内含子的位置不影响转基因的表达

内含子在转基因动物的基因表达中具有重要作用,以乳清酸蛋白（ＷＡＰ）基因５′区为调控序列,人基因组Ｇ－ＣＳＦ基因为目的片段,将ＷＡＰ基因第一内含子插入Ｇ－ＣＳＦ基因５′端,构建成转基因动物乳腺表达载体。将其直接注射到小鼠乳腺,在泌乳期表达出人Ｇ－ＣＳＦ。表明内含子在５′端的位置不影响转基因的表达,同时也表明内含子对表达有一定的作用。     

RNA的错误剪接影响转基因的表达

利用PCR扩增方法获得1.5 kb人粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)基因组基因,将其受控于2.6 kb的鼠乳清酸蛋白(WAP)基因的启动子下,构建成乳腺表达载体.通过显微注射方法建立转基因鼠,PCR及DNA印迹鉴定证实获得两只转基因阳性鼠.在其乳腺表达出极低的G-CSF.为探讨低表达的原因,采用RT-PCR方法,从转基因鼠乳腺获得G-CSF cDNA,序列分析表明,其RNA剪接出现错误,将其第四外显子识别为内含子,由此导致其低水平表达.     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达G-CSF的研究

用PCR法从正常中国人脐带血提取总DNA作为模板,扩增出1.5 kb的人G-CSF基因组基因。序列分析证实其正确性。将其插入小鼠乳清酸蛋白(WAP)基因的起始密码子ATG前的KpnⅠ位点,使其受控于2.6kb的WAP调控序列,构建成乳腺表达载体pWGG。回收经EcoRⅠ酶切后的8.7kb片段用于显微注射。共注射1200枚受精卵,移植34受体母鼠,产仔鼠85只。经PCR检测和DNA印迹分析,证实获得两只整合有人G-CSF基因的雄性鼠,整合率为2.37％。建立的转基因鼠系表明,采用ELASA方法对F1代雌鼠乳汁检测,成功地表达出人G-CSF。表达量为120～250ng/ml。这一结果表明转基因的表达具有乳腺特异性。这为在大动物中实施转基因提供了依据。     

直接注射质粒DNA表达人G—CSF的研究

转基因动物研究发展至今,对于所构建煌表达载体有效性如何,一直缺乏一个验证体系。由于转基因动物的建立较为繁琐复杂,投资大,因而直接用转基因动物去验证所用元件是不明智的。为此,我们采用小鼠乳清酸蛋白（WAP）基因（2．6Kb)为调控序列,人G－CSF基因组基因为目的的自然,将WAP第一内含子置于G－CSF基因5’端,构建成转基因动物乳腺表达载体pINGG（Fig.1）。将表达质粒直接注射到怀孕小鼠乳腺。于分婉第8天取乳汗进行ELISA检测。在泌乳期小鼠乳汁中检测出人G－CSF,表达量达15－32ng/mL(Table1)。具有一定应用前景。实验中发现：增加注射次数可以提供转染效率,但最佳注射次数仍需摸索。另外,如果换用复制型载体,整合与表达效率有可能大大提高。     

人乳铁蛋白cDNA 基因乳腺表达载体的构建与鉴定

为了构建人乳铁蛋白基因 (hLF) 的乳腺表达载体并验证其在乳腺细胞中的表达情况,本载体以山羊β-casein基因上游包括启动子、外显子1、内含子1、部分外显子2作为5′端调控序列,下游包括部分外显子7、内含子7、外显子8、内含子8、外显子9及3′部分基因组片段作为3′端调控序列,长度分别为6.2 kb和7.1 kb,将hLF基因 (目的基因) 和Neo基因 (筛选标记) 分别插入到5′端调控序列和3′端调控序列的下游,构建成pBC1-hLF-Neo载体,其全长为25.348 kb。为了检测该载体的生物学     

尖体注射导入的人生长激素融合基因在小鼠乳腺中的暂态表达

以牛asl－酪蛋白基因的5′端及上游区3．4kb和3′端及下游区3．5kb作为调控元件,以人生长激素基因作为报告基因构建了融合基因,通过乳腺,心脏注射到小鼠体内,利用放射免疫分析方法（RIA）在泌小鼠的乳汁中检测到了表达的人生长激素,表明融合基因的构建是正确的。并由此建立了通过靶组织注射结合心脏注射对融合基因的构建无地自容伯快速简便方法,其中通过心脏注射而于乳腺获得特异性表达的实验结果尚未见报道。     

鸡卵清蛋白基因第一内含子和3′-调控区对外源基因表达的调控作用

探明鸡卵清蛋白基因(ov)第一内含子和3′-调控区对目的基因表达水平的影响, 为鸡输卵管表达载体的构建提供科学依据。用牛生长激素基因(BGH)poly A序列替换鸡输卵管表达载体中ov 3′-调控区, 用限制酶消化法逐步删减第一内含子序列, 获得5个表达人组织激肽释放(hK1)cDNA的鸡输卵管表达载体, 分别命名为pOV2K、pOV3K、pOV4K、pOV5K和pOV6K。经翅静脉给产蛋鸡注射聚乙烯亚胺包裹的相同拷贝数重组载体, 通过蛋清中酶活性定量检测评价不同载体的表达水平。结果表明: 受控于3.0kb ov 5′-和3′-调控区的pOV2K表达的重组酶活性明显高于用BGH poly A 替换3′-调控区的pOV3K; 无内含子的pOV6K表达水平显著低于含不同长度第一内含子的pOV3K、pOV4K和pOV5K, 重组酶表达水平随第一内含子的缩短呈逐渐下降趋势。该试验结果表明ov第一内含子和3′-调控区对目的基因在鸡输卵管细胞中的表达具有正调节作用, 应当包括在鸡输卵管表达载体中。     

组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体乳腺表达载体构建及在转基因鼠中表达的研究

通过PCR方法从羊肝总DNA中获得了羊β-乳球蛋白(BLG)基因第一和第二内含子,以羊β-乳球蛋白基因(BLG)5′区5kb为调控序列,构建了乳腺表达组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体(La-tPA)载体。对540枚小鼠受精卵进行显微注射,经PCR和Southern blot检测,获得6只整合有人La-tPA的转基因小鼠,整合率为32%。同时研究了转基因在小鼠体内的表达。Northern blot分析表明,在一些转基因鼠乳腺中表达出La-tPA。在基因鼠乳汁中检测出La-tPA的表达达6μg/mL。这为未来利用转基因动物生产La-tPA提供依据。     

牛β-酪蛋白基因控制的人凝血Ⅸ因子基因在小鼠乳腺组织中的表达调控

构建牛β 酪蛋白基因控制的人凝血Ⅸ因子 (hFⅨ )乳腺组织特异性表达载体pCⅨm,pCiⅨ ,pCⅨ和报告基因 (LacZ)乳腺表达载体 pCiLacZ ,pCLacZ ,利用Stearylamine(SA)阳离子脂质体包埋 5种载体 ,通过尾静脉注射的方法直接转染哺乳期母鼠的活体组织 .在DNA ,mRNA以及蛋白质水平对实验小鼠的检测结果表明 :转染处理后hFⅨ基因和LacZ基因在小鼠乳腺获得表达 ,hFⅨ蛋白在乳汁中的最高分泌表达量为 80 .2 8ng/mL ,其中 85 %以上已经羧基化并具有生物学活性 ;对 5种载体表达调控的研究证实牛β_酪蛋白基因 5′端 2 .0kb的片段能够驱动人凝血Ⅸ因子基因在小鼠乳腺组织中分泌表达 ,β_酪蛋白基因内含子 1能够提高Ⅸ因子基因在乳腺组织中的表达水平 ,并能影响该基因表达的组织特异性 ;和hFⅨcDNA相比 ,hFⅨ基因自身的内含子 1能够提高该基因在活体乳腺组织中的表达水平 3倍以上     

表达人尿激酶原突变体的重组山羊乳腺特异性表达慢病毒载体的构建

目的：构建山羊乳腺特异性表达尿激酶原突变体的重组慢病毒载体,证明其表达的有效性。方法：将劳氏肉瘤病毒增强子／启动子、复制缺陷型人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV-1）的5′端长重复序列（LTR）、HIV-1ψ包装信号、HIVRev反应元件、山羊β-酪蛋白调控序列、尿激酶原M13cDNA、AU3／3′LTR、牛生长激素（BGH）基因poly（A）依次连接,构建乳腺特异性表达的慢病毒载体,通过体外转染人乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7、中国仓鼠卵巢细胞及泌乳山羊乳腺注射证明其表达有效性。结果：酶切鉴定证实山羊乳腺特异性表达载体构建正确;将该载体转染细胞,采用溶圈法和Western印迹检测证实了其表达的有效性;慢病毒载体注射到泌乳山羊的乳腺,在乳汁中也检测到了尿激酶原的表达。结论：为在转基因动物乳腺中表达尿激酶原突变体奠定了基础。     

乳清酸蛋白(WAP)基因调控序列的鉴定及在小鼠乳腺细胞表达LacZ基因的研究

乳清酸蛋白（ＷＡＰ）是小鼠乳中的主要蛋白质．在亚克隆该基因的基础上,对其进行了酶切鉴定,并对该基因５′区进行克隆和序列分析,在核实序列正确后,构建了以其为调控序列,指导β－半乳糖苷酶基因的真核表达质粒,采用直接注射质粒的方法在小鼠乳腺中表达出β－半乳糖苷酶活性,从而证实基因调控序列的功能正确性,可以用于转基因动物乳腺表达研究,同时证实该方法可以作为一种暂时性表达载体的验证方法．     

人G—CSF基因组基因的克隆及其在转基因小鼠乳腺表达的研究

采用ＰＣＲ方法以正常中国人脐带血提取总ＤＮＡ为模板,扩增出１．５Ｋｂ的粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）基因组基因,序列分析证实其正确性,将其插入小鼠乳清酸蛋白（ＷＡＰ）基因的起支密码子ＡＴＧ臆的ＫｐｎＩ位点,使其受控于２．６ｋｂ的ＷＡＰ调控序列,从而构建乳腺表达载体ｐＷＧＧ。回收经ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切后的８．７ｋｂ片段用于显微注射,共注射１２００枚受精卵,移植至受体３４母鼠,产生仔鼠８５只,经ＰＣＲ检测     

Establishment of La-tPA/G-CSF dual transgenic mice and expression in their mammary gland

Expression vectors of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSG) and long acting tissue plasminogen activator (La-tPA) in mammary gland were constructed using promoters of mouse whey acid protein gene (WAP) and sheep β-lactoglobulin gene (BLG) with sizes of 2.6 and 5 kb respectively. Two kinds of transgenic mice of G-CSF and La-tPA were produced with microinjection. The expression of G-CSF and La-tPA was achieved in mammary glands of transgenic mice, respectively. In order to establish dual transgenic mice of La-tPA/G-CSF, transgenic mice carrying G-CSF and La-tPA gene characterized with specific expression in mammary gland were mated. La-tPA/G-CSF dual transgenic mice were screened out from the hybrid offspring by Once-PCR. The co-expression of La-tPA and G-CSF in mammary gland of the dual transgenic mice was confirmed by the milk assayed and Northern blot analysis. Some parameters about the dual transgenic mice indicated that there were fewer litters than that of normal mice. The ratio of du     

Establishment of La-tPA/G-CSF dual transgenic mice and expression in their mammary gland

Expression vectors of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSG) and long acting tissue plasminogen activator (La-tPA) in mammary gland were constructed using promoters of mouse whey acid protein gene (WAP) and sheep β-lactoglobulin gene (BLG) with sizes of 2.6 and 5 kb respectively. Two kinds of transgenic mice of G-CSF and La-tPA were produced with microinjection. The expression of G-CSF and La-tPA was achieved in mammary glands of transgenic mice, respectively. In order to establish dual transgenic mice of La-tPA /G-CSF, transgenic mice carrying G-CSF and La-tPA gene characterized with specific expression in mammary gland were mated. La-tPA/G-CSF dual transgenic mice were screened out from the hybrid offspring by Once-PCR. The co-expression of La-tPA and G-CSF in mammary gland of the dual transgenic mice was confirmed by the milk assayed and Northern blot analysis. Some parameters about the dual transgenic mice indicated that there were fewer litters than that of normal mice. The ratio of dual transgenes was 46.1% in F1 generation, and offspring’s sex ratio was normal. Hence a dual transgenic mouse model was established for the study of co-expression foreign proteins in mammary gland.     

Breast cancer protein PS2 synthesis in mammary gland of transgenic mice and secretion into milk

PS2, a small estrogen-inducible secretory polypeptide with structural analogies to a growth factor, is produced by approximately 50% of human breast tumors. The function of PS2 is, however, unknown. To determine whether PS2 may play an autocrine role in the development of mammary tumors we constructed transgenic mice bearing fusion constructs designed to direct the expression of human PS2 in the lactating mammary gland under the control of the whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter. Mouse lines bearing the genomic PS2 gene under the control of the WAP promoter region (WAP-PS2-2) failed to express the transgene. However, mice harboring the fusion construct WAP-PS2-1, in which the PS2 coding sequence is inserted into the 5' untranslated region of the complete WAP gene, were observed to express the transgene. Expression was restricted to the secretory epithelium of the mammary gland during lactation, and PS2 protein was secreted into the milk. Nevertheless, no mammary gland dysplasia was observed, and PS2 expression had no discernable effect upon the physiology and/or development of the suckling young or the transgenic mother.     

High-level expression of the rat whey acidic protein gene is mediated by elements in the promoter and 3'' untranslated region.

The high-level expression of the rat whey acidic protein (WAP) gene in transgenic mice depends on the interaction of 5'-flanking promoter sequences and intragenic sequences. Constructs containing 949 bp of promoter sequences and only 70 bp of 3'-flanking DNA were expressed at uniformly high levels, comparable to or higher than that of the endogenous gene. Although this WAP transgene was developmentally regulated, it was expressed earlier during pregnancy than was the endogenous WAP gene. Replacement of 3' sequences, including the WAP poly(A) addition site, with simian virus 40 late poly(A) sequences resulted in an approximately 20-fold reduction in the expression of WAP mRNA in the mammary gland during lactation. Nevertheless, position-independent expression of the transgene was still observed. Further deletion of 91 bp of conserved WAP 3' untranslated region (UTR) led to integration site-dependent expression. Position independence was restored following reinsertion of the WAP 3' UTR into the deleted construct at the same location, but only when the insertion was in the sense orientation. The marked differences observed between the expression levels of the 3'-end deletion constructs in transgenic mice were not seen in transfected CID 9 mammary epithelial cells. In these cells, expression of the endogenous WAP gene was dependent on the interaction of these cells with a complex extracellular matrix. In contrast, the transfected WAP constructs were not dependent on extracellular matrix for expression. Thus, both the abnormal expression of WAP in cells cultured on plastic and the precocious developmental expression of WAP in transgenic mice may reflect the absence of a negative control element(s) within these recombinant constructs.     

人G-CSF转基因鼠的稳定遗传与表达

利用人粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）基因组基因作为目的片段,将其受控于２．６ｋｂ的小鼠乳清酸蛋白（ＷＡＰ）基因的调控区下,通过显微注射法获得了两只整合有人Ｇ－ＣＳＦ转基因小鼠,通过繁殖建立了稳定的转基因系．一些表型参数测定表明转基因鼠与正常鼠无明显差别．通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ及Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测,在乳腺表达出人Ｇ－ＣＳＦ,为乳腺表达外源蛋白质及今后大动物研究奠定了基础．     

RT-PCR测定组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体(La-tPA)在转基因鼠乳腺表达的研究

利用所构建的乳腺表达组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体（Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ）载体．对５４０枚小鼠受精卵进行显微注射,经ＰＣＰ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测,获得６只整合有人Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ转基因小鼠．为了精确研究转基因在小鼠体内的表达,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＰ方法测定转基因鼠在泌乳期１～２０ｄＬａ－ｔＰＡ基因的转录,结果表明,在转基因鼠乳腺的Ｌａ－ｔＰＡｍＲＮＡ水平在１０～１５ｄ最高,在２０ｄ时降为最低．外源基因在转基因小鼠乳腺的表达规律研究为未来利用转基因动物生产Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ提供依据     

Tissue-specific, high level expression of the rat whey acidic protein gene in transgenic mice.

The importance of intragenic and 3' flanking sequences in the control of the temporal, hormonal and tissue-specific expression of milk whey acidic protein (WAP) has been demonstrated in transgenic mice. Mouse lines carrying a 4.3 kb genomic clone containing the entire rat WAP gene minus 200 bp of the first intron with 0.949 kb of 5' and 1.4 kb of 3' flanking DNA were generated. In eight of nine independent lines of mice analyzed, WAP transgene expression was detected at levels ranging from 1% to 95% (average, 27%) of the endogenous gene. The transgene was expressed preferentially in the mammary gland. Although developmentally regulated during pregnancy and lactation, the temporal pattern of WAP transgene expression differed from the endogenous gene. A precocious increase in expression of the transgene was detected at 7 days of pregnancy, several days earlier in pregnancy than the major increase observed in endogenous mouse WAP mRNA. The rat WAP transgene was translated and secreted into the milk of transgenic mice at levels comparable to the endogenous mouse WAP. This is the first report of a gene that is negatively regulated in dissociated cell cultures as well as in transfected cells, yet is expressed efficiently in the correct multicellular environment of the transgenic mouse.