NO在CCK—8减轻肿瘤坏死因子诱导兔肺动脉反应性变化中的作用

为探讨八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK－8）缓解内毒素休克时肺动脉高压的作用机制,应用离体血管环张力测定技术及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）检测方法,观察了一氧化氮（NO）在CCK－8减轻肿瘤坏死因子－α（tumor necrosis factor-al-pha,TNF-α）的抑制肺动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应中的作用。结果显示：TNF－α（4000U／ml）孵育2h时,肺动脉对10^-6mol/L苯肾上腺素(phenylephrine,PE）和10^-6mol/L乙酰胆碱（ACh）的收缩反应及内皮依赖性舒张反应均无明显变化。TNF－α孵育7或14h时,肺动脉对10^-6mol/L ACh介导的内皮依赖性舒张反应降低,CCK－8（0.5μg/ml）可逆转TNF－α的上述作用,CCK－8本身对正常肺动脉反应性无明显影响。TNF－α、CCK－8对PE引起的收缩反应无显著影响。L－精氨酸（L－Arg）可使TNF－α7h内皮依赖性舒张作用恢复。氨基胍（AG）不影响各组肺动脉对10^-6mol/L ACh的内皮依赖性舒张反应,而使TNF－α组肺动脉环对10^-6mol/L PE的收缩反应显著增加。L－硝基精氨酸（L－NNA）使各组肺动脉环对10^-6mol/L ACh反应由舒张变为收缩,对10^-6mol/L PE的收缩反应显著增强。检测7h各组NOS活性,TNF－α组、TNF－α＋CCK－8组均较对照组显著增加,CCK－8组与对照组比较无显著差异。上述结果提示,CCK－8可逆转TNF－α对内皮依赖性舒张反应的抑制作用,此作用可能与NO有关。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对家兔内毒素休克时肺动脉张力的影响

为探讨八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)缓解内毒素休克(ES)时肺动脉血压(PAP)增高的机制,观察了CCK-8对脂多糖(LPS)引起家兔ES时PAP变化以及离体肺动脉环(PARs)张力改变的影响。实验用新西兰大耳白雄性家兔40只,分为颈静脉注入LPS(8mg／kg i．v.)复制的家兔ES模型、LPS注入前15min给CCK-8(15μg/kg,i.v.)、LPS注入前15min给CCK受体拮抗剂丙谷胺(Pro 1mg／kg,i.v.)、单独注入CCK-8(15μg/kg,i.v.)和注射生理盐水(对照)共5组。用生理记录仪监测平均动脉压(MAP)和PAP的变化;5h后制备PARs,应用血管张力测定技术,检测各组PARs张力。结果为：(1)ES时MAP降低、PAP升高,CCK-8可完全翻转ES时PAP的增高,而Pro加剧ES时PAP的增高;(2)LPS组的PARs对苯肾上腺素(PE)的收缩反应增强,对ACh内皮依赖性舒张反应降低,而CCK-8可逆转LP5的上述作用。上述结果提示CCK—8可缓解ES时的PAP升高,这可能与其调节肺动脉张力改变有关。     

八肽胆囊收缩素的结构与活性关系

本文采用液相多肽合成法制备了八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK_8)的六种类似物,并测定了它们诱导离体的豚鼠胆囊收缩的生物学活性。发现CCK_8的N-端乙酰化不改变其生物活性,脱去N-端氨基的CCK_8类似物即Suc-CCK_7与母体CCK_8相比,其活性明显增加。在Boc-CCK_7中,Met被NIe取代活性可完全保留,Gly~(29)被D-Ala取代后仍保留相当的活性,但Gly~(29)被β-Ala取代后则失去胆囊收缩活性;在Met~(28)-Gly~(29)区域引入刚性的r-内酰胺环作为构象限制,也导致活性完全丧失。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对内毒素休克时海马损伤的影响及其机制初探

目的：观察八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK-8）对内毒素休克（ES）时海马损伤的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法：将日本大耳白兔经静脉注入内毒素的主要活性成分脂多糖（LPS,8mg／kg）复制ES模型。动物（32只）随机分为对照组、LPS组、CCK-8＋LPS组和非特异性CCK受体拮抗剂丙谷胺（Pro）＋LPS组（n=8）。监测平均动脉压（MAP）的变化,光、电镜观察海马的组织形态学改变,比色法检测海马NOS和SOD活性、N0和MDA含量的改变．用SD大鼠（12只,同上复制模型及分组）以免疫组织化学染色法观察海马iNOS和nNOS表达的变化。结果：与对照组相比,注入LPS后出现MAP显著而持续下降（P〈0．01）;海马部位神经元损伤明显;iNOS和nNOS表达增强,NOS活性、NO和MDA含量显著升高（P〈0．05、P〈0．01和P〈0．01）,SOD活性则降低（P〈0．01）。预先注入CCK-8可明显减轻上述变化,预先注入Pro则加剧以上变化。结论：CCK-8可减轻ES时脑内海马部位的损伤。其机制可能与其抗氧化作用和抑制NO的过量生成有关。     

同种异体血管移植后肿瘤坏死因子表达的变化

目的探讨同种异体血管移植后移植血管和心肌肿瘤坏死因子(tumornecrosisfactor,TNF)表达的变化。方法取成年、雄性日本大白兔作为血管受者,新西兰大白兔为血管供者,进行颈动脉血管移植,通过免疫组织化学方法检测移植血管和心肌TNF表达的变化。结果自体原位移植组和液氮冷冻组TNF表达率低于新鲜移植组和抗生素处理组,新鲜移植组TNF表达率最高,与其它各组比较有显著性差异,P<0·05。血管移植后,心肌组织切片结果与血管移植组有类似结果:新鲜移植组心肌的TNF表达最高,与原位移植组和液氮冷冻组比较有显著性差异,P<0·05,而与抗生素处理组比较无显著差异性。结论液氮冷冻处理可降低移植血管和心肌TNF的产生;缺血再灌注损伤和/或免疫排斥反应能激发移植血管和全身各组织器官TNF的产生,从而造成移植血管的病理损害。     

过氧亚硝基阴离子对离体兔肺动脉反应性变化的影响

探讨过氧亚硝基阴离子(peroxynitrite,ONOO^-)对离体兔肺动脉反应性变化的影响。用离体血管环技术观察ONOO^-孵育后肺动脉对钙离子载体A23187、ADP、ACh、硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)和苯肾上腺素(phe-nylephrine,PE)的反应性张力变化。结果显示：(1)ONOO^-孵育后肺动脉对A23187、ADP和ACh引起的舒张反应明显降低,ONOO^-抑制内皮依赖受体依赖或受体非依赖性舒张反应有量效关系;(2)ONOO^-孵育可剂量依赖性抑制肺动脉对SNP的舒张反应;(3)0．5mmol／L ONOO^-孵育后肺动脉对PE的收缩反应明显增强,而1．0和2．0mmol／L ONOO^-导致肺动脉的收缩反应明显降低;(4)溶剂对肺动脉的反应性无明显影响,dec ONOO^-对PE和ADP的反应性影响不大,但可增强A23187、ACh和SNP的舒张反应。结果表明,ONOO^-可改变离体肺动脉的反应性。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对吗啡抑制大鼠离体空肠电与收缩活动的对抗作用

本研究探讨了八肽胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ－８）对抗吗啡对大鼠离体空肠电与收缩活动的作用。结果表明,吗啡能抑制ＡＣｈ对空肠峰波发放和收缩的加强作用;ＣＣＫ－８可对抗吗啡的作用;在此基础上,ＣＣＫ－Ａ受体拮抗剂ｄｅｖａｚｅｐｉｄｅ（１０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能完全翻转ＣＣＫ－８的抗吗啡作用,但是ＣＣＫ－Ｂ受体拮抗剂Ｌ－３６５,２６０在１０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ时可部分翻转、在３０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ时能完全翻转ＣＣＫ－８的作用。上述     

Prolactin induced expression of interleukin-1 alpha,tumor necrosis factor-alpha,and transforming growth factor-alpha in cultured astrocytes

Prolactin (PRL) is a potent mitogen in cultured astrocytes. Because one of the major effects of astrocyte proliferation is the expression of inflammatory cytokines, we examined the effect of PRL-induced mitogenesis on the expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) in cultured astrocytes. Astrocytes were stimulated with PRL or growth hormone (GH), and the expression of cytokines was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Following incubation of astrocytes with 1 nM PRL for 6 h, strong positive staining of IL-1α and TNF-α, but not TGF-α, was found. No detectable staining for the above cytokines was found in vehicle, or GH treated astrocytes. When astrocytes were incubated in the presence of 1 nM PRL for 18 h, strong positive staining for IL-1α and TGF-α was found. Immunocytochemical analysis of the expression of TNF-α and IL-1α in PRL stimulated astrocytes suggested that the expression of IL-1α preceded the expression of TNF-α. To confirm this observation, Western blot analyses were performed on extracts from astrocytes incubated with 1 nM PRL. In unstimulated astrocytes, IL-1α levels were not detectable. In astrocytes stimulated with 1 nM PRL, expression of IL-1α was clearly detected after 1 h of incubation, and IL-1α levels continued to increase during the course of the experiment (6 h). In contrast, in astrocytes stimulated with 1 nM PRL, an increase in the expression of TNF-α was first apparent after 2 h of incubation. TNF-α levels peaked 3 to 4 h after the addition of PRL, and returned to near control levels after 6 h. Finally, injection of PRL into a wound site in female rats increased the expression of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), an astrocyte specific protein. These data suggest that PRL can stimulate astrogliosis at the wound site in vivo. These data clearly indicate that PRL can stimulate the expression of TNF-α and IL-1α in cultured astrocytes and suggest that PRL may play a role in the regulation of the neuroimmune response in vivo.     

Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by thalidomide in magnesium deficiency

The effect of thalidomide on circulating cytokines and myocardial lesion formation was investigated in Mg-deficient rats. After two weeks on a Mg-deficient diet, rats show an increase in circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1. Thalidomide (1 mg/day) caused a complete inhibition of the increase in circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, without having an effect on interleukin 1. However, a marked increase in cardiomyopathic lesion formation was observed in Mg-deficient animals treated with thalidomide; possible mechanisms for thalidomide's enhancement of myocardial injury are discussed. (Mol Cell Biochem129: 195–200, 1993)     

Astragaloside suppresses tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 signaling pathway and alleviates neurodegenerative changes in retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by isoflurane

Epidemiological studies showed that isoflurane, a general anesthetic widely used in surgery including those for the children, is associated with impairment of neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which are related to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Astragaloside (AS) is an antioxidant derivative from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Astragalus membraneaceus Bunge. In this study, we used retinal pigment epithelial cells, which share plenty of features with neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and AMD to investigate the effect of AS. Cell cycle re-entry and proapoptosis were seen in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells treated with isoflurane, which was alleviated by pretreatment of AS. Further, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 (TRAF5) and downstream nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were investigated to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying protective effect of AS. RPE cells exposed to isoflurane expressed higher TRAF5 and NF-κB than those pretreated with AS, suggesting a critical role of TRAF5 therein. In Morris water maze (MWM) assay, Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with AS and then exposed to isoflurane spent less time in swimming to the platform, and their TRAF5 expression was significantly lower than those received anesthesia alone. Further studies on the consequence of forced downregulation or upregulation are warranted that may employ cutting-edge technologies such as optogenetics to overcome the difficulties in manipulating expression of TRAF5. Although the link between TRAF5 and neurodegeneration requires more in-depth investigations, our study provide a novel hint on the pathological mechanism of isoflurane and suggest a potential target for eliminating persistent side effect of anesthesia.     

Effect of pyridoxine on tumor necrosis factor activitiesin vitro

Clinical trials with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as an antitumor agent have so far given rather disappointing results. In this study we show that the naturally occuring vitamin B₆ compound, pyridoxine, enhances TNF-induced cytolysis of three subclones of a mouse fibrosarcoma cell line (WEHI 164). The degree of pyridoxine-induced enhancement of TNF cytotoxicity seems to be dependent on the cells sensitivity to TNF, as the enhancement was much more pronounced in the relatively TNF resistant subclone act-R(cl.12)-WEHI 164, than in the very TNF sensitive subclone WEHI 164 clone 13. Furthermore, our study shows that pyridoxine, in contrast to its enhancing effect on TNF-induced cytotoxicity, rather inhibits TNF-induced growth of human FS-4 fibroblasts. Pyridoxine also enhances lymphotoxin (LT)-induced tumor cell killing and inhibits LT-induced fibroblast growth. Pyridoxine is a relatively non-toxic agentin vivo. Our results suggest that a combination of TNF and pyridoxine may be more efficient than TNF alone, in the treatment of cancer patients.     

Chrysin ameliorates ANTU‐induced pulmonary edema and pulmonary arterial hypertension via modulation of VEGF and eNOs

Alpha‐naphthylthiourea (ANTU), a rodenticide induces lung toxicity. Chrysin a flavonoid possesses antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antihypertensive potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chrysin against ANTU‐induced pulmonary edema (PE) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in laboratory rats. Sprague‐Dawley rats were used to induce PE (ANTU, 10 mg/kg, ip) and PAH (ANTU, 5 mg/kg, ip, 4 weeks). Animals were treated with chrysin (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) and various biochemical, molecular, and histological parameters were evaluated. Acute administration of ANTU induces PE revealed by significant (P < 0.05) increase in relative lung weight, pleural effusion volume, lung edema, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell counts, total protein, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), whereas pretreatment with chrysin (20 and 40 mg/kg, ip) significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated these ANTU‐induced biochemical and histological alterations. Repeated administration of ANTU caused induction of PAH evaluated by significant (P < 0.05) alterations in electrocardiographic, hemodynamic changes, and left ventricular function, whereas chrysin (20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated these alterations. ANTU‐induced hematological and serum biochemical (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, LDH, and creatinine kinase MB) alterations were significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by chrysin. It also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased elevated levels of oxido‐nitrosative stress in the right ventricle (RV) and lung. Chrysin significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated downregulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase and upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA and protein expressions both in the RV and pulmonary artery. Chrysin inhibited ANTU‐induced PE and PAH via modulation of inflammatory responses (5‐HT, LDH, and GGT), oxido‐nitrosative stress, and VEGF and eNOs levels.     

肿瘤坏死因子致肺微血管内皮细胞单层通透性损伤的实验研究

目的和方法：用针头式滤器检测肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）作用前后及三种药物干预时大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞（RPMVEC）单层通透性的变化,并用免疫组化的方法检测TNF作用前后细胞F－肌动蛋白的改变。结果：TNF作用30min、60min、90min通透系数Kf值较致伤前显著增高;分别加福莫特罗（FOR）、山莨菪碱或霍乱毒素（CTX）干预时Kf值均显著低于TNF组。而TNF作用90min,RPMVEC F-肌动蛋白发生明显解聚：分别加POR、山莨菪硷或CTX干预时F－肌动蛋白无明显变化。结论：TNF诱导RPMVEC单层通透性增高的机制与细胞F－肌动蛋白解聚有关,FOR、山莨菪碱和CTX可能通过抑制F－肌动蛋白解聚而抑制NF诱导的RPMVEC单层通透性增高。     

Role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon in resistance to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in mice

The production and roles of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in the infection of Corynebacterium (C.) pseudotuberculosis were investigated in mice. The maximum levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were detected on day 4 after infection. The administration of anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody (mAb) as well as anti-IFN-gamma mAb increased bacterial proliferation in the organs, leading to the death of infected mice, but anti-IFN-gamma mAb showed a less marked effect than anti-TNF-alpha mAb. The suppressive effect of anti-TNF-alpha and anti-IFN-gamma mAbs on anticorynebacterial resistance was augmented by the simultaneous administration of these antibodies. Anti-TNF-alpha mAb was found to be highly effective when administered on day 0 and day 4, suggesting that TNF-alpha produced during the early stage of infection is critical for the generation of resistance. Histologically, many microabscesses, severe follicular swelling and lymphocyte destruction were observed in mice treated with anti-TNF-alpha or anti-IFN-gamma mAb. Injection of anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 mAb also resulted in significantly increased mortality and a marked suppression of IFN-gamma production, but had no effect on TNF-alpha production. Carrageenan also showed a marked effect on the exacerbation of infection. Taken together, these results suggest that endogenously produced TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma are both essential to the host defense against C. pseudotuberculosis infection and that these cytokines may have an additive effect.     

Ca~(2+)信号在肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导心肌肥大PI3-K信号途径中的作用

目的:研究Ca2+信号在肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)诱导心肌细胞肥大PI3-K信号途径中的作用。方法:Lowry法测心肌细胞蛋白含量;计算机图像分析系统测心肌细胞体积;[3H]-亮氨酸掺入法测心肌细胞蛋白合成;Till阳离子测定系统观察胞内[Ca2+]i瞬变。结果:①TNF-α(100μg/L)明显诱导心肌细胞蛋白含量、蛋白合成及体积的增加,PI3-K特异性抑制剂LY294002(50μmol/L)明显抑制TNF-α诱导的心肌肥大,但对正常心肌细胞生长无影响。L型Ca2+通道阻断剂verapamil(1μmol/L)对TNF-α诱导的心肌肥大无明显影响。②TNF-α引起心肌细胞内钙离子浓度([Ca2+]i)瞬间变化幅度增高,LY294002明显降低TNF-α诱导的上述改变,L型Ca2+通道阻断剂verapamil(1μmol/L)对TNF-α引起的变化无明显影响。结论:PI3-K可能通过引起心肌细胞[Ca2+]i升高参与TNF-α诱导的心肌细胞肥大,但与L型Ca2+通道无关。