脐带间充质干细胞辅助治疗糖皮质激素耐药的慢性移植物抗宿主病5例并文献复习

目的:探讨脐带间充质干细胞输注治疗糖皮质激素耐药的慢性移植物抗宿主病的疗效和安全性。方法:5例糖皮质激素耐药的慢性移植物抗宿主病患者在原有免疫抑制剂治疗基础上联合脐带间充质干细胞治疗,2~4次为1个疗程,每次间隔1周。对患者进行定期随访观察其治疗效果、移植相关死亡、输注相关不良事件和复发率。结果:5例患者接受脐带间充质干细胞输注后2例获得完全缓解(CR)、2例获得部分缓解(PR),1例患者死亡。2例CR患者分别在脐带间充质干细胞治疗368、452d后停用免疫抑制剂,随访1~1.5年慢性移植物抗宿主病无复发;2例PR患者在脐带间充质干细胞治疗84、96d后开始进入免疫抑制剂减量阶段,目前病情仍稳定并存活。1例患者死于原发病无复发性肺部严重感染。治疗过程中及治疗后未观察到与治疗有关的副作用。新鲜制备脐带间充质干细胞的细胞活力(92%~95%)高于液氮冻存37℃水浴复苏细胞活力(72%~76%)。结论:脐带间充质干细胞辅助治疗可以改善糖皮质激素耐药的慢性移植物抗宿主病的临床症状且不增加恶性血液病复发率,新鲜制备间充质干细胞活性高于液氮冻存复苏细胞。     

脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗遗传性痉挛性截瘫1例及文献复习

目的:观察脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗遗传性痉挛性截瘫(hereditary spastic paraplegia,HSP)的疗效和安全性.方法:将细胞总数为(2～6)× 107个脐血间充质干细胞通过静脉输注和腰穿鞘内注射途径移植到自愿接受干细胞移植的1例HSP患者体内.术后随访1年余定期观察患者临床症状及各项指标的变化并进行综合分析.结果:脐血间充质干细胞移植后患者临床症状明显好转:双下肢肌张力明显降低,不需借助拐杖或他人帮助可独立行走,并且步态平稳,移植后各项生化指标正常,未出现严重的并发症和明显的不良反应.随访1年余该患者的症状持续缓解无复发.结论:脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗HSP近期疗效明显,可以改善患者的临床症状,延缓病情的进展,是一种值得借鉴的治疗方法.     

脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的临床研究

目的:探讨脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的疗效及安全性。方法:40例脊髓损伤患者给予脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗,移植方法采用静脉输注联合腰穿鞘内注射的方法。术后随访1年余定期观察患者临床症状及各项指标的变化并进行综合分析。移植过程中为促进干细胞的生长和分化,根据患者病情及身体状况给予相应的康复功能锻炼。结果:与入院时比较,脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗3、6、12个月后,不完全性脊髓损伤患者针刺觉评分、轻触觉评分、运动评分均有明显改善(P<0.05或0.01),完全性脊髓损伤患者针刺觉评分、轻触觉评分、运动评分均无明显变化(P>0.05),两组残损分级均无明显改善(P>0.05)。移植后各项生化指标正常,未出现严重的并发症和明显的不良反应。结论:脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤近期疗效明显,可以改善患者的临床症状,提高患者的生存质量,是一种值得借鉴的治疗方法。     

脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗50例缺血性下肢血管病的临床研究

目的:观察脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗缺血性下肢血管病的临床疗效并观察近期临床效果.方法:50例自愿接收脐带间充质干细胞移植患者中糖尿病足35例,动脉硬化闭塞症10例,血栓性闭塞性脉管炎5例.全部患者均给予静脉输注及局部种植脐带间充质干细胞.术后第7天至6个月定期观察各项指标的变化.结果:治疗1月后,47例(94％)疼痛有不同程度的缓解,46例(92％)患肢冷感明显缓解,45例(90％)患者行走距离延长.6月后30例糖尿病足患者溃疡或足部坏疽痊愈.结论:脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗缺血性下肢血管病是一种简便、安全、有效的治疗方法,其治疗的近期疗效显著,使很多患者免除截肢或降低截肢平面,明显改善患者生活质量.     

骨髓和脐带间充质干细胞联合移植治疗杜氏型肌营养不良1例并文献复习

目的:研究自体骨髓和脐带间充质干细胞联合移植治疗杜氏型肌营养不良(DMD)的疗效和安全性方法对经临床表现、血清酶学、肌电图、基因分析、肌肉活检、肌肉核磁共振成像(MRI)确诊的1例DMD患者采用自体骨髓和脐带间充质干细胞联合移植的方案进行治疗.术后第3、6、9、12个月定期观察患者临床症状及各项疗效指标的变化并结合国内外文献进行综合分析.结果随访12个月,该患者肌力提高,动作灵活.血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶较前明显下降,活动能力评分和徒手肌力较前增加,肌电图运动单位电位波幅减低及时限缩短较前改善,肌肉MRI复查显示肌肉病变程度较前减轻、肌肉轮廓较前清晰.结论自体骨髓和脐带间充质干细胞联合移植是一种治疗DMD的有效治疗方法.     

脐带间充质干细胞治疗粉碎性骨折1例并文献复习

目的:观察脐带间充质干细胞治疗粉碎性骨折的疗效和安全性。方法:将脐带间充质干细胞通静脉输注和局部多点注射到常规治疗效果欠佳自愿接受干细胞移植的1例粉碎性骨折患者,4次为一个疗程,每周间隔1次,每次治疗细胞总数(3~7)×107。术后1、3、6月定期观察患者临床症状及影像学的变化并进行动态观察。结果:脐带间充质干细胞治疗后一月,患者在不帮助的情况下可独立缓慢行走,复查X线提示骨折部位有新生骨形成;干细胞治疗后三月,复查X线提示骨折愈合较前好转;半年后,患者右下肢受力明显好转,可以独立自由行走,复查X线提示右下肢骨折部位有连续性骨痂形成,骨折部位愈合良好。结论:脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗粉碎性骨折是一种安全、有效的手段,可促进粉碎性骨折的愈合,改善其生活质量。     

脐带间充质干细胞移植对脑瘫患儿运动功能的影响

目的:探讨脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗对脑瘫患儿运动功能的影响极其应用价值。方法:25例脑瘫患者给予脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗,移植方法采用静脉输注联合腰穿鞘内注射的方法。移植术前及移植术后定期采用粗大运动评估量表(Gross MotorFunction Measure,GMFM)及Berg平衡量表(Berg Balance Scale,BBS)对运动功能的改善情况进行评估并进行综合分析。结果:移植术后6月25例脑瘫患儿中有22例患者主观上运动功能较前有明显好转,客观上25例患者GFMF与BSS与术前比较有明显改善(P<0.05),随访6月未发现与移植相关的副作用。结论:脐带间充质干细胞移植是一种安全有效的治疗方法,可在一定程度上改善脑瘫患者的后遗症,提高脑瘫患者的运动功能和生活质量。     

鞘内注射脐带间充质干细胞治疗神经系统疾病的安全性和疗效研究

目的：探讨腰穿鞘内注射脐带间充质干细胞治疗神经系统疾病的安全性和疗效并且分析腰穿治疗过程中遇到的各种技术 难题。方法：2008 年12 月至2011年5 月88 例伴有神经系统疾病的患者给予鞘内注射干细胞治疗,并且评价其在治疗过程中的 技术难题,采用HAI评分系统对这些患者神经功能的恢复情况进行评估,定期观察患者的临床症状、生物学指标和影像学检查观 察其治疗前后的变化。结果：88 例患者中具有技术难题的患者有20 例,主要表现为在鞘内注射脐带间充质干细胞的过程中需要 行全麻补充、腰穿定位困难等,18 例患者在治疗过程中出现副作用（头痛、低热、腰痛和下肢痛）,但这些副作用在48 小时内经过 系统治疗后完全缓解。随访1 年,50 例患者神经功能得到一定改善,包括15 例脊髓损伤患者、10 例脑瘫患者、10例脑外伤后综合 征患者、5 例脑梗死后综合征患者、5 例脊髓小脑共济失调患者和5 例运动神经元病患者。结论：鞘内注射脐带间充质干细胞治疗 神经系统疾病是安全和有效的,由于随访时间较短,有必要对这种治疗模式进行扩大的、双盲、安慰剂对照研究来进一步推广其 临床应用。     

鞘内注射脐带间充质干细胞治疗神经系统疾病的安全性和疗效研究（英文）

目的:探讨腰穿鞘内注射脐带间充质干细胞治疗神经系统疾病的安全性和疗效并且分析腰穿治疗过程中遇到的各种技术难题。方法:2008年12月至2011年5月88例伴有神经系统疾病的患者给予鞘内注射干细胞治疗,并且评价其在治疗过程中的技术难题,采用HAI评分系统对这些患者神经功能的恢复情况进行评估,定期观察患者的临床症状、生物学指标和影像学检查观察其治疗前后的变化。结果:88例患者中具有技术难题的患者有20例,主要表现为在鞘内注射脐带间充质干细胞的过程中需要行全麻补充、腰穿定位困难等,18例患者在治疗过程中出现副作用(头痛、低热、腰痛和下肢痛),但这些副作用在48小时内经过系统治疗后完全缓解。随访1年,50例患者神经功能得到一定改善,包括15例脊髓损伤患者、10例脑瘫患者、10例脑外伤后综合征患者、5例脑梗死后综合征患者、5例脊髓小脑共济失调患者和5例运动神经元病患者。结论:鞘内注射脐带间充质干细胞治疗神经系统疾病是安全和有效的,由于随访时间较短,有必要对这种治疗模式进行扩大的、双盲、安慰剂对照研究来进一步推广其临床应用。     

自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗股骨头无菌性坏死的临床观察

目的:观察自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗股骨头无菌性坏死的临床效果及安全性.方法:对2012年9月至2013年1月期间在我院骨科住院治疗的55例患者随机分成两组,对照组接受常规治疗,治疗组接受自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗治疗.结果:治疗组的临床疗效优于对照组,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);治疗组治疗后的DSA检查结果与对照相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组不良反应相互比较,无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗股骨头无菌性坏死效果显著,优于常规治疗.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan