绢蒿荒漠粪甲虫物种多样性特征及亲缘关系

广泛分布在北疆的绢蒿荒漠作为重要的春秋牧场,承担着两季的放牧压力.由于该区域气候干燥,放牧家畜的粪便分解强烈依赖于各类粪甲虫.为确定绢蒿荒漠中粪甲虫数量的季节性变化及物种多样性特征,进行了野外调查和取样.结果 表明:在石河子紫泥泉种羊场典型绢蒿荒漠放牧地家畜粪便中采集到粪甲虫14797头;其中,捕获的金龟子分属3科19...     

宁夏甲虫物种多样性分布格局及其与环境因子的关系

基于宁夏已知甲虫物种分布信息,结合相关气候与生境数据,采用广义可加模型和方差分解方法探讨了甲虫物种多样性分布格局及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,宁夏甲虫物种丰富度及科属区系分化强度呈现南、北部高,中部低,西部略高于东部的变化趋势。聚类分析表明,宁夏甲虫地理分布可分为六盘山山地甲虫地理群、黄土高原甲虫地理群、荒漠绿洲甲虫地理群和贺兰山-罗山山地甲虫地理群。GAM分析表明,最冷季平均温度、最湿月平均降雨量和植物物种丰富度分别是影响甲虫物种分布最显著的因子。方差分解结果显示,水分、能量与生境异质性三者共同解释了物种丰富度82.4%的变异;能量与水分因子共同解释了甲虫物种丰富度79.6%的空间变异,单独解释率分别为19.9%和14.0%;生境异质性解释了甲虫物种丰富度26.3%的变异,单独解释率仅为2.8%。宁夏地区甲虫物种丰富度空间分布格局由能量和水分因子共同决定,生境异质性有助于提高甲虫物种丰富度。     

景观格局动态对浑善达克沙地植物物种多样性和功能多样性的影响

景观格局是影响植物物种多样性(PSD)和功能多样性(PFD)变化的重要驱动因素。然而,目前对景观格局动态的作用机制仍然不清楚。浑善达克沙地固定沙丘、半固定沙丘、流动沙丘、丘间低地、湖泊和建设用地镶嵌分布,形成了复杂的景观格局,是揭示这种机制的理想地区。本文对该地区2008–2017年的遥感图像进行处理,对PSD和PFD进行实地调查和分析,采用Spearman相关性分析和广义线性混合模型识别了对PSD和PFD有显著贡献的景观格局指数;采用结构方程模型解析了景观格局动态变化对PSD和PFD的直接和间接效应。结果表明,PSD和PFD均受2–4年前景观格局的影响。PSD主要受形状指数、面积和边缘指数以及聚集指数的重要影响,PFD主要受形状指数和聚集指数的影响。由于环境过滤和扩散限制,欧氏邻近距离指数和分离度指数是描述PFD的良好指标。综上,在世界干旱和半干旱地区土地的景观规划、管理和生物多样性保护过程中,必须考虑景观的动态和演变。     

嫩江沙地不同年龄樟子松人工林种群结构与林下物种多样性动态

以嫩江沙地樟子松防风固沙人工林为对象,调查不同发育阶段(24、29、39和43年生)林分的种群结构、林下物种组成以及多样性的变化.结果表明:研究期间,所有樟子松人工固沙林中均未见更新幼苗.不同发育阶段的樟子松人工林在胸径和高度上有显著差异,随着林龄的增加,小径级个体的比例明显降低,大径级个体增多,种群趋于成熟,径级结构除43年生外均呈正态分布.林下物种共计33种,隶属于15科28属,禾本科的狗尾草为林下草本植被的优势种,但其优势程度随林龄增加而逐渐减小;随着林龄的增加,1年生植物的比例减少,多年生植物比例增加;Simpson多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著,39年生樟子松的丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Alatalo均匀度指数均显著高于24年生樟子松,群落的物种多样性有所改善.     

不同冬季气候条件下的麦田蜘蛛群落结构和优势种繁殖情况

1998～1999年、1999～2000年在武汉地区使用陷阱法系统采样,研究了大麦田蜘蛛群落结构,比较了不同的冬天气候因素对麦田蜘蛛群落结构的影响.使用Berger-Parker优势度指数分析了调查时间段大麦田的地面优势种蜘蛛.结果显示,1998～1999年的优势种蜘蛛为皿蛛科蜘蛛,隆背微蛛Erigone prominens Boes. et Str.在大麦的全生长期均为优势种.1999～2000年,主要的优势种蜘蛛为狼蛛科的类水狼株Pirata piratoides Boes.et Str.、沟渠豹蛛Pardosa laura Karsch和拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boes.et Str.).另外,通过各优势种蜘蛛雄蛛的个体数变化,探讨了各优势种蜘蛛在田间的交配繁殖情况.结果表明,冬天气候对蜘蛛的交配时期有明显影响.在暖冬天气,大多数种类的交配比冷冬提前.一般情况下,各优势种蜘蛛能在麦田繁殖1代.另外,还对平腹蛛科的2种蜘蛛的雄蛛在田间的活动情况进行了描述.     

生境片段化对千岛湖地表甲虫物种多样性的影响

在千岛湖片段化景观中选取20个陆桥岛屿和8个大陆样点,从2012年7月到2014年4月,按季度(春、夏、秋季)6次采用巴氏陷阱法收集地表甲虫,分析其物种多度、组成、多样性和季节动态,以及不同岛屿上的地表甲虫的物种多样性与岛屿面积和隔离度等岛屿空间特征的关系.结果表明: 共收集记录到地表甲虫26科101种3370头.大陆和大岛地表甲虫的物种丰富度有显著差异,且小岛地表甲虫密度显著高于大陆;大陆地表甲虫的物种组成变化较大,而岛屿上分布的地表甲虫的物种组成则变化较小.地表甲虫的物种丰富度与岛屿面积呈显著正相关,密度与隔离度呈显著正相关.夏季岛屿上地表甲虫物种丰富度高于春秋两季,岛屿与大陆样地的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数均在夏季最高、秋季最低.     

贵州省稻田蜘蛛多样性调查及优势种分析

[目的]调查贵州稻田蜘蛛的多样性及优势种,为利用稻田蜘蛛防治水稻害虫的绿色防控技术奠定基础.[方法]采用五点取样法对贵州省水稻种植区内的黔东南州丙妹镇(A)、黔东南州凤城镇(B)、遵义市官仓镇(C)、黔南州毛尖镇(D)、贵阳市禾丰乡(E)、安顺市双堡镇(F)、盘州市新民镇(G)的水稻分蘖盛期和灌浆期的蜘蛛多样性进行调查...     

不同林龄马尾松人工林优势种径级结构及物种多样性分析

采用空间代替时间的方法,以黔中山地孟关林场10a、20a、30a和36a的马尾松人工林为研究对象,通过设置12块20 m×20 m的典型样地,分析了马尾松人工林发育过程中径级结构与物种多样性的动态特征。结果表明:(1)马尾松人工林不同林龄阶段,优势种径级结构存在一定差异,10a林分呈单峰型结构,20a、30a、36a林分呈多峰型结构。(2)林下共有植物种类35科53属53种,其中灌木16科24属24种,草本20科29属29种,物种较丰富;不同林龄林分物种组成种类为:20a林分10a林分30a林分36a林分。(3)随林龄增加,马尾松人工林物种丰富度指数先增大后减小,Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数在10a～30a之间变化趋势相反,30a～36a之间变化趋势一致。     

植物群落和物种多样性动态过程及物种丧失机制放牧试验

在长期严格的沙地草场放牧试验的基础上,通过调查及多种计算和分析,揭示了在放牧条件下植物群落和物种多样性的动态演变规律及物种丧失的机制,主要结论是:(1)在不同稳定的牧压下群落外貌特征及组分发生明显的分异。(2)持续强度放牧使物种消失,α多样性下降,为理解现代物种消亡和灭绝机制提供了部分依据,现代物种的消亡和灭绝正是由于人们对于生境的破坏引起的,生境破坏引起局部地区物种的消失,这种局部消失的不断累加就可能引起物种的消亡和绝灭。(3)放牧试验对物种组成和β多样性的影响表现在时空两个方面。     

武汉地区蚊类群落结构、时空动态及多样性研究

【目的】掌握武汉地区蚊类群落结构、时空动态及多样性特征,为蚊媒防治提供科学依据。【方法】2007-2016年每月采用灯诱法调查该地区5种生境蚊类群落结构和密度的时空动态,测定群落物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数。【结果】2007-2016年武汉市蚊平均密度为58.54只/(灯·夜),隶属2亚科5属8种,优势蚊种为致倦库蚊Culexpipienspallens和三带喙库蚊Culex tritaeniorhynchus。季节消长呈单峰,高峰出现在6月。牲畜棚、农户生境与居民区、公园、医院生境在蚊类丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数方面均有差异。【结论】武汉地区不同季节和不同生境蚊虫种类、数量和多样性有差异,应根据具体情况采取有针对性的蚊媒防治措施。     

区域农田景观格局对麦蚜种群数量的影响

明确农田景观格局对麦田蚜虫种群的影响,是开展区域性害虫生态调控的重要理论依据之一。以区域性小麦种植区为研究对象,基于遥感影像与土地覆盖分类数据以及田间调查的蚜虫种群数据,计算景观格局指数,使用负二项分布的广义线性模型从农田景观、非作物生境景观和区域景观3个方面分析了区域农田景观格局对麦田蚜虫种群的影响。结果表明,蚜虫种群的数量与草地的平均斑块面积和最大斑块指数显著正相关,与县域的平均几何最邻近距离和面积加权平均斑块面积显著负相关,与耕地的面积加权平均斑块面积显著负相关,与耕地的斑块密度显著正相关。草地斑块面积的增大、区域景观与耕地的破碎化、区域景观的聚集会促进蚜虫种群数量的增加。使用草地的斑块面积和最大斑块指数、区域景观的平均几何最邻近距离可以预测蚜虫种群的发生量。非作物生境草地的斑块面积、耕地的破碎化、区域景观的空间分布及破碎化是影响麦田蚜虫种群发生的重要景观因素。     

Shrubs and species identity effects on the distribution and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods in a Gobi desert

Disentangling the relationship between shrub vegetation and ground-dwelling arthropods at multiple levels of taxonomic resolution is essential to developing a suitable management strategy for the conservation of shrub-associated arthropod biodiversity in shrubland ecosystems. Using Gobi desert (dominated by shrub species Nitraria sphaerocarpa and Reaumuria soongorica) occurring widely in inland arid areas of northwest China as a model system, we sampled ground-dwelling arthropods by pitfall trapping method under canopies of both shrubs and in intershrub bare areas during spring, summer and autumn. Our aim was to determine whether the presence and species identity of shrubs influence the distribution of ground-dwelling arthropods and whether the influence of shrub presence and species identity differs among trophic and taxonomic groups. At the community level, total arthropod abundance and species richness were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats, whereas more arthropods were captured under N. sphaerocarpa than under R. soongorica. At the trophic group level, the abundance of predator and decomposer arthropods was significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats, whereas herbivore and decomposer arthropods were more abundant under N. sphaerocarpa than under R. soongorica. At the family level, the abundance of Carabidae, Gnaphosidae, Karschiidae, Tenebrionidae and Thomisidae was consistently much greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats, whereas that of Formicidae, Philodromidae and Tettigoniidae did not differ between the shrub microhabitats and the intershrub bare habitats. However, the abundance of Curculionidae under R. soongorica and the abundance of Geotrupidae under N. sphaerocarpa were significantly lower than that in intershrub bare habitats. N. sphaerocarpa was commonly preferred by arthropods in the families of Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae, whereas R. soongorica was commonly preferred by arthropods in the family Geotrupidae, but shrub species identity did not affect the abundance of the remaining families. Our results suggest that shrubs and species identity play important roles in structuring ground-dwelling arthropod communities, but the response of arthropods differed among trophic or taxonomic groups. This study may have important implications for the conservation of invertebrate biodiversity in Gobi desert ecosystems.     

Effect of landscape structure on the spatial distribution of Mediterranean dung beetle diversity

Aim  Landscape structure influences the distribution of animals, altering their movements and their ability to reach habitat patches. We analysed the spatial patterns of dung beetle species diversity in three differently structured natural landscapes in a Mediterranean protected area in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula.
Location  Cabañeros National Park, Central Spain.
Methods  Diversity components within (α) and among (β) the three main vegetation types in the reserve were compared by using a hierarchical nested design. These were forests, scrublands and grasslands embedded in three different landscapes, where each was the most dominant and structurally connected habitat.
Results  Species richness of grassland habitat did not vary across landscapes, but forest habitat showed lower species richness in the grassland-dominated landscape. Scrubland was the least species-rich habitat, but here again there was no significant variation across landscapes. However, in all cases, there was a significant influence of habitat context (configuration of habitat patches within landscape matrix) on similarity of species composition. These tended to be more similar to the dominant landscape matrix where they were embedded, rather than to the same habitat type in other landscapes. Additive partitioning of diversity showed higher than expected values of β in all landscapes, which indicated a structured response. Highest values of β in the grassland-dominated landscape suggest that this was the least connected landscape for dung beetles.
Main conclusions  Our results suggest that in homogeneous conditions of climate and trophic resources, landscape structure may well be more important than habitat type as a determinant of dung beetle distribution in the Mediterranean.     

农业景观动态对林地地表节肢动物多样性的影响

以黄河下游典型农区封丘县为研究区,在林地景观中进行地表节肢动物的观测。用物种丰富度和香农多样性指数代表物种多样性,选择代表景观背景的5个竞争模型:生境特性(H1,2012)、基质特性(H2,2012)、生境变化(H3,1984—2012)、基质变化(H4,1984—2012)和土壤-环境条件(H5,2012)从4个空间尺度上(100,250,350和500 m)进行分析,通过运用基于赤池信息量准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)的多模型推理(Multi-model Inference,MMI)方法,在R软件里用广义线性模型(Generalized Linear Models,GLM)探究了研究区近30年(1984—2012年)景观背景变化对林地地表节肢动物多样性的影响。研究表明,不同景观背景模型对地表节肢动物多样性的影响具有尺度依赖性。在100 m的尺度下,生境特性(H1)最能够解释香农多样性和物种丰富度,但是随着尺度的增加,生境特性变化(H3)在较大(250、350 m和500 m)的尺度对物种丰富度和香农多样性影响最大,而基质特性和土壤-环境条件(H2和H5)的作用不显著。景观背景对地表节肢动物多样性的解释量达到40%。在研究区域,生境特性是表征香农多样性指数和物种丰富度的指标。     

Biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: different non-crop habitats increase diversity of ground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera) but support different communities

Agricultural intensification poses a major threat to the conservation of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. Since non-crop habitats are regarded as important refuges for farmland biodiversity, various greening measures have been proposed to halt biodiversity loss. However, the effectiveness of these measures for biodiversity conservation is still under debate. Therefore, we here compared ground-dwelling beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages of different non-crop habitats (field margins, set-aside fields sown with wildflowers, and permanent grassland fallows) and wheat fields within an intensively used agricultural landscape in western Germany. Taxonomic diversity of Carabidae, Staphylinidae and other coleopteran families and their conservation value were higher in all non-crop habitats than on wheat fields. Surprisingly, though, different types of non-crop habitats did not differ in species richness or the number of threatened species. Thus, field margins and sown wildflower fields were as effective in promoting beetle diversity as grassland fallows. However, different non-crop habitats supported different species assemblages, and several species, in particular especially large ones, were restricted to grassland fallows. These results suggest that different greening measures are effective in promoting the biodiversity of beetles, and that permanent grassland fallows are essential for nature conservation. The fact that habitat types harbored different assemblages stresses the need to combine a variety of greening measures to yield the highest benefit for biodiversity.

     

黄淮平原农业景观不同生境鸟类多样性特征及年际动态

鸟类是地球生物多样性中的重要组成部分,在生态系统功能和服务中发挥着重要作用,是生态环境变化的重要指示物种。农业景观中的食虫鸟类提供了重要的虫害控制服务。当前,农业景观中鸟类多样性丧失加剧,为探讨鸟类多样性在各生境以及年际间的变化,以黄淮平原为研究区,在河流、湖泊、农田、村庄等生境中共设置20个样点。于2016-2019年连续4年在繁殖期采用样线法对鸟类进行多样性调查。调查结果显示：（1）共发现22922只个体,分属14目,38科,53属。从区系分布来看,各生境各年间均以广布种为主;从生态类群来看,鸣禽占绝对优势;从居留型来看,留鸟所占比例最高。（2）在食性组成上,从物种丰富度看,食虫鸟类有57种,约占总物种数的77%;从个体数来看,杂食性鸟类占比超52%。（3）物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数最高值均出现在湖泊或河流生境中。（4）鸟类群落相似性分析显示,各生境间鸟类群落均为中等相似程度;鸟类物种丰富度波动幅度在农田和村庄中呈逐年上升趋势。（5）物种多样性加性拆分分析显示,在生境尺度上,局地的α多样性是生物多样性的最重要组成,而从整个研究区来看,生境间的差异则更为重要。造成鸟类多样性时空差异的原因复杂多样,而生境异质性的增加和水域的存在对提高鸟类多样性是具有积极作用的。调查中超过77%的物种和40%的个体均为食虫鸟类,应当充分重视鸟类为区域农业景观提供的虫害控制服务。本研究可为区域鸟类多样性保护及鸟类提供的生态系统服务的提升管理提供理论基础和科学依据。     

Effects of landscape connectivity on the spatial distribution of insect diversity in agricultural mosaic landscapes

European agricultural landscapes are mosaics of intensively cultivated areas and semi-natural elements. Although comprising only a small fraction of the total area, semi-natural elements provide habitat for most of the landscape biodiversity. Agricultural intensification has increasingly fragmented semi-natural elements and species numbers are in decline. Insights into the effects of landscape structure on species’ distributions within and among semi-natural habitats are needed to conserve biodiversity in agricultural landscapes more effectively. We investigated the landscape- and habitat-specific diversity partitions of wild bees, true bugs, and carabid beetles in two differently structured agricultural landscapes in Switzerland. In each landscape, we partitioned the total species diversity (γ) into its additive components within (_P) and among patches (β_P) and among habitats (β_H). In the landscape characterized by a patchy, isolated distribution of habitat elements, among-patch diversity (β_P) explained 44% of the total species richness (γ) and was significantly higher than expected under a random distribution of samples among habitat patches; in the landscape with higher habitat connectivity, among-patch diversity (β_P) comprised 32% of the total species richness (γ) and did not differ from the random expectation. Habitat-specific within-patch contributions to species richness were similarly low across habitat types (_P=23–24%) in the patchy landscape, whereas in the more connected landscape within-patch partitions tended to be higher and differed among habitat types (_P=22–38%). Functionally different groups of bees, true bugs, and carabids also responded differently to landscape structure in a manner that was consistent with known differences in resource specialization and dispersal ability. Differences in diversity partitions among landscapes and taxa indicate the need for flexible conservation strategies. Conservation of habitat-specific diversity may require more habitat patches in landscapes that have lower habitat connectivity and low within-patch diversity (_P) than in landscapes with higher within-patch diversity (_P).