根系分区交替灌溉不同交替周期对苹果树生长、产量及品质的影响

以1112年生苹果树为研究对象,于2006—2007年在烟台市农业科学研究院果树研究所试验果园进行了根系分区交替灌溉(APRI)试验,研究了APRI灌溉模式下不同交替灌溉周期对苹果树生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,APRI处理的苹果树湿润一侧土壤含水量随深度增加而减少,并出现明显拐点,交替周期愈短拐点愈接近地表,干旱一侧则随深度增加而增大,二者含水量最大差值出现在土壤表层010cm。每2周交替灌溉1次的APRI1处理的叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度稍有降低,但与对照均没有明显差异,而每4周交替灌溉1次的APRI2和APRI3处理的上述指标则显著低于对照(P0.05)。APRI处理显著抑制植株的新梢生长,但对果实直径没有显著影响。APRI1和APRI2处理的苹果产量比对照和APRI3下降了11.1%14.8%,但供水量减少了50%,水分利用效率提高了71%80%,而且显著提高了可溶性固形物含量和果实干物质含量,使果实含酸量降低,果实硬度增加,果实品质明显改善。由此可以推断采用根系分区交替灌溉并进行适宜的交替周期处理(如试验中的APRI1)可以达到大量节水、提高苹果品质而不明显降低产量的目的,是苹果生产中一种切实可行的灌溉方式,值得旱地苹果园大力推广。     

根系分区交替灌溉不同交替周期对苹果树

以11~12年生苹果树为研究对象,于2006~2007年在烟台市农科院果树研究所试验果园进行了根系分区交替灌溉（APRI）试验,研究了APRI灌溉模式下不同交替灌溉周期对苹果树生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,APRI处理的苹果树湿润一侧土壤含水量随深度增加而减少,并出现明显拐点,交替周期愈短拐点愈接近地表,干旱一侧则随深度增加而增大,二者含水量最大差值出现在土壤表层0~10 cm。每2周交替灌溉1次的APRI1处理的叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度稍有降低,但与对照均没有明显差异,而每4周交替灌溉1次的APRI2和APRI3处理的上述指标则显著低于对照（P < 0.05）。APRI处理显著抑制植株的新梢生长,但对果实直径没有显著影响。APRI1和APRI2处理的苹果产量比对照和APRI3下降了11.1 %~14.8 %,但供水量减少了50 %,水分利用效率提高了71 %~80 %,而且显著提高了可溶性固形物含量和果实干物质含量,使果实含酸量降低,果实硬度增加,果实品质明显改善。由此可以推断采用根系分区交替灌溉并进行适宜的交替周期处理（如本试验中的APRI1）可以达到大量节水、提高苹果品质而不明显降低产量的目的,是苹果生产中一种切实可行的灌溉方式,值得旱地苹果园大力推广。     

根区交替地下滴灌对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了根区交替地下滴灌（APRI）对马铃薯生理指标、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：在马铃薯块茎生长期,与对照处理（CDI）相比,APRI处理的马铃薯叶片光合速率的降低不显著（4.7%）,而蒸腾速率和气孔导度则明显降低,降幅分别达15.8%和15.4%,CDI处理略高的光合速率是以消耗更多的水分为代价;与CDI处理相比,APRI处理的马铃薯产量仅降低5.4%,但灌溉水量却节省了25.8%,使灌溉水分利用效率和总水分利用效率分别提高了27.5%和15.3%.对于马铃薯来说,根区交替地下滴灌是一种切实可行的节水灌溉技术.     

短期干旱对水稻叶水势、光合作用及干物质分配的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同生育期短期干旱处理对水稻叶水势、光合作用和干物质分配的影响．结果表明,干旱胁迫后,水稻叶水势低于对照,午后叶水势回升缓慢。凌晨叶水势随土壤含水量的降低而降低,表现为阈值反应。叶片净光合速率与凌晨叶水势密切相关,低于凌晨叶水势临界值,水稻叶片净光合速率急剧下降在水稻抽穗期和灌浆期叶片净光合速率显著下降的凌晨叶水势临界值为-1.04和-1．13MPa,对应的土壤含水量阈值分别为饱和含水量的61.0％和50．9％,土壤水势分别为-0．133和-0．240MPa干旱胁迫下单叶净光合速率的日变化规律表现为：胁迫较轻时,单叶净光合速率在正午附近出现低谷;胁迫严重时,净光合速率全天低于对照,且不及对照的一半。短期干旱后,水稻叶、根、穗的分配指数均降低,茎鞘的分配指数升高。本研究可为水稻节水灌溉管理和水分限制下水稻的生长模拟提供生理基础和理论依据。     

干旱胁迫对霸王水分生理特征及细胞膜透性的影响

以2年生霸王为试验材料,用盆栽人工控制土壤水分,研究不同梯度土壤水分条件对霸王水分生理特征、丙二醛含量和细胞膜相对透性的影响.结果表明,与充足供水对照(土壤重量含水量为23%)相比,在严重干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为3%)20 d和45 d时,霸王叶水势和叶片相对含水量分别显著降低70.87%和45.54%、26.81%和12.66%;相应的叶片MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性分别显著增加33.81%和21.78%、17.51%和14.98%;严重干旱胁迫30 d使得霸王叶片保水力显著下降;同时随着土壤干旱胁迫程度的增强,霸王日蒸腾耗水量持续下降,且严重干旱胁迫处理的蒸腾耗水量日变化为水平直线型,其余处理均为单峰型.研究发现,严重干旱胁迫下随着胁迫时间的延长,霸王叶水势和叶片相对含水量有增加趋势,而叶片MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性则有减小趋势,它能够通过自身的调节机制,逐渐改善叶片水分状况,降低细胞膜伤害程度,从而适应严重干旱环境.     

不同耕作措施下春小麦和豌豆叶水势变化及其与环境因子的关系

以长期定位试验为基础,对不同耕作措施下春小麦和豌豆叶水势的变化特征及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究,并对叶片相对含水量和水分饱和亏的变化规律进行了探讨.结果表明：豌豆在整个生育期内的叶水势都明显高于春小麦,它们在不同生育期的日变化趋势大致相同,均为清晨最高,然后随着时间的推移而下降,在持续一段低谷后逐渐回升.春小麦各处理的叶水势在拔节和抽穗期相对较高,孕穗和开花期次之,灌浆期最低;豌豆各处理的叶水势在现蕾期达到最大值,分枝和开花期次之,结荚鼓粒期最低.春小麦各处理的叶片相对含水量在抽穗期最高,拔节和开花期次之,灌浆期最低,水分饱和亏的变化正好相反;豌豆各处理的叶片相对含水量随生育进程呈下降趋势,水分饱和亏的变化也与之相反.春小麦和豌豆各处理的叶水势与土壤含水量、气温、太阳辐射、大气相对湿度、大气水势均有显著的相关关系.通径分析表明,对春小麦和豌豆叶水势日变化影响最强的气象因子分别为大气水势和大气温度.与传统耕作相比,免耕、免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田3种保护性耕作措施可不同程度地提高作物叶水势和叶片相对含水量,其中免耕秸秆覆盖的优势最明显.     

调亏灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响

以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,在山东兖州小孟镇史王村进行田间试验,研究了调亏灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：在全生育期降水228 mm条件下,W₁（土壤相对含水量：播种期80%+拔节期70%+开花期70%）和W₄（土壤相对含水量：播种期90%+拔节期85%+开花期85%）处理总耗水量高于W₀（土壤相对含水量：播种期80%+拔节期65%+开花期65%）、W₂（土壤相对含水量：播种期80%+拔节期80%+开花期80%）和W₃（土壤相对含水量：播种期90%+拔节期80%+开花期80%）处理,W₁和W₄处理间无显著差异;W₁处理增加了0～200 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量,降低了小麦拔节至开花期的耗水模系数,提高了开花至成熟期的耗水模系数;W₄处理在开花至成熟期、拔节至开花期的耗水量和耗水模系数均较大.调亏灌溉条件下,W₀处理水分利用效率较高,但产量最低;随灌溉量增加,其他处理水分利用效率呈先增加后降低的趋势.耗水量最高的W₁和W₄处理产量也最高,W₁处理灌溉水利用效率和灌溉效益均高于W₄处理,为本试验条件下高产节水的最佳处理.     

冬小麦叶片气孔导度模型水分响应函数的参数化

植物气孔导度模型的水分响应函数用来模拟水分胁迫对气孔导度的影响过程, 是模拟缺水环境下植物与大气间水、碳交换过程的关键算法。水分响应函数包括空气湿度响应函数和土壤湿度(或植物水势)响应函数, 该研究基于田间实验观测, 分析了冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)叶片气孔导度对不同空气饱和差和不同土壤体积含水量或叶水势的响应规律。一个土壤水分梯度的田间处理在中国科学院禹城综合试验站实施, 不同水分胁迫下的冬小麦叶片气体交换过程和气孔导度以及其他的温湿度数据被观测, 同时观测了土壤含水量和叶水势。实验数据表明, 冬小麦叶片气孔导度对空气饱和差的响应呈现双曲线规律, 变化趋势显示大约1 kPa空气饱和差是一个有用的阈值, 在小于1 kPa时, 冬小麦气孔导度对空气饱和差变化反应敏感, 而大于1 kPa后则反应缓慢; 分析土壤体积含水量与中午叶片气孔导度的关系发现, 中午叶片气孔导度随土壤含水量增加大致呈现线性增加趋势, 但在平均土壤体积含水量大于大约25%以后, 气孔导度不再明显增加, 而是维持在较高导度值上下波动; 冬小麦中午叶片水势与相应的气孔导度之间, 随着叶水势的增加, 气孔导度呈现增加趋势。根据冬小麦气孔导度对空气湿度、土壤湿度和叶水势的响应规律, 研究分别采用双曲线和幂指数形式拟合了水汽响应函数, 用三段线性方程拟合了土壤湿度响应函数和植物水势响应函数, 得到的参数可以为模型模拟冬小麦的各类水、热、碳交换过程采用。     

策勒绿洲多枝柽柳灌溉前后水分生理指标变化的初步研究

在位于塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的策勒绿洲对引洪灌溉后枝柽柳清晨叶水势、水势日变化和蒸腾速率的变化特点进行了研究。结果表明,灌溉后柽柳的清晨水势值（－0．93MPa）比灌溉前的清晨水势值（－1．04Ma）有所增加,但幅度不大,因此,灌溉对柽柳清晨水势的恢复有一定的作用,灌溉后柽柳水势的日变化均值（－2．29MPa）比灌溉前的水势日变化均值（－1．69Ma）有较大降低,灌溉后柽柳蒸腾速率的日变化值（0．505mmol.m^-2s^-1）比灌溉前的蒸腾速率日变化值（0．18mmol.m^-2s^-1）有较大增加,从灌溉前后样地土壤含水量的树柳的根系分布情况看,这是柽柳利用地下水的结果。柽柳通过深根系和地下水相接,地表灌溉对柽柳水分状况改变的作用不明显。     

张掖湿地旱柳叶水势与中脉性状的关联性

植物叶水势和中脉性状是反映叶片水力特性的主要参数,二者之间的关联性对理解植物水分供需平衡的生态适应策略具有重要意义。选择张掖市黑河干流边缘的洪泛平原湿地为实验地,以河岸为起点沿平行河岸线的方向依次设置近水区(样地Ⅰ)、中水区(样地Ⅱ)和远水区(样地Ⅲ)3个水分梯度样地,采用标准化主轴估计方法(standardized major axis estimation,SMA),研究了对水分影响下旱柳(Salix matsudana)叶水势与中脉性状之间的关系。结果表明:随着土壤含水量减少,旱柳林的高度、密度和郁闭度均持续降低,旱柳叶片的中脉密度、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、光合有效辐射(PAR)和叶片温度(Tleaf)逐渐增加,中脉直径、比叶面积及叶水势、叶绿素含量逐渐减少;不同土壤含水量样地旱柳叶水势与中脉性状间的相关性存在差异(P0.05),在样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ叶水势与中脉密度呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),在样地Ⅱ两者之间呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);旱柳叶水势与中脉直径在3个水分梯度样地均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。随着湿地土壤含水量减少,旱柳采取降低叶水势、增加中脉密度并减少中脉直径的资源投资策略,反映了该物种在异质生境中具有较强的叶片性状可塑性,从而有利于其适应特殊的湿地生境。     

控制性分根交替灌溉下氮形态对番茄生长、果实产量及品质的影响

以高产大果型西红柿品种中研988为材料,采用分根培养的方法,研究了控制性分根交替灌溉(APRI)条件下,不同氮素形态(硝态氮、铵态氮)对番茄生长、产量及果实品质的影响.结果表明: 同一灌溉方式或下限处理下,铵态氮对番茄植株前期生长有利,而硝态氮促进番茄植株后期生长,并促进果实产量增加.在APRI同一灌水下限下,硝态氮处理可提高果实维生素C含量及糖酸比,提高营养品质.同一氮素形态供应下,APRI番茄的株高和叶面积均小于正常灌溉(CK),但灌水下限为60%田间持水量(θ_f)的APRI处理番茄茎粗在生长后期有所增加.在同一氮素形态下,与CK相比,APRI各处理的产量均下降,其中灌水下限在40%θ_f的APRI处理产量下降了22.4%～26.3%;而灌水下限在60% θ_f的APRI处理仅下降了5.3%～5.4%,下降幅度相对较小,而品质显著提高,并具有明显的节水效果.因此,控制灌水下限在60%θ_f、供应硝态氮的APRI处理为番茄高产、优质、节水的最佳处理.
     

Effects of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on soil microorganism and maize growth

Partial root-zone irrigation creates a dynamic heterogeneous distribution of soil moisture that may affect the numbers and activities of soil microorganisms. In this study, three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CI), alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI, alternate watering on both sides of the pot) and fixed partial root-zone irrigation (FPRI, fixed watering on one side of the pot), and three watering levels, i.e. well-watered, mild and severe water deficit, were applied on pot-grown maize. Numbers of soil microorganisms, plant height, stalk diameter, leaf area and biomass accumulation were monitored over the treatment period. A quadratic parabola relationship between the number of soil microorganisms and soil water content was found, indicating the number of soil microorganisms reached a peak at the mild soil water deficit condition, possibly due to better soil aeration. The peak number of soil microorganism was obtained when soil water content was 66, 79 and 75% of field capacity for CI, FPRI and APRI, respectively. Soil microorganisms were evenly distributed in both sides of APRI and their total numbers were always higher than those under other two irrigation methods for the same soil water content. The count of soil microorganisms in the dry root zone of FPRI was reduced by a lack of water. Maximum biomass accumulation was obtained under well watered condition but severe water deficit led to a 50% reduction in the CI treatment. Such reduction was much smaller under APRI and therefore the highest water use efficiency was obtained. Our results suggest that APRI maintained the best aeration and moisture condition in the soil and enhanced the activities of soil microorganisms, which might also have benefited the plant growth.     

Benefits of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on growth, water and nitrogen use efficiencies modified by fertilization and soil water status in maize

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) is a new water-saving technique and may improve crop water use efficiency without much yield reduction. We investigated if the benefits of APRI on biomass accumulation, water and nitrogen use efficiencies could be modified by different soil fertilization and watering levels in pot-grown maize (Zea mays L. cv. super-sweet No 28, a local variety). Three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CI), alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI, alternate watering on both sides of the pot) and fixed partial root-zone irrigation (FPRI, fixed watering on one side of the pot), two watering levels, i.e. water deficit (W₁, 45–55% of field capacity) and well-watered (W₂, 70–80% of field capacity), and two N fertilization levels, i.e. no fertilization and fertilization, were designed. Results showed that APRI and FPRI methods led to more reduction in transpiration than in photosynthesis, and thus increased leaf water use efficiency (leaf WUE, i.e. the ratio of leaf net photosynthetic rate to transpiration rate). Compared to the CI treatment, APRI and FPRI increased leaf WUE by 7.7% and 8.1% before the jointing stage and 3.6% and 4.2% during the jointing stage, respectively. Under the fertilization and well-watered conditions, APRI treatment saved irrigation water by 38.4% and reduced shoot and total dry masses by 5.9% and 6.7%, respectively if compared to the CI treatment. APRI also enhanced canopy WUE (defined as the amount of total biomass per unit water used) and nitrogen (N) apparent recovery fraction (Nr, defined as the ratio of the increased N uptake to N applied) by 24.3% and 16.4%, respectively, indicating that effect of APRI can be better materialized under appropriate fertilization and water supply. Responsible Editor: Rana E. Munns     

Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on hydraulic conductivity in the soil-root system of maize plants

Effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) on the hydraulic conductivity in the soil-root system (L(sr)) in different root zones were investigated using a pot experiment. Maize plants were raised in split-root containers and irrigated on both halves of the container (conventional irrigation, CI), on one side only (fixed PRI, FPRI), or alternately on one of two sides (alternate PRI, APRI). Results show that crop water consumption was significantly correlated with L(sr) in both the whole and irrigated root zones for all three irrigation methods but not with L(sr) in the non-irrigated root zone of FPRI. The total L(sr) in the irrigated root zone of two PRIs was increased by 49.0-92.0% compared with that in a half root zone of CI, suggesting that PRI has a significant compensatory effect of root water uptake. For CI, the contribution of L(sr) in a half root zone to L(sr) in the whole root zone was ～50%. For FPRI, the L(sr) in the irrigated root zone was close to that of the whole root zone. As for APRI, the L(sr) in the irrigated root zone was greater than that of the non-irrigated root zone. In comparison, the L(sr) in the non-irrigated root zone of APRI was much higher than that in the dried zone of FPRI. The L(sr) in both the whole and irrigated root zones was linearly correlated with soil moisture in the irrigated root zone for all three irrigation methods. For the two PRI treatments, total water uptake by plants was largely determined by the soil water in the irrigated root zone. Nevertheless, the non-irrigated root zone under APRI also contributed to part of the total crop water uptake, but the continuously non-irrigated root zone under FPRI gradually ceased to contribute to crop water uptake, suggesting that it is the APRI that can make use of all the root system for water uptake, resulting in higher water use efficiency.     

膜下滴灌下土壤深层水分对棉花根系生理及叶片光合特性的调节效应

在新疆气候生态条件下,以土柱栽培棉花（新陆早13号）为试材,通过人工改变播种前60 cm以下土壤含水量,设计有深层水和无深层水处理,并采用膜下滴灌控制生育期间耕层土壤含水量［分别为田间相对持水量的70%（±5%）和55%（±5%）］,探讨土壤深层水分对棉花根系生理及叶片光合特性的影响.结果表明：深层水增强了棉花根系SOD活性和根系活力,提高了植株对土壤深层水的利用率,提高了叶片水势、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和植株光合物质累积量,最终获得了较高的产量和水分利用效率.在有深层水条件下,棉花生育期间耕层水分为55%处理的中下层根系衰老慢、根系活力增强,在一定程度上弥补了生育期间水分亏缺对叶片光合功能的负面效应,但其产量仍显著低于70%处理,而水分利用效率与70%处理无明显差异.因此,在膜下滴灌棉花水分管理中,播种前应重视冬春储备灌,增加土壤深层的贮水量,并通过协调关键栽培技术、适度减少滴水量或延长滴水周期,充分挖掘膜下滴灌节水增产潜力.     

亏缺灌溉对干旱区两种乡土植物种子生产性能及其水分利用效率的影响

科学灌溉对植物种子生产具有重要意义。本研究以荒漠草原优良乡土植物沙芦草和牛枝子为对象,以充分灌溉为对照,探究不同生育时期亏缺灌溉对两种牧草种子生产和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 与对照相比,亏缺灌溉下两种植物土壤含水率下降,其中沙芦草土壤含水率下降主要发生在0～60 cm土层,牛枝子土壤水分下降未出现明显的分层现象。亏缺灌溉下沙芦草种子产量各构成因子差异均显著,开花期亏缺灌溉种子产量最高;牛枝子仅生殖枝数、小花数和荚果数差异显著,种子产量各处理差异不显著。相关分析显示,沙芦草种子产量与生殖枝数(r=0.776)、小穗数(r=0.717)呈显著正相关;牛枝子花序数与生殖枝数呈极显著负相关(r=-0.685),与小花数呈显著正相关(r=0.412)。与充分灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉下两种乡土植物种子生产耗水量减少,水分利用效率提高,其中,沙芦草开花期亏缺灌溉水分利用效率提高最多(32.9%);牛枝子分枝期亏缺灌溉提高最多(27.4%)。因此,适当亏缺灌溉可以提高两种植物水分利用效率。从水分利用效率和种子产量来看,干旱区沙芦草和牛枝子种子人工繁育时可采取亏缺灌溉,适宜亏缺的生育期分别为开花期和分枝期。     

Interactions of plant species mediated plant competition for inorganic nitrogen with soil microorganisms in an alpine meadow

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) applied in the post-harvest stage of peach trees. The 3-year trial was carried out in Italy (N 40°20′, E 16°48′) on mature peach plants (cv “Springcrest”) trained to transverse Y. From bud break to harvest, irrigation was carried out by applying 100% ET_c, while from harvest to early autumn, plants were separated into three groups and subjected to different irrigation treatments (100, 57 and 34% ET_c). The decrease in soil water content caused a reduction in the values of tissue water potential and gas exchange both in 57% ET_c and 34% ET_c treatments. RDI determined the reduction in the growth of waterspouts and lateral shoots but did not influence the growth of fruiting shoots. During the trial, no significant reductions in crop yield and quality were observed in the 57% ET_c treatment, whereas about 1,100, 1,800 and 2,500 m³ ha⁻¹ of water were saved in the first, the second and the third year, respectively. In the second year of the trial, the use of RDI in the post-harvest stage determined carbohydrate and nitrogen accumulation in roots, branches, shoots and floral buds. The results demonstrate that, under scarce water supply conditions, a clear benefit can be obtained through the use of RDI during the post-harvest stage. This confirms the possibility to reduce the irrigation water by applying RDI during phenological stages less sensitive to water deficit without negatively affecting peach growth and yield.     

测墒补灌对不同穗型小麦品种耗水特性和干物质积累与分配的影响

在田间试验条件下, 以中穗型小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘山农15’和大穗型品种‘山农8355’为供试材料, 设置3个0-140 cm土层土壤相对含水量处理: W0 (拔节期65%, 开花期60%)、W1 (拔节期70%, 开花期70%)、W2 (拔节后8天70%, 开花后8天70%), 采用测墒补灌的方法补充土壤水分达到目标相对含水量, 对两个不同穗型小麦品种的耗水特性和干物质积累与分配进行了研究。结果表明: (1)两品种籽粒产量均以W0处理最低, ‘山农15’ W1和W2处理无显著差异, ‘山农8355’ W1处理显著高于W2处理; 两品种W1处理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均显著高于W2处理。‘山农15’ W1处理的籽粒产量和灌溉水利用效率分别显著低于和高于‘山农8355’的W1处理, 水分利用效率无显著差异; 两品种W2处理的籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均无显著差异。(2)两品种总耗水量以W0处理最低, ‘山农15’ W1处理显著低于W2处理, ‘山农8355’两处理无显著差异; 两品种W1处理的土壤供水量及其占总耗水量的比例显著高于W2处理。‘山农15’ W1处理的总耗水量和灌水量占总耗水量的比例显著低于‘山农8355’, 土壤供水量占总耗水量的比例显著高于‘山农8355’; 两品种W2处理总耗水量, 土壤供水量及其占总耗水量的比例无显著差异。(3)两品种W1处理成熟期干物质积累量显著高于其他处理, W1处理提高了‘山农8355’开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率, 对‘山农15’无显著影响。‘山农15’ W1和W2处理成熟期干物质积累量显著低于‘山农8355’, 开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率、对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于‘山农8355’, 开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率低于‘山农8355’。综合考虑干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率, W1处理是两品种节水高产的最佳土壤相对含水量处理。     

Effects of different irrigation modes on winter wheat grain yield and water- and nitrogen use efficiency

Taking the widely planted winter wheat cultivar Tainong 18 as test material, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different irrigation modes on the winter wheat grain yield and water- and nitrogen use efficiency in drier year (2009-2010) in Tai' an City of Shandong Province, China. Five treatments were installed, i. e., irrigation before sowing (CK), irrigation before sowing and at jointing stage (W1), irrigation before sowing and at jointing stages and at over-wintering stage with alternative irrigation at milking stage (W2), irrigation before sowing and at jointing and flowering stages (optimized traditional irrigation mode, W3), and irrigation before sowing and at over-wintering, jointing, and milking stages (traditional irrigation mode, W4). The irrigation amount was 600 m3 hm(-2) one time. Under the condition of 119.7 mm precipitation in the winter wheat growth season, no significant difference was observed in the grain yield between treatments W2 and W4, but the water use efficiency was significantly higher in W2 than in W4. Comparing with treatment W3, treatments W2 and W4 had obviously higher grain yield, but the water use efficiency had no significant difference. The partial factor productivity from N fertilization was the highest in W2 and W4, and the NO3(-)-N accumulation amount in 0-100 cm soil layer at harvest was significantly higher in W2 than in W3 and W4, suggesting that W2 could reduce NO3(-)-N leaching loss. Under the conditions of our experiment, irrigation before sowing and jointing stages and at over-wintering stage with alternative irrigation at milking stage was the optimal irrigation mode in considering both the grain yield and the water- and nitrogen use efficiency.