城市污泥堆肥温度的空间变异性研究

利用半变异函数对城市污泥堆肥温度的空间变异特性进行了研究 ,对堆体温度进行了克里格法 ( KRIGING)插值。采用通风静态垛堆肥工艺 ,试验了 0 .79、2 .0 3m3 / ( min·m3 )两种通风量。沿着堆肥池长度方向设定 2个纵剖面 ,每个纵剖面的面积为 6 .0 m× 1 .0 m,按 0 .5 m× 0 .1 m布设网格。结果表明 ,在水平方向上堆肥温度的半变异函数用球状模型进行拟合效果较好 ,而在垂直方向上的半变异函数用线性模型进行拟合效果较好 ;在水平方向上两个剖面的温度变程 ( range)分别为 0 .90 m、1 .2 5 m,在垂直方向上的变程分别为 0 .75 m、1 .0 0 m;利用克里格法进行最优内插估值得到的温度等值线图表明 ,高温区域一般位于堆体中层 0 .4～ 0 .6 m,低温区域一般位于堆体下层 0～ 0 .4 m;从温度剖面等值线图判断 ,中试规模的城市污泥堆肥 ,其合理通风量小于 0 .79m3 / min· m3 。     

鼓风对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度变化的影响

采用强制通风静态垛和温度反馈自动测控堆肥工艺,研究了鼓风过程对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度的影响。当城市污泥和调理剂比例为1：1时（体积比）,处于鼓风口远端（风向远点）各个层次的堆体温度基本上不会随鼓风过程而变化,处于鼓风方向中部（风向中点）、鼓风口近端（风向近点）的堆体,其中层、上层的温度将会下降,平均下降速度分别为0.05℃/min、0.04℃/min,但是温度下降的速率在整个鼓风过程中并不均匀,温度下降速度在0－10min较快,在10－40min较慢;当混合堆料中调理剂含量较低时（3：2）,堆体上层温度在鼓风过程中将会上升,上升速率约为0.022-0.05℃/min,中层温度下降,在鼓风开始阶段（0－10min）,下降速率较快,约为0.12℃/min,随后变化速率较小,约为0.01℃/min。对于不同调理剂比例的堆体,处于风向远点、中点的下层温度基本不受鼓风作用的影响;处于风向近点的堆体,其下层温度会随着鼓风过程而下降,平均下降速率约为0.025-0.03℃/min。     

填充料和通气对污泥堆肥过程的影响

试验研究了不同配比的以料和通气状况对污泥堆肥起始升温的影响。结果表明,填充料含是量高的配比升温速度明显比填充料含量低的配比快;高填充料配比的堆体（填充料占堆料的１／２～１／３）在超始升温阶段可以不进行氢气的供给;低填充料的配比和加入回流堆肥的配比（填充料占堆料的１／４～１／９）,由于堆体的孔隙少,则必须进行通气量的调节。     

城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中积温规律的探讨

对城市污泥好氧堆肥稳定化过程的温热条件进行了探讨 ,将物候学中的积温概念应用于堆肥稳定化 (腐熟 )过程。它同时兼顾到堆肥过程中的温度强度和持续时间两个参数。对于采用的强制通风静态垛堆肥工艺 ( CTB自动控制堆肥工艺 ) ,建议以 1 5℃作为生物学零度 ,积温指标为 1 0 0 0 0℃· h左右。堆肥原料的性质、堆肥工艺、微生物种群、生物学零度、外界环境等因素可能会对积温产生一定影响     

城市污泥强制通风堆肥过程中的生物学和化学变化特征

采用间竭式强制通风堆肥法进行的肥堆体积约4m3,堆肥时间为53d的污泥堆肥试验表明,堆肥的第2天即达高温阶段(≥55℃)并能保持8d,平均最高温度达68℃,局部温度达74℃.粪大肠杆菌由开始时的1.41×105个·g-1降至试验结束时的2.32×101个·g-1.污泥堆肥过程中挥发性固体,总有机C、水溶性有机C、固体有机 C/N比和水溶性有机 C/有机 N比下降明显,而 N、P及重金属含量有所升高.随着堆肥的进程,在前1周堆肥过程中产生的氨氮大幅下降,硝酸盐含量随之升高.相应地,pH在第1周内升高,随后降低.堆肥40d左右,水芹(Lepidiumsativum L.)种子发芽指数即可达 80%.综合堆肥过程中堆温和化学与生物学变化特点,表明污泥堆肥在40d左右基本上接近腐熟,50d后达到完全腐熟.产品外观呈黑褐色,蓬松,无明显异味.     

城市污泥与稻草堆肥中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的研究

将广州城市污泥与稻草进行翻堆、接菌-翻堆、连续通气和间歇通气4种方式的堆肥,应用GC／MS技术对堆肥中6种属于USEPA优控污染物的邻苯二甲酸醇化合物(PAEs)进行分析,探讨堆肥产物中PAEs的含量分布以及不同方式堆肥对PAEs的降解效果,结果表明,4种方式堆肥中PAEs总含量(∑PAEs)在9．815～17．832mg·kg^-1之间,依次为翻堆(17．832mg·kg^-1)>接菌-翻堆(13．927mg·kg^-1)>间隙通气(10．765mg·kg^-1)>连续通气(9．815mg·kg^-1),堆肥中PAEs以邻苯二甲酸正二辛酯(DhOP)为主,占∑PAEs的82．2％～89．696,不同方式堆肥中∑PAEs的降解率为连续通气(45．71％)>间隙通气(40．4696)>接菌-翻堆(22．97％)>翻堆(1．3796)(平均降解率为27．63％),其中邻苯二甲酸二乙醇(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)的降解率分别为95．7696～98．6896、79．5696～99．46％和87．42％～98．42％;但邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸正二辛酯的含量反而增加,邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)在所有堆肥中均未检出。     

城市污泥堆肥用作草皮基质对草坪草生长的影响

研究了城市污泥堆肥生产草坪基质的应用效果。试验结果表明,城市污泥堆肥基质能明显提高黑麦草的地上和地下生物量和叶绿素含量,与不施化肥和施用化学的对照相比,城市污泥堆肥可以增加土壤有效态氮、磷含量,促进植物叶片对氮的吸收,提高草坪的质量。用经过无害化处理的城市污泥生产草坪基质,既可以解决城市污泥的出路,又可以降低草坪的生产成本,是一条经济可行的途径。     

城市污泥堆肥对栽培基质保水能力和有效关效养分的影响

盆栽试验表明,城市污泥堆肥不仅可以明显提高栽培基质的有效氮、磷含量,而且可以增强栽培基质的保水性能和植物的抗旱能力,但是栽培基质的萎焉点也随着其用量的增加而增高,因此,从保证植物水分供应的角度考虑,虽然可以大量地使用城市污泥堆肥,但是其用量并不是越多越好;当用量超过75％时,继续增加城市污泥堆肥的比例,则植物的吸水能力反而会略有下降,从养分供应和保水性能等角度综合考虑,采用经过堆肥处理的城市污泥作为植物栽培基质,是城市污泥资源化和无害化的可行途径。     

温度对赤子爱胜蚓堆肥处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥效率的影响

为了探讨环境温度对蚯蚓的生物量及其堆肥效率的影响,进行了不同培养温度条件下赤子爱胜蚓堆肥处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥的研究。试验结果表明,在其他生态因子保持不变的情况下,赤子爱胜蚓的生长和繁殖具有一个适宜的温度范围,可能在20℃左右,温度太高或太低都对蚯蚓的生长和繁殖不利。赤子爱胜蚓对有机垃圾混合剩余污泥的堆肥效率在20℃达到最高,而在其他温度时较低,特别是低温(5℃、10℃)情况下堆肥效率显著降低,但温度较高(30℃、35℃)时其堆肥效率下降不显著。从产业应用的角度,如果同时考虑蚯蚓维持种群繁衍的再生产能力以及蚯蚓堆肥效率这两个因素,环境温度维持在20℃附近可能最适宜赤子爱胜蚓处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥。     

污泥堆肥对草坪草生长及光合特征的影响

研究不同污泥堆肥施用量(0、0.8%、2%、6%和10%)对高羊茅、黑麦草和早熟禾3种草坪草生长及光合特征的影响.结果表明: 污泥堆肥施用量为6%时效果最好.随污泥堆肥施用量的增加,高羊茅、黑麦草和早熟禾的株高、单叶面积和单株生物量均显著增加,根冠比显著降低,其中,株高增幅分别为64.9%～180.8%、97.3%～200.9%和39.1%～156.5%,单叶面积增幅分别为91.3%～417.4%、186.4%～394.9%和164.6%～508.3%,单株生物量增幅分别为333.4%～867.6%、138.4%～445.1%和316.3%～669.2%.随污泥堆肥施用量的增加,高羊茅净光合速率(P_n)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)呈先增加后降低的趋势;早熟禾P_n、T_r和WUE逐渐增加,C_i呈先增加后降低的趋势;黑麦草P_n和WUE逐渐增加,但其C_i和T_r呈先增加后降低的趋势.污泥堆肥施用使3种草叶绿素a、b和(a+b)含量增加,施用量>6%后叶绿素a、b和(a+b)含量下降,但叶绿素a/b变化不明显.
     

利用混合厌氧堆肥进行污水处理的研究

目的：采用堆肥技术处理城市污泥以实现城市污泥的农用资源化进行了研究。方法：重点分析了污泥与粉煤灰混合厌氧堆肥过程中重金属铜稳定化的效果,分别按照污泥与粉煤灰质量比为1∶1;3∶1和4∶1进行混合,在常温下进行厌氧堆肥17d。结果：实验表明污泥与粉煤灰3∶1混合堆肥过程中铜的稳定化效果最佳。结论：堆肥过程有利于污泥的资源化利用。     

Biological Degradation of Crude Oil Refinery Sludge with Commercial Surfactant and Sewage Sludge by Co-Composting

This study determined the potential of surfactant and sewage sludge in enhancing degradation of oil sludge. A mixture of oil sludge, surfactant, and sewage sludge was co-composted for 24 weeks in the laboratory. Physical and chemical parameters in the compost were measured every four weeks. Isolated microorganisms were characterized by molecular techniques. The pH in all experiments remained between 8 and 6.4. CO₂ evolution reached 5503 µg/dwt/day by the twenty-fourth week. The dominant bacterial species were Acinectobacter, Rodococcus, mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and Staphylococcus species and fungi were Pleurotus, Penicillium, and Aspergillus sp. TPH was reduced by 92% in the sewage sludge and surfactant treatment, 75 and 81% in other treatments, and 44.2% in the control. PAH concentrations were reduced by between 75 and 100%. The results indicate that a careful application of surfactant and sewage sludge could enhance oil sludge degradation in a compost system.     

复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥中的作用研究

应用复合微生物菌剂对剩余污泥进行堆肥试验,较系统地研究了复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥系统中的作用。结果表明:接种复合微生物菌剂进行剩余污泥堆肥,与对照组相比,不但能够提高堆肥温度,而且高温持续时间长,堆肥反应速率加快,腐熟时间缩短,当接种量为7%(体积比)时,腐熟时间比对照组提前了12 d。     

Bioremediation by Composting of Heavy Oil Refinery Sludge in Semiarid Conditions

The present work attempts to ascertain the efficacy of low cost technology (in our case, composting) as a bioremediation technique for reducing the hydrocarbon content of oil refinery sludge with a large total hydrocarbon content (250–300 g kg⁻¹), in semiarid conditions. The oil sludge was produced in a refinery sited in SE Spain The composting system designed, which involved open air piles turned periodically over a period of 3 months, proved to be inexpensive and reliable. The influence on hydrocarbon biodegradation of adding a bulking agent (wood shavings) and inoculation of the composting piles with pig slurry (a liquid organic fertiliser which adds nutrients and microbial biomass to the pile) was also studied. The most difficult part during the composting process was maintaining a suitable level of humidity in the piles. The most effective treatment was the one in which the bulking agent was added, where the initial hydrocarbon content was reduced by 60% in 3 months, compared with the 32% reduction achieved without the bulking agent. The introduction of the organic fertiliser did not significantly improve the degree of hydrocarbon degradation (56% hydrocarbon degraded). The composting process undoubtedly led to the biodegradation of toxic compounds, as was demonstrated by ecotoxicity tests using luminescent bacteria and tests on plants in Petri dishes.     

Effect of Temperature on Composting of Sewage Sludge

The effect of temperature on the composting reaction of sewage sludge was investigated at 50, 60, and 70°C. The total amount of CO₂ evolved and the final conversion of volatile matter were maximum at 60°C., suggesting that the optimal temperature for composting was around 60°C. The specific CO₂ evolution rate (moles of CO₂ evolved per hour per viable cell) was maximum at 70°C. The isolated thermophilic bacterium which was dominant at 60°C but did not grow at 70°C showed that the rate of O₂ consumption measured on the agar plate at 70°C was four times higher than that at 60°C. This showed that the energy yielded from catabolism is rather uncoupled with the anabolism at 70°C in the metabolism of microorganisms indigenous in the compost. A higher respiratory quotient was observed at 70°C than at any other temperature.     

城市污泥好氧发酵菌种放线菌的初步筛选

目的：微生物好氧发酵处理城市污泥是解决我国大中城市污水厂污泥的一种切实可行的方法,放线菌在其中起关键作用,该研究尝试分离筛选降解污泥的放线菌。方法：采用菌种分离方法,淀粉、蛋白质、纤维素水解实验进行进一步筛选。结果：从城市污泥中筛选到8个放线菌菌株。这些菌株对淀粉、蛋白质和纤维素都有一定的水解能力,其中A1和A7菌株分解淀粉和蛋白质的能力都比较强,淀粉水解实验的透明圈Up值分别为9．0和11．1,明胶液化程度也最高。A7和A8菌株分解纤维素的能力较强,透明圈Up值均为4．0。结论：A1、A7和A8菌株可以应用于城市污泥的好氧发酵。     

城市污泥在矿山废弃地复垦的应用探讨

Based on the analysis of the existing problems in reclaimingabandoned mining land and their negative effect on the ecological environment,and in view of the limited factors to reclaim abandoned mining land,this paper puts forward the suggestions of using sewage sludge as an alternative in mining land reclamation.Application of sewage sludge in reclamation has beneficial effects, such as increasing organic matter content, preventing soil erosion,recovering vegetation,and promoting microbial population and its activities.Unfavorable factors including heavy metal and organic pollutant for applications of sewage sludge and their countermeasures are also discussed.