骨钙素：一种重要的能量代谢调节激素

骨钙素是一种由成骨细胞合成的结构蛋白,经过翻译后加工生成羧化骨钙素而参与骨骼发育。然而,最新研究发现,未发生羧化修饰的骨钙素可促进胰腺β细胞增殖和胰岛素分泌,增加脂联素基因表达和减弱胰岛素抵抗,对糖尿病和肥胖的发生具有抑制作用。临床检测也发现骨钙素含量与空腹血糖和胰岛素浓度呈负相关,糖尿病患者体内含量明显较低。这些研究确立了骨钙素是一种能量代谢调节的重要激素,拓展了对骨骼功能理解的同时也为治疗代谢性紊乱疾病提供了新靶点。     

骨钙素——作用于能量代谢的新型调节激素

骨钙素(osteocalcin,OC)由成熟成骨细胞合成及分泌,是临床常用的骨形成标志物。其合成后大部分以羧化形式沉积在骨基质中参与骨骼矿化,少量未羧化或羧化不全直接分泌入血。未羧基化OC可作用于胰岛β细胞、脂肪细胞而促进胰岛素、脂联素的分泌,对能量代谢具调节作用,这使OC成为一种新型的能量代谢调节激素。     

BMP-9与骨代谢及糖代谢关系研究进展

骨形成蛋白-9(BMP-9)是从胚胎鼠的肝脏c DNA文库中克隆得到的新型细胞因子,属于转化生长因子β超家族的成员,由肝脏非实质细胞合成分泌,在体内以类激素的形式发挥广泛的生物学作用。BMP-9不仅具有强烈的骨诱导活性,促进成骨细胞分化,还可通过调控糖代谢过程中关键酶的表达、促进胰岛素合成及分泌、增加胰岛素敏感性等方式调节体内葡萄糖平衡。本文主要对BMP-9与骨代谢及糖代谢的关系进行综述,为深入认识糖尿病、代谢性骨病及糖尿病性骨质疏松的发生机理提供理论依据,为糖尿病和骨骼疾病的防治提供新的思路。     

骨钙素对能量代谢调节的研究进展

研究表明,骨钙素(osteocalcin)是由骨骼中成熟的成骨细胞合成并分泌的一种非胶原蛋白质,在骨骼的合成和重建过程中起着重要作用。近年来研究显示,骨骼亦可作为一种分泌器官,通过分泌骨钙素,作用于胰腺、脂肪、睾丸等器官,调节能量代谢、雄性生殖能力。此外,临床研究表明,骨钙素与糖尿病、心血管疾病等也有着密切的联系。因此,本文一方面概述了骨钙素的基本特征,另一方面着重介绍了骨钙素在调节能量代谢等方面的研究进展,以便为治疗糖尿病等代谢性疾病提供新的治疗靶点。     

胚胎干细胞磷酸酶的研究进展

胚胎干细胞磷酸酶(embryonic stem cell phosphatase,ESP)是在骨、性腺、胚胎等组织中高表达的一种跨膜受体样蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶。研究表明ESP可能介导细胞分化以及细胞间相互作用的信号转导,参与成骨细胞以及生殖细胞的分化过程。ESP还能够抑止肿瘤细胞生长、抑制癌症发生。近年的研究发现ESP可通过在成骨细胞中的特异性表达影响骨钙素的活性从而调节胰岛素的分泌和敏感性,提示ESP在骨骼的内分泌功能中起重要作用,并参与骨骼对机体能量代谢稳态的调节。     

骨骼的新认识——骨内分泌

骨骼被认为是一个动态结缔组织,具有重塑能力,以维持钙稳态和造血等功能。大量的研究显示,骨骼不仅作为结构支架,也作为内分泌器官调控代谢过程。除了传统的OPG、SOST、DKK等在骨形成、骨构成、骨重建以及骨稳态中扮演重要角色,骨骼还分泌特异性激素--骨钙素(osteocalcin, OCN)和成纤维细胞生长因子23(fibroblast growth factor 23, FGF23)。其中,骨钙素可促进β细胞增殖、胰岛素分泌、提高胰岛素敏感性,还可调节脂肪细胞、男性性腺内分泌活动和神经系统活性;成纤维细胞生长因子23通过对肾调节维持血磷内稳态。     

mTOR 信号通路在糖代谢中作用

哺乳类动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,m TOR)是一种高度保守的丝氨酸-苏氨酸类激酶,通过在体内形成两种不同的复合体对机体生长、代谢产生调控作用。m TOR信号分子可对多种营养信号作出应答而成为细胞内重要的能量感受分子。近年来研究发现能量感受分子m TOR与糖代谢关系密切,可以通过影响胰岛素信号通路、胰岛β细胞发育以及调控ghrelin、nesfatin-1等代谢调节激素的合成分泌等多种途径对糖代谢产生影响。本文就m TOR信号通路及其在糖代谢乃至于糖尿病发生过程中作用作一综述。     

氟骨症患者血清骨钙素与糖代谢关系的研究

目的:探讨氟骨症患者血清中骨钙素(Osteocalcin,OCN)与糖代谢之间的关系。方法:在新疆阿克苏地区饮水型氟中毒病区沙雅县等,通过WS192-2008《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》确诊的患者60例作为氟骨症组;选取该地区经相同诊断方法诊断为无氟中毒骨病变的,且经X线拍片排除佝偻病等相关骨骼疾病的健康60例作为对照组。采集血清酶联免疫吸附实验(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法与化学法等检测总骨钙素(Total osteocalcin t OCN)、未羧化骨钙素(Uncarboxylated osteocalcin,uc OCN)、空腹胰岛素(Fasting insulin,FINS)、空腹血糖(Fasting blood glucose,GLU)及糖化血清蛋(Glycated serum protein,GSP)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(Insulin resistance index,HOMA-IR)。SPSS16.0软件进行数据统计,Pearson法分析氟骨症OCN与糖代谢指标之间的相关性。结果:与对照组比较,氟骨症组uc OC、FINS、GSP水平显著升高(P0.05)。氟骨症组OCN、HOMA-IR较对照升高但无统计学差异(P0.05)。氟骨症组GLU水平与对照组相比降低但无统计学差异(P0.05)。相关回归分析显示氟骨症组uc OC与FINS呈正相关(r=0.543,P0.05),与GLU、HOMA-IR呈负相关性(r=-0.902,r=-0.530,P0.05),与OCN、GSP无相关性(P0.05)。结论:氟骨症患者血清未羧化骨钙素显著升高,影响胰岛素分泌与抵抗,与糖代谢紊乱有一定相关性。     

脂肪因子Apelin对2型糖尿病的调控作用

Apelin是G蛋白偶联受体APJ的特异性配体,在多种组织中均有表达。对Apelin作为一种有益的脂肪因子,可通过不同的信号通路调控糖代谢和脂代谢,并对胰岛素的分泌具有一定的调控作用,在2型糖尿病的发生和发展中起着重要的调控作用,现就Apelin对2型糖尿病的调控作用作一综述。     

骨骼的内分泌功能

既往认为骨骼是支持机体基本结构和参与运动及钙磷代谢的主要器官。近年发现组成骨骼的成骨细胞和破骨细胞能合成和分泌多种骨调节蛋白、生长因子、脂肪因子、炎症因子和心血管活性肽等多种生物活性物质,以旁/自分泌方式调节骨骼系统功能,并能通过血液循环远距分泌的方式,调节机体能量代谢、炎症反应和内分泌稳态等。     

Effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation: differential signalling via Akt and ERK

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are evolutionarily conserved hormonal signalling molecules, which influence a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, growth and development. Using genetic mouse studies, both insulin and IGF-1 have been shown to be anabolic agents in osteoblasts and bone development primarily through the activation of Akt and ERK signalling pathways. In this study, we examined the temporal signalling actions of insulin and IGF-1 on primary calvarial osteoblast growth and differentiation. First, we observed that the IGF-1 receptor expression decreases whereas insulin receptor expression increases during osteoblast differentiation. Subsequently, we show that although both insulin and IGF-1 promote osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in vitro, IGF-1, but not insulin, can induce osteoblast proliferation. The IGF-1-induced osteoblast proliferation was mediated via both MAPK and Akt pathways because the IGF-1-mediated cell proliferation was blocked by U0126, an MEK/MAPK inhibitor, or LY294002, a PI3-kinase inhibitor. Osteocalcin, an osteoblast-specific protein whose expression corresponds with osteoblast differentiation, was increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner after insulin treatment, whereas it was decreased with IGF-1 treatment. Moreover, insulin treatment dramatically induced osteocalcin promoter activity, whereas IGF-1 treatment significantly inhibited it, indicating direct effect of insulin on osteocalcin synthesis.     

Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton

The regulation of bone remodeling by an adipocyte-derived hormone implies that bone may exert a feedback control of energy homeostasis. To test this hypothesis we looked for genes expressed in osteoblasts, encoding signaling molecules and affecting energy metabolism. We show here that mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphatase OST-PTP are hypoglycemic and are protected from obesity and glucose intolerance because of an increase in beta-cell proliferation, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. In contrast, mice lacking the osteoblast-secreted molecule osteocalcin display decreased beta-cell proliferation, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Removing one Osteocalcin allele from OST-PTP-deficient mice corrects their metabolic phenotype. Ex vivo, osteocalcin can stimulate CyclinD1 and Insulin expression in beta-cells and Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, in adipocytes; in vivo osteocalcin can improve glucose tolerance. By revealing that the skeleton exerts an endocrine regulation of sugar homeostasis this study expands the biological importance of this organ and our understanding of energy metabolism.     

Effects of insulin and insulin‐like growth factor 1 on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation: differential signalling via Akt and ERK

Insulin and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) are evolutionarily conserved hormonal signalling molecules, which influence a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, growth and development. Using genetic mouse studies, both insulin and IGF‐1 have been shown to be anabolic agents in osteoblasts and bone development primarily through the activation of Akt and ERK signalling pathways. In this study, we examined the temporal signalling actions of insulin and IGF‐1 on primary calvarial osteoblast growth and differentiation. First, we observed that the IGF‐1 receptor expression decreases whereas insulin receptor expression increases during osteoblast differentiation. Subsequently, we show that although both insulin and IGF‐1 promote osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in vitro, IGF‐1, but not insulin, can induce osteoblast proliferation. The IGF‐1‐induced osteoblast proliferation was mediated via both MAPK and Akt pathways because the IGF‐1‐mediated cell proliferation was blocked by U0126, an MEK/MAPK inhibitor, or LY294002, a PI3‐kinase inhibitor. Osteocalcin, an osteoblast‐specific protein whose expression corresponds with osteoblast differentiation, was increased in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner after insulin treatment, whereas it was decreased with IGF‐1 treatment. Moreover, insulin treatment dramatically induced osteocalcin promoter activity, whereas IGF‐1 treatment significantly inhibited it, indicating direct effect of insulin on osteocalcin synthesis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase regulates bone resorption and whole-body insulin sensitivity through its expression in osteoblasts

Insulin signaling in osteoblasts contributes to whole-body glucose homeostasis in the mouse and in humans by increasing the activity of osteocalcin. The osteoblast insulin signaling cascade is negatively regulated by ESP, a tyrosine phosphatase dephosphorylating the insulin receptor. Esp is one of many tyrosine phosphatases expressed in osteoblasts, and this observation suggests that other protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) may contribute to the attenuation of insulin receptor phosphorylation in this cell type. In this study, we sought to identify an additional PTP(s) that, like ESP, would function in the osteoblast to regulate insulin signaling and thus affect activity of the insulin-sensitizing hormone osteocalcin. For that purpose, we used as criteria expression in osteoblasts, regulation by isoproterenol, and ability to trap the insulin receptor in a substrate-trapping assay. Here we show that the T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP) regulates insulin receptor phosphorylation in the osteoblast, thus compromising bone resorption and bioactivity of osteocalcin. Accordingly, osteoblast-specific deletion of TC-PTP promotes insulin sensitivity in an osteocalcin-dependent manner. This study increases the number of genes involved in the bone regulation of glucose homeostasis.     

Osteocalcina: nexo de unión entre homeostasis ósea y metabolismo energético

Research in animal models has demonstrated the role of osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, in regulation of energy metabolism. Those studies have led to a new concept of the bone acting as an endocrine organ by secreting osteocalcin, which acts by increasing insulin secretion, lowering plasma glucose, and increasing insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure. Results in humans have been conflicting. On the other hand, antiresorptive drugs used against osteoporosis decrease osteocalcin levels, while anabolic drugs increase osteocalcin levels. However, the effects of these therapies on energy metabolism have not been investigated.     

Osteocalcin and vitamin D status are inversely associated with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance in Canadian Aboriginal and white women: the First Nations Bone Health Study

ObjectiveOsteocalcin, a protein synthesized by osteoblasts, and vitamin D status have independently been implicated in energy metabolism and glucose regulation. This study was conducted to simultaneously explore the relationships among osteocalcin, vitamin D status and indicators of glucose metabolism and adiposity in a mixed-ethnicity cohort of adult women.DesignCross-sectional.MethodsAboriginal and white women (n=368) over 25 years of age (45.3±13.6 years) were studied for measures of osteocalcin and 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] plus glucose metabolism including glucose, insulin, C-peptide, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Measures of adiposity included body mass index (BMI) plus total body fat and trunk fat from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsAboriginal women had higher BMI, fat and markers of dysglycemia. Osteocalcin was not different between groups, but 25(OH)D was lower in Aboriginal women. Osteocalcin was inversely related to all five parameters of glucose metabolism, whereas 25(OH)D was inversely related to insulin, C-peptide and HOMA-IR. After accounting for age, ethnicity or adiposity using regression analyses, glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR were inversely related to both osteocalcin and 25(OH)D. However, only 25(OH)D was inversely related to C-peptide, and neither osteocalcin nor 25(OH)D was related to insulin.ConclusionsThese data from a unique mixed Aboriginal and white population suggest that both vitamin D and osteocalcin are involved in glucose control.