林在风灾干扰后的恢复需要一个漫长的过程.     

山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区蛾类多样性

选择山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区针阔叶混交林、阔叶落叶林、杂木林和灌木林4种植被类型为调查样地来初步了解蛾类群落结构及多样性。共采集蛾类标本4709只,隶属24科184种,其中螟蛾科种类和个体数量最多。在4种植被类型中,灌木林的蛾类种数最多,有20科132种,灌木林中螟蛾科为优势科;阔叶落叶林中最少,14科74种,尺蛾科为优势科;针阔叶混交林和杂木林居中,其中前者优势科不明显,后者以草螟科占优势。对4种植被类型中蛾类物种丰富度、多度、多样性和均匀度指数进行了计算和分析,结果表明:蛾类的多度指数在阔叶落叶林中显著低于其余3种植被类型;蛾类的丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数在灌木林中均最高,在针阔叶混交林和杂木林中则相近。蛾类种-多度曲线在针阔叶混交林、杂木林和灌木林中符合对数正态分布模型,而在阔叶落叶林中不符合对数正态分布模型。     

秦岭南坡松栎林群落演替过程中物种组成及多样性动态分析

为揭示秦岭南坡植物群落演替与物种多样性之间的复杂关系,采用空间代替时间的方法在秦岭南坡油松林、松栎混交林和锐齿栎林群落典型分布区域设置45个样地进行了群落学调查,统计分析了油松林→松栎混交林→锐齿栎林这一演替序列过程中草、灌、乔3层的物种组成和α物种多样性动态。结果表明:(1)秦岭南坡油松林、松栎混交林和锐齿栎林3种群落共有维管植物312种,隶属于73科183属,其中草本植物136种,灌木(含木质藤本)98种,乔木78种;油松林群落包含52科117属190种,松栎混交林群落含有60科95属129种,锐齿栎林群落则为50科109属178种。(2)沿油松林→松栎混交林→锐齿栎林群落演替序列,草本层物种均匀度和物种多样性显著降低,物种丰富度呈"V"形变化趋势;灌木层物种丰富度、均匀度以及物种多样性均无显著差异;乔木层物种多样性呈明显的单峰型变化,其中松栎混交林群落物种多样性指数最高。研究表明,秦岭南坡松栎林群落物种多样性随演替进展总体上呈现单峰型变化,与中期物种多样性假说一致;物种多样性可能仅仅是群落稳定的一个基础或前提条件。     

文峪河上游河岸林的演替分析与预测

以文峪河上游河岸林为研究对象,利用空间代替时间的方法,通过静态演替分析法结合Markov模型对群落的演替趋势和过程进行了研究。根据群落顶极适应值多重比较结果,结合优势树种的生物学和生态学特性,将13个群落区分成4个演替阶段,群落演替梯度分析结果与之吻合,处于同一演替阶段及相邻演替阶段的群落相似性较高,综合上述结果,构建本区河岸林群落的演替系列为:Ⅰ阔叶林阶段(群落PCS和CPM)→Ⅱ阔针混交林阶段(群落CPP、CMM和CPW)→Ⅲ针阔混交林阶段(群落PRL、PCP、MCP、PRM和PRW)→Ⅳ针叶林阶段(群落PWS);青杨辽东栎混交林(PCL)和油松白桦混交林(TPM)与其它群落相关性不强,属于低山森林演替系列。Markov模型预测杨桦落叶松混交林(CPP)和杨桦云杉混交林(CMM、CPW)的演替方向为云杉林,进一步验证了所构建群落演替系列的正确性,同时细化了群落的演替过程。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.