化石硅藻新指标在西藏昂仁湖环境演变中的应用

应用化石硅藻属组合和属系数两个新指标对西藏南部昂仁湖 (2 9°18′N ,87°11′E)剖面硅藻记录进行解析 ,得出该地区在 110 0 0— 6 0 0 0aBP间经历了寒冷期 (110 95— 9970aBP)→温和期 (9970— 9870aBP)→升温期(9870— 9770aBP)→凉干期 (9770— 8740aBP)→超高温期 (8740— 85 90aBP)→高温期 (85 90 - 5 970aBP)的演变序列。同时发现在寒冷期存在增温 (10 710aBP)和降温 (10 430aBP)波动 ;凉干期 880 0— 876 0aBP附近存在强低温事件 ;超高温期中的最高温出现在 86 80aBP附近 ;在高温期 80 0 0— 792 0aBP和 7170— 70 90aBP两个小时段分别存在增降温波动。在 6 430aBP附近存在明显的旱化现象。同时发现在研究时期除了存在 10 0 0年的气候变化周期外还存在 15 0— 2 0 0年左右的气候转型期。昂仁湖发育则至少经历了缓慢扩张 (110 0 0— 8740aBP)→快速扩张 (8740— 85 90aBP)→缓慢退缩 (85 90— 5 970aBP) 3个大阶段。也因此验证化石硅藻属组合和属系数两个新指标至少在富含硅藻的封闭湖盆环境演变研究中的有效性和便捷性     

大风口水库及石河生态条件与鱼类群落的研究

1987—1989年间对大风口水库及上下游石河的不同河段进行了春夏秋不同季节的生态环境和鱼类群落的调查研究。一、生态条件1.自然概貌和采样段面的选择石河是辽宁西部的一条直接入海的小河,全长67.7km,流域面积431km~2。地理座标为北纬40°10′—40°19′,东经119°50′—120°     

东南亚及其邻近岛屿钝头蛇亚科Pareinae的谱系发育及其与地质演变的关系

钝头蛇亚科Pareinae隶属游蛇科Colubridae分布于10°S—35°N,80°—125°E的东南亚及其邻近岛屿,是具有吻钝,无颏沟和上颌骨前端无齿等特殊性状的唯一类群,原记载共2属16种。经全面分类清理后,该类群共有18种,分别隶属Pareas Wagler,Aplopeltura Dumeril et Bibron和Internatus gen.nov.三属,其中Pareas具派生性状最少为最原始,Aplopeltura具派生性状最多为最特化。Aplopeltura和Internatus可能分别源自Pareas的某一级或不同级的祖先,可能是第四纪大冰期时先后从大陆迁入马来半岛、苏门答腊、婆罗洲、爪哇和菲律宾南部,然后在间冰期和冰后期因适应岛屿环境而特化成的新类群。     

1980—2007年大亚湾鱼类物种多样性、区系特征和数量变化

根据2004—2005年大亚湾海域底拖网鱼类调查数据,并结合1980—2007年的历史资料,分析了该海域鱼类的种类组成、区系特征、多样性、优势种和数量变化趋势.结果表明:2004—2005年,大亚湾海域共记录鱼类107种,分属13目50科,以中下层鱼类的种类最多,为48种,其次是中上层和底层种类,分别为37种和21种.大亚湾鱼类区系具热带和亚热带特性,以暖水性种类占绝对优势,为97种,暖温性种类为10种.多样性指数以夏季最高(3.82),其次是冬季(3.37)和秋季(3.00),春季最低(2.40).Pielou均匀度指数的季节变化情况与多样性指数相似.1980—2007年大亚湾海域鱼类群落特征发生了明显的变化:鱼类种类数减少,优势种更替明显.鱼类种类数由1980年的157种减少至1990年的110种,2004—2005年继续减少至107种;鱼类优势种由1980年以带鱼和银鲳等优质鱼为主,更替为以小型和低值的小沙丁鱼、小公鱼和二长棘鲷幼鱼为主.用包含年际变化趋势和季节性周期变化的回归模型模拟1980—2007大亚湾鱼类资源密度的变化,鱼类资源密度在1980—1999年和1990—2007年两个时期均呈下降趋势,但1990—2007年间下降幅度比1980—1999年间大;1980—1999年鱼类资源密度的季节波动幅度较平缓(振幅为0.099),而1990—2007年的季节波动较大(振幅为0.420),说明1990—2007年阶段大亚湾鱼类数量的季节变化更为显著.     

文献摘要

光照时间和温度对产生各种型式的豌豆蚜Macro-siphum(Acyrthosiphon)pisum(Harris)的试验,是以无翅胎生雌蚜在蚕豆植株上进行的。每日曝露于光照下的时间为8或16小时,温度则分别为5—9°,7—11°,11——13°,19—20°,25—26°及29—30℃。供试验用的蚜虫,是在温度19—20℃及连续不断的光照下生长繁殖     

西双版纳白颊长臂猿的观察

白颊长臂猿(Hylobatesleucogenys)自Ogilby(1840)以泰国标本订名后,曾被视为独立种(Elliot,1912;Allen,1938)。1951年,Ellerman&Morrison-Scott将其合并为黑长臂猿的一个亚种,马世来、王应祥(1986)将H.leucogenus与H.concolor进行详细比较后,又将白颊长臂猿分为独立种。白颊长臂猿在西双版纳的分布,早在六十年代就有记载(寿振黄1959;高耀亭1962),但就其资源的数量问题,直到1983—1984年才开展全面考察,为保护濒危动物提供了重要的依据。栖息环境白颊长臂猿在我国分布于东经101°06′—10l°50′,北纬20°07′—22°09′的热带阔叶林间。…     

日本落叶松人工林种群自然稀疏规律的研究

一、前言日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)原产日本。种群地理分布范围为北纬35°20′—38°10′,东经136°45′—140°30′,海拔高度为1000—2800m。1900年引入我国,以其较强的适应性“定居”下来,而且生长速度在抚顺地区远比长白落叶松(L.olgensis var.changpaiensis)、兴安落叶松(L.gmelinii)为快;我国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、山东、山西、陕西、北京、河南、河北、江西、湖北、四川以及新疆等地都有人工栽培,而以吉林、辽宁东部栽培面积较大,在年平均气温2.5—12.0℃、年降水量500—1400mm 的水热条件下能正常生长。     

山西历山自然保护区金雕数量和栖息环境调查简报

1987—1990年的3—5月和10—11月,对山西历山国家级自然保护区内的金雕(Aquilachrysaetos)作了数量分布及栖息环境的调查。现将考察结果简报如下。历山自然保护区位于山西省中条山东部,地处东经111°51'—112°6'、北纬35°16'—35°27'。     

我国金花茶组植物的地理分布

世界产金花茶组植物22种,其中我国20种,特有18种,仅产广西。其分布区在北纬21°30′—23°40′,东经106°40′—108°35′,北界基本上与广西北热带半常绿季雨林、湿润雨林地带北界吻合。该组植物分布于石灰(岩)土的13种,红壤的7种。它们出现的地段比较固定,天然林下,沟谷或溪边处,相对高度10—15米;峰丛圆洼地底部和荫蔽的坡面下部。该组植物个体最多的地区(几何中心)一个在防城县,一个在龙州县;种类最多的地区(最大变异中心)一个也在龙州县,9种,一个在扶绥县,7种。该分布区从南到北分化成六个小分区。其垂直分布一般在海拔700米以下。水平分布种的更替表现为:北纬21°31′为小瓣金花茶等五种;北纬22°10′—22°45′为鼻岗金花茶等八种更替;北纬22°50′为顶生金花茶等三种更替;北纬23°40′为平果金花茶更替。金花茶分布幅度最宽,可由北纬21°31′到22°55′。在土山,东西以东经107°30′为界,以东为金花茶等四种,以西为小瓣金花茶等二种。     

在北纬41°10′的东北鞍山地区发现白蜡虫ERICERUS PELA CHAVANNES自然种群

关于白蜡虫在我国的地理分布,王辅(1963,1978)认为:“白蜡虫以北纬26°-32°40′之间为其适生地带,26°以南或33°以北均不适其生存。”近年来,我们通过考察认为:在北纬26°以南和33°以北地区,均有白蜡虫自然种群存在。 一、鞍山地区自然概况 鞍山位于东径123°,北纬41°10′,辽河平原东南边缘,东邻千山山脉,南与辽宁半岛相连;海拔20—708米;本地属大陆性半湿润型温带气候,年均气温8.8℃,最冷月均温-10.2℃,极端最低气温-30.4℃,极端最高气温36.9℃,≥10℃年积温3536.3℃,相对湿度63％,年降水量713.5毫米;本市海拔21.6米;植被为暖温带落叶阔叶林。     

中国北方晚更新世哺乳动物群与深海沉积物的对比

<正> 前言第四纪以来,全球性冰川的进退、气候的波动、海岸线的变迁,已由许多方面的证据所阐明。晚更新世的大理冰期(即相当欧洲的玉木冰期;北美的威斯康辛冰期)在中国北方地区得到明显的反映。大理冰期持续的时间,一般认为是从75,000年前开始,至10,000年前结束,但在全世界范围内各洲先后也有不同。据研究,这次冰期在其发展的过程中,曾经出现了两个高峰阶段和一个小峰阶段。第一次高峰出现在大约距今60,000年前;第二次高峰出现在距今15,000年至12,000年前;一个小峰约在35,000年前。当冰期处于高峰阶段的时候,气温显著下降,沿海和部分大陆架暴露,海面降低;在亚间冰期和间冰期,气候骤然迴升,海面升高,华北东部地区发生海浸。国内外许多单位通过对海底沉积物所作的古温度测定和对古生物生态学的研究并结合陆相地层中孢子花粉的资料,认为冰期的高峰阶段,地球表面的气温至少比今降低6—8℃;而小峰阶段的气温     

Declining insolation induces synchronous flowering of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Montanoa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Simsia</Emphasis> (Asteraceae) between Mexico and the Equator

We analyze the latitudinal shift in the onset of synchronous flowering in the woody genera Montanoa and Simsia (Asteraceae) between Mexico (28° N) and the Equator, where it cannot be caused by declining day length. Synchronous flowering of >100 Montanoa quadrangularis trees was observed during two consecutive years near Cali, Colombia (4° N). Analysis of herbarium specimens yielded flowering periods for 21 Montanoa species and 18 Simsia species between 4 and 28° N. Daily insolation is a function of day length and the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the earth. Between Mexico and Colombia (4° N), the maximum of insolation gradually shifts from the summer solstice to the autumn equinox. In parallel, flowering of Montanoa and Simsia starts progressively later between July and November, during the period of declining insolation. Near the Equator, there are two periods of declining insolation, and correspondingly, two flowering periods. Thus, at all tropical latitudes, flowering time of Montanoa and Simsia is highly correlated with declining insolation. The seasonal decline in daily insolation, rather than in photoperiod, apparently induces synchronous flowering of Montanoa and Simsia at the same time each year.     

Incubation temperature and phenotypic traits of Sceloporus undulatus: implications for the northern limits of distribution

Cold environmental temperature is detrimental to reproduction by oviparous squamate reptiles by prolonging incubation period, negatively affecting embryonic developmental processes, and by killing embryos in eggs directly. Because low soil temperature may prevent successful development of embryos in eggs in nests, the geographic distributions of oviparous species may be influenced by the thermal requirements of embryos. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that low incubation temperature determines the northern distributional limit of the oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus. To compare the effects of incubation temperature on incubation length, egg and hatchling survival, and hatchling phenotypic traits, we incubated eggs of S. undulatus under temperature treatments that simulated the thermal environment that eggs would experience if located in nests within their geographic range at 37°N and north of the species’ present geographic range at latitudes of 44 and 42°N. After hatching, snout–vent length (SVL), mass, tail length, body condition (SVL relative to mass), locomotor performance, and growth rate were measured for each hatchling. Hatchlings were released at a field site to evaluate growth and survival under natural conditions. Incubation at temperatures simulating those of nests at 44°N prolonged incubation and resulted in hatchlings with shorter SVL relative to mass, shorter tails, shorter hind limb span, slower growth, and lower survival than hatchlings from eggs incubated at temperatures simulating those of nests at 37 and 42°N. We also evaluated the association between environmental temperature and the northern distribution of S. undulatus. We predicted that the northernmost distributional limit of S. undulatus would be associated with locations that provide the minimum heat sum (∼495 degree-days) required to complete embryonic development. Based on air and soil temperatures, the predicted northern latitudinal limit of S. undulatus would lie at ∼40.5–41.5°N. Our predicted value closely corresponds to the observed latitudinal limit in the eastern United States of ∼40°N. Our results suggest that soil temperatures at northern latitudes are not warm enough for a sufficient length of time to permit successful incubation of S. undulatus embryos. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that incubation temperature is an important factor limiting the geographic distributions of oviparous reptile species at high latitudes and elevations.     

Plant phenological variation related to temperature in Norway during the period 1928–1977

First flowering was observed in some native herbaceous and woody plants in Norway at latitudes of ∼58°N to nearly 71°N from 1928 to 1977. For woody plants, the timing for first bud burst was also often observed. Generally, there were highly significant correlations (0.1% level) between the timing of nearly all spring–early summer observations in plants and gridded mean monthly temperatures for the various phenophases (up to 65% of the variance was accounted for, less so for the autumn phenophases). Analyses by a low pass Gaussian smoothing technique showed early phenophases in the warm period of the early 1930s, delayed phases for most sites and species in colder periods in the early 1940s, mid-1950s, late 1960s and also towards the end of the study period in the late 1970s, all in approximately 10- to 12-year cycles. The study thus starts in a relatively early (warm) period and ends towards a late (cooler) period, resulting in mainly weak linear trends in phenophases throughout the total period. The end of the observation period in 1977 also predates the strongly increasing “earliness” in phenology of plants in most Norwegian lowland areas due to global warming. The strong altitudinal and latitudinal variations in Norway, however, do cause regional differences in trends. The study showed a tendency towards earlier spring phenophases all along the western coast from south to north in the country. On the other hand, the northeasternmost site and also the more continental sites in the southeast showed tendencies to weak trends for later phenophases during the 50 years of these field observations.     

Abundance and diversity of birch‐feeding leafminers along latitudinal gradients in northern Europe

Latitudinal patterns in biotic interactions, including herbivory, have been widely debated during the past years. In particular, recent meta‐analysis questioned the hypothesis that herbivory increases from the poles towards the equator. Our study was designed to verify this hypothesis by exploring latitudinal patterns in abundance and diversity of birch‐feeding insect herbivores belonging to the leafminer guild in northern Europe, from 59° to 69°N. We collected branches from five mature trees of two birch species (Betula pendula and B. pubescens) at each study site (ten sites for each of five latitudinal gradients) twice per season (in early and late summer of 2008–2011) and attributed all mines found on leaves of these branches to a certain taxon of insects. Latitudinal patterns were quantified by calculating Spearman rank correlation coefficients between both abundance and diversity of leafmining taxa and latitudes of sampling sites. In general, both abundance and diversity of leafminers significantly decreased with latitude. However, we discovered pronounced variation in patterns of latitudinal changes among study years and leafminer taxa. Variation among study years was best explained by mean temperatures in July at the northern ends of our gradients. During cold years, abundance of leafminers significantly decreased with latitude, while during warm years the abundance was either independent of latitude or even increased towards the pole. In the northern boreal forests (66° to 69°N), herbivores demonstrated larger changes in densities in response to temperature variations than in the boreo‐nemoral forests (59° to 62°N). Our data suggest that climate warming will result in a stronger increase in herbivory at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes.     

Phenotypic plasticity and biogeographic variation in physiology of habitat‐forming seaweed: response to temperature and nitrate

Southeastern Australian waters are warming at nearly four times the global average rate (~0.7°C · century^?1) driven by strengthening incursions of the warm oligotrophic East Australian Current. The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) predicts that nutrient depletion will impact more severely on seaweeds at high latitudes with compressed growth seasons. This study investigates the effects of temperature and nutrients on the ecophysiology of the habitat‐forming seaweed Phyllospora comosa in a laboratory experiment using temperature (12°C, 17°C, 22°C) and nutrient (0.5, 1.0, 3.0 μM NO₃^?) scenarios representative of observed variation among geographic regions. Changes in growth, photosynthetic characteristics (via chlorophyll fluorescence), pigment content, tissue chemistry (δ¹³C, % C, % N, C:N) and nucleic acid characteristics (absolute RNA and DNA, RNA:DNA ratios) were determined in seaweeds derived from cool, high‐latitude and warm, low‐latitude portions of the species’ range. Performance of P. comosa was unaffected by nitrate availability but was strongly temperature‐dependent, with photosynthetic efficiency, growth, and survival significantly impaired at 22°C. While some physiological processes (photosynthesis, nucleic acid, and accessory pigment synthesis) responded rapidly to temperature, others (C/N dynamics, carbon concentrating processes) were largely invariant and biogeographic variation in these characteristics may only occur through genetic adaptation. No link was detected between nutrient availability, RNA synthesis and growth, and the GRH was not supported in this species. While P. comosa at high latitudes may be less susceptible to oligotrophy than predicted by the GRH, warming water temperatures will have deleterious effects on this species across its range unless rapid adaptation is possible.     

Heat coma as an indicator of resistance to environmental stress and its relationship to ocean dynamics in the sea skaters,Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae)

Abstract The tolerance to temperature increase was tested for Halobates individuals collected during two cruises in the western tropical Pacific Ocean (MR‐06‐05‐Leg 3, December 21, 2006–January 12, 2007, 0°N‐8°N; KH‐06‐02‐Leg 5, August 18–31, 2006, 12°N–17°N). High temperature coma experiments were conducted on adults and 5th instar larvae. On average, H. sericeus (distributed in the wide latitude zone of 5°N–40°N), H. germanus (distributed in the moderate latitude zone of 0°N–35°N) and H. micans (distributed mainly in the lower latitudes around the equator) were on average paralyzed at 35.6°C (SD: 0.89), 32.9°C (SD: 2.17) and 31.6°C (SD: 2.60), respectively (P= 0.035). According to the current dynamics during the cruise, the colony of H. sericeus at one station (5°N 137°E) may have been transferred from the northern area of 14°N by three currents (North Equatorial Current, Mindanao Current and North Equatorial Counter Current) to the area of 5°N 138°E. Extremely high heat resistance was shown by the adults of H. germanus in the sea area around the equator. Dynamic current and air movements in this area around the equator, that is a “warm seawater pool”, could be hypothesized to be related to the high resistance to heat shown in this study.     

Biogeographic variation in temperature sensitivity of decomposition in forest soils

Determining soil carbon (C) responses to rising temperature is critical for projections of the feedbacks between terrestrial ecosystems, C cycle, and climate change. However, the direction and magnitude of this feedback remain highly uncertain due largely to our limited understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of soil C decomposition and its temperature sensitivity. Here we quantified C decomposition and its response to temperature change with an incubation study of soils from 203 sites across tropical to boreal forests in China spanning a wide range of latitudes (18°16′ to 51°37′N) and longitudes (81°01′ to 129°28′E). Mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation primarily explained the biogeographic variation in the decomposition rate and temperature sensitivity of soils: soil C decomposition rate decreased from warm and wet forests to cold and dry forests, while Q_10‐MAT (standardized to the MAT of each site) values displayed the opposite pattern. In contrast, biological factors (i.e. plant productivity and soil bacterial diversity) and soil factors (e.g. clay, pH, and C availability of microbial biomass C and dissolved organic C) played relatively small roles in the biogeographic patterns. Moreover, no significant relationship was found between Q_10‐MAT and soil C quality, challenging the current C quality–temperature hypothesis. Using a single, fixed Q_10‐MAT value (the mean across all forests), as is usually done in model predictions, would bias the estimated soil CO₂ emissions at a temperature increase of 3.0°C. This would lead to overestimation of emissions in warm biomes, underestimation in cold biomes, and likely significant overestimation of overall C release from soil to the atmosphere. Our results highlight that climate‐related biogeographic variation in soil C responses to temperature needs to be included in next‐generation C cycle models to improve predictions of C‐climate feedbacks.     

Distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Boroecia borealis</Emphasis> (Ostracoda: Halocyprididae) in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters of the Atlantic

The geographical and vertical distribution of Boroecia borealis was studied based on literature data and materials collected by Soviet and Russian expeditions in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters of the Atlantic during the period from 1929 to 1993. In the region of study, this species occurs at a temperature from 0.5 to 17.7°C. In the Arctic basin, B. borealis is predominantly found in the warm deep Atlantic layer. The central Arctic region is not a zone of exclusion of this species, but is a part of the species’ range, where its apparently dependent populations occur. In the northern Atlantic, B. borealis can reach into the low latitudes as far as 30°N.     

Les Radiolaires d'âge jurassique supérieurà crétacé supérieur dans les Radiolarites du Pinde-Olonos (Presqu'île de Koroni; Péloponnèse méridional,Grèce)

Radiolarians of several radiolarites sections of the Pindos-Olonos zone, southern Peloponnesus, lead to propose direct datations of mesozoic sediments. The acuity of such datations allow to distinguish two periods for depositionof radiolarites s.s. in the tethyan region. The first period would be Upper Jurassic and general in tethyan realm, radiolarites depositing under various latitudes (0–35°N). This would be the result of a strong ocean surface current. The second period would be Upper Cretaceous (Vraconian—Coniacian) and be geographically much more restricted (0–15°N). This could result from a weaker current. The absence of radiolaritic sedimentation is possibly the result of the destruction or insulation of the accurate basins during the obduction of ophiolites on the apulo-african realm. The inventory of Late Cretaceous radiolarian fauna, rarely done on alpine series so far, shows similar result to those obtained in Central American and California.