Flower-inducing and -inhibiting activities of Phloem Exudate from Cotyledons of Pharbitis Seedlings

The flower-inducing and -inhibiting activities of phloem exudate (PE) prepared from cotyledons of Pharbitis seedlings were examined, using apex cultures in vitro from Pharbitis as a bioassay system.The PE was prepared from photoperiodically-induced cotyledons (SD-PE). The SD-PE was subjected to the following fractionations: When the SD-PE was extracted with CHCl₃ and then ethyl acetate, the inducing activity was located in the final aqueous fraction. The activity was localized in the diffusate when the aqueous fraction was dialyzed (molecular weight cut off was 10,000). The diffusate was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography, and flower-inducing activity was found in the fraction adsorbed onto anion exchange resin. When the fraction was applied to a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge, the activity eluted with 25% MeOH. As a result of the above fractionation, activity was increased about 30-fold.The nature of the flower-inhibiting activity of the PE taken from cotyledons exposed to continuous-light conditions was examined (CL-PE). The inhibiting activity was decreased as the cotyledons were exposed to longer dark periods; it appeared to be heat-stable. The CL-PE also inhibited flowering in Lemna. The CL-PE was subjected to the following fractionations: When the CL-PE was extracted with CHCl₃ and ethyl acetate, activity was located in the final aqueous fraction. Activity was localized in the diffusate when the aqueous fraction was dialyzed (molecular weight cut off was 10,000). When the diffusate was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography, the activity was found in the flow-through fraction. When the fraction was applied to a hydroxyapatite cartridge, the activity eluted with 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer. When the fraction was re-dialyzed (molecular weight cut off was 1,000), the diffusate contained the activity. As a result of the above fractionation, activity was increased about 10-fold.     

一株产乙酰酯酶细菌筛选、鉴定及酶学性质研究

【目的】利用筛选培养基,从肉牛瘤胃液中分离筛选产乙酰酯酶的细菌菌株,并研究菌株的产酶特征。【方法】利用厌氧培养技术,以木质素为唯一碳源,筛选并驯化所得菌株。根据菌株16S rDNA序列分析、革兰氏染色、伊红美蓝培养基培养、甲基红试验和柠檬酸盐利用试验,鉴定菌株。采用对-硝基苯乙酯测定酶活力。【结果】筛选得到产乙酰酯酶活力较高细菌菌株RB1,初步鉴定为Escherichia coli。菌株RB1的生长曲线表明,0 42 h为菌株的延迟期,42 60 h为菌株的对数期,60 66 h为菌株的稳定期,66 86 h为菌株的衰亡期。菌株所产乙酰酯酶最适温度为40°C,最适pH为8.0,在最适温度与pH条件下,培养基中添加玉米秸秆粉,乙酰酯酶最高酶活力达到0.52 U/mL。【结论】筛选获得产乙酰酯酶的细菌菌株RB1,其乙酰酯酶活力高于已报道的菌株,是一株具有研究和应用潜力的产乙酰酯酶的菌株。     

四种野生盐生植物解剖结构与抗旱耐盐性

为了解盐生植物的解剖结构与抗盐性和抗旱性的关系,以二色补血草、草木樨,艾蒿、猪毛菜为材料,通过徒手切片和显微观察了植物的叶、茎、腺毛、分泌腔、气孔、表皮毛分布和结构。结果显示:猪毛菜的气孔密度低、气孔器小,表皮毛密集,叶面积小,抗旱能力最强;艾蒿的表皮毛长、浓密,气孔密度较低、气孔较小,抗旱性较强;二色补血草表皮毛短、密集,但气孔密度较高、气孔器较大,抗旱性较差;草木樨表皮毛短、稀疏,气孔密度较高、气孔也较大,抗旱性最差;二色补血草有发达的内分泌和外分泌组织,根系吸收的大量盐份积累在分泌腔中,并通过盐腺排出叶片,是排盐植物,耐盐性强;猪毛菜具有发达的内分泌组织,有大量分泌腔,且有粘液细胞和大量薄壁细胞,是耐盐植物,耐盐性强;草木樨具有较多的盐腺,是泌盐植物,耐盐性较强;艾蒿无盐腺等分泌组织。猪毛菜可以作为盐碱地"生物脱盐器"。     

Regulation of beta-glucosidase in Bacteroides ruminicola by a different mechanism: growth rate-dependent derepression

Bacteroides ruminicola B(1)4, a predominant ruminal and cecal bacterium, was grown in batch and continuous cultures, and beta-glucosidase activity was measured by following the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-glucopyranoside. Specific activity was high when the bacterium was grown in batch cultures containing cellobiose, mannose, or lactose (greater than 286 U/g of protein). Activity was reduced approximately 90% when the organism was grown on glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, or arabinose. The specific activity of cells fermenting glucose was initially low but increased as glucose was depleted. When glucose was added to cultures growing on cellobiose, beta-glucosidase synthesis ceased immediately. Catabolite repression by glucose was not accompanied by diauxic growth and was not relieved by cyclic AMP. Since glucose-grown cultures eventually exhibited high beta-glucosidase activity, cellobiose was not needed as an inducer. Catabolite repression explained beta-glucosidase activity of batch cultures and high-dilution-rate chemostats where glucose accumulated, but it could not account for activity at slow dilution rates. Maximal beta-glucosidase activity was observed at a dilution rate of approximately 0.35 h-1, and cellobiose-limited chemostats showed a 15-fold decrease in activity as the dilution rate declined. An eightfold decline was observed in glucose-limited chemostats. Since inducer availability was not a confounding factor in glucose-limited chemostats, the growth rate-dependent derepression could not be explained by other mechanisms.     

Regulation of beta-glucosidase in Bacteroides ruminicola by a different mechanism: growth rate-dependent derepression.

Bacteroides ruminicola B(1)4, a predominant ruminal and cecal bacterium, was grown in batch and continuous cultures, and beta-glucosidase activity was measured by following the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-glucopyranoside. Specific activity was high when the bacterium was grown in batch cultures containing cellobiose, mannose, or lactose (greater than 286 U/g of protein). Activity was reduced approximately 90% when the organism was grown on glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, or arabinose. The specific activity of cells fermenting glucose was initially low but increased as glucose was depleted. When glucose was added to cultures growing on cellobiose, beta-glucosidase synthesis ceased immediately. Catabolite repression by glucose was not accompanied by diauxic growth and was not relieved by cyclic AMP. Since glucose-grown cultures eventually exhibited high beta-glucosidase activity, cellobiose was not needed as an inducer. Catabolite repression explained beta-glucosidase activity of batch cultures and high-dilution-rate chemostats where glucose accumulated, but it could not account for activity at slow dilution rates. Maximal beta-glucosidase activity was observed at a dilution rate of approximately 0.35 h-1, and cellobiose-limited chemostats showed a 15-fold decrease in activity as the dilution rate declined. An eightfold decline was observed in glucose-limited chemostats. Since inducer availability was not a confounding factor in glucose-limited chemostats, the growth rate-dependent derepression could not be explained by other mechanisms.     

产碱性蛋白酶芽孢杆菌的鉴定

通过测量比较在碱性蛋白平板上产生的蛋白水解圈直径,从土壤中筛选到一株高产蛋白酶菌株Bacillus sp.HFBL0079,根据生理生化特性、16S rDNA序列,鉴定为B.amyloliquefaciens。其最适培养温度为35°C-37°C,最适生长pH 8.0,在特定培养条件下16 h达到稳定期,菌体生长和蛋白酶合成同步进行。以大豆分离蛋白为氮源时发酵液具有最高酶活。发酵液在pH 10时具有最高酶活,表明为碱性蛋白酶。该菌株产生的碱性蛋白酶可水解多种天然蛋白质,对胶原蛋白水解度高于其他蛋白质,对羽毛角蛋白也有一定水解能力,提示该酶具有一定新颖性。     

白腐菌紫外诱变选育高产漆酶突变株及其产酶条件研究

以白腐菌为出发菌株,利用紫外线(UV)进行诱变,筛选高产漆酶突变菌株。通过测定致死率绘制出发菌株的致死曲线,采用PDA-RBBR平板变色法进行初筛,ABTS检测酶活对突变株进行摇瓶复筛。结果表明:利用15 w紫外灯在照射距离为30 cm,照射时间为120 s,致死率为72.1%的条件下进行诱变处理,获得一株高产菌株,其酶活提高79.54%,经过5代传代培养,未见酶活下降,具有较好的遗传稳定性,进一步研究了初始pH值,接种量和培养基装液量等对诱变菌株产酶的影响,结果表明在最佳的培养条件pH值6.0,15%的装液量于28℃下,酶活达214.9 U/L。     

海洋创伤弧菌反式翻译系统关键因子SmpB基因的克隆及原核表达

创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)是一种重要的"人鱼共患病"病原菌。通过克隆创伤弧菌反式翻译系统核心因子小蛋白B(Small molecular protein B,SmpB)基因,构建携带目的基因的原核表达质粒,为后续研究SmpB蛋白的互作网络、SmpB蛋白与创伤弧菌致病性之间的关系并以此开发新型的抑菌靶标奠定基础。使用LiCl沉淀法提取创伤弧菌基因组DNA,以它为模板,PCR扩增目的基因,并构建到pET-28a原核表达载体上测序鉴定后对SmpB序列进行生物信息学分析,将正确的重组质粒转化E.coli BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳鉴定。结果表明使用LiCl沉淀法成功提取到高质量创伤弧菌基因组DNA,以其为模板,扩增到smpB基因,并成功构建pET-28a原核表达重组质粒,测序鉴定正确;smpB基因全长为486 bp,编码161个氨基酸,分子量为18.41 kD,理论等电点为10.28,不稳定系数为35.02,总平均亲水性为-0.635,SmpB蛋白整体表现为稳定亲水性蛋白。生物信息学分析显示其高级结构核心部分为5个β折叠组成的桶状结构,外围由3个α螺旋组成,SmpB C-端亦为α螺旋。诱导表达的重组融合蛋白相对分子质量大小在25.0 kD附近,显示在E.coli中成功表达了SmpB蛋白。     

Fe3+络合萃取法从野葛根中分离葛根素

利用Fe3 + 能够和葛根素生成可溶性络合物的性质建立了一种从中药野葛根中萃取葛根素的新型分离方法。以甲醇冷浸从野葛根中提取葛根总黄酮 ,将其进行水解、中和 ,再给水解葛根总黄酮中加入FeCl3 使葛根素与Fe3 + 络合溶解 ,过滤除去其它不溶性物质 ,用盐酸解聚Fe3 + 葛根素络合物 ,则得葛根素粗品 ,将其重结晶可得葛根素。同时 ,利用分光光度法确定了Fe3 + 葛根素络合物解聚的最佳酸度。利用TLC标准品对照、IR和分光光度法对产品进行了定性和定量分析。该方法从葛根中提取葛根素收率为 1 2 % ,纯度为 96 5 % ,具有操作简便、工艺流程简单 ,容易实现工业化的优点。     

正常人及肝细胞癌患者肝脏及血浆中丙酮酸激酶同工酶免疫测定

 分别从人肝及鼠肝中高度纯化L型和M_1型丙酮酸激酶(Pyk),制备相应的免抗血清。从抗血清中纯化IgG并水解成F(ab')_2,进而还原成Fab',后者与辣根过氧物酶(HRP)交联成Fab'-HRP,再利用这两种复合物建立了各自的高灵敏夹心ELISA来免疫定量L及M_2型(与鼠M_1-Pyk有交叉免疫)Pyk,结果发现:正常人肝中95％的Pyk为L型,M_2-Pyk仅占5％,而肝细胞癌中L-Pyk降至正常肝的3.5％,M_2-Pyk却增至正常的14.6倍,以致M_2-Pyk占总量的95.5％。免疫组化研究进一步证实定量的结果,正常人肝L-Pyk染色呈强阳性。M_2-Pyk染色较弱,而肝细胞癌恰好相反,L-Pyk染色明显减退,而M_2-Pyk不仅癌组织染色很深,癌周组织也明显深于正常,而且愈近癌巢,染色愈深。测定血浆Pyk,发现正常人L-Pyk占89.9％,M-Pyk(以M_2计)仅占10.1％。肝细胞癌患者血浆L-Pyk略见降低,为正常值的79.6％,p值在0.02～0.05之间,但血浆M型Pyk明显升高至正常的4.59倍,占Pyk总量的39.6％,并证明主要来源于肝癌组织中的M_2,故M_2-Pyk有可能成为肝细胞癌诊断的新指标。     

稀酸水解玉米芯制备丁二酸

利用正交设计得到稀H2SO4水解玉米芯制备混合糖液的优化工艺:玉米芯料液比1∶5(质量体积比),物料粒径250~380μm、H2SO4用量3%(体积分数)、水解温度126℃、反应时间2.5 h。此工艺条件下的总糖收率达90%,总糖质量浓度为60 g/L,发酵抑制物糠醛含量为0.87 g/L,5-羟甲基糠醛含量为0.68 g/L。在此基础上利用活性炭吸附和Ca(OH)2中和对玉米芯混合糖液进行脱毒及脱盐处理,SO42-脱除率达96%,色素脱除率为96%,糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛及多酚类物质脱除率均高于50%。处理后的玉米芯多组分糖液作为产琥珀酸放线杆菌(Actinobacillus succino-genes)NJ113的发酵C源,当培养基中初始总糖质量浓度为50 g/L时,丁二酸收率为61.68%,丁二酸质量浓度为30.8 g/L;初始总糖质量浓度为70 g/L时,丁二酸收率仍可达50%以上,丁二酸质量浓度为35.2 g/L。发酵实验表明,将经过脱毒脱盐处理的玉米芯多组分糖液替代葡萄糖作为C源发酵制备丁二酸具有可行性。     

中国林蛙变态蝌蚪对pH、盐度和碱度的适应性

在水温16～18℃的野外条件下,采用单因子急性毒性实验法,研究了水环境中pH、盐度和碱度对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)变态蝌蚪的毒性效应．结果表明,中国林蛙变态蝌蚪对pH的适应范围为4．3～9．7,最低耐受限3．6,最高耐受限10．7;对盐度的最高耐受限为9．98g·L^-1,适应盐度上限7．14g·L^-1,安全盐度上限1．70g·L^-1;对碱度的最高耐受限为19．96mmol·L^-1,适应碱度上限8．76mmol·L^-1。安全碱度上限2．41mmol·L^-1．野外变态蝌蚪饲养池水体pH应控制在6．5～8．5,盐度控制在2．0g·L^-1以下,碱度不超过4．0mmol·L^-1．中国林蛙变态蝌蚪是一种狭酸碱、低耐盐、低耐碱生物。     

超声波法提取剑花总皂苷工艺研究

利用超声波法,采用正交实验对剑花总皂苷提取工艺进行研究。结果表明,提取剑花总皂苷的最优条件为:粒度80目,最佳溶剂水,超声时间40 min,溶剂挥干温度80℃,料液比1:20。     

双酶法制备玉米皮膳食纤维的研究

采用蛋白酶和淀粉酶结合水解制备玉米皮膳食纤维,通过正交试验确立了玉米皮膳食纤维的双酶法制备工艺。双酶法制备的玉米皮膳食纤维的产率为59.4%,膳食纤维的蛋白质量分数为0.82%,淀粉质量分数为1.42%,灰分为0.4%,水分质量分数为8.6%,持水力为5.9±0.4 g.g-1。     

猪圆环病毒2型病毒样颗粒的高效组装技术研究*

目的:探索猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)病毒样颗粒(VLPs)的高效组装技术,提高VLPs的稳定性。方法:利用大肠杆菌表达PCV2 Cap蛋白自组装为VLPs,分析不同离子强度下VLPs的稳定性。利用切向流技术添加尿素,降低pH,可使VLPs解组装,利用硫酸铵分级沉淀、阴离子交换层析纯化获得Cap蛋白,去除尿素,提高离子强度和pH,实现VLPs的高效再组装。结果:PCV2 Cap蛋白自组装VLPs在150mmol/L NaCl下稳定性较差,而在500mmol/L NaCl下可提高VLPs的稳定性,但仍较易发生聚集,核酸含量均较高。在150mmol/L NaCl、300mmol/L尿素和pH 5.5的缓冲体系条件下,能够使VLPs解组装。经25%~50%饱和硫酸铵(V/V)分级沉淀粗纯,阴离子交换层析500mmol/L NaCl下洗脱获得精纯Cap蛋白,蛋白质纯度≥95%,并能够有效去除核酸。通过切向流技术去除体系中的尿素,并将NaCl浓度提高至1mol/L、pH提高至8.0,改变蛋白质表面静电荷分布,实现VLPs的高效、均一再组装,组装效率≥99%,回收率为65.85%,并明显提高VLPs的稳定性,能够稳定保存6个月以上。结论:利用硫酸铵分级沉淀、阴离子交换层析纯化获得Cap蛋白,去除尿素,提高离子强度和pH,实现VLPs的高效再组装。     

宫颈特殊染色法、液基薄层细胞学及人乳头瘤病毒检测对宫颈癌前病变的应用价值分析

目的:探讨宫颈特殊染色法(FRD)、液基薄层细胞学(TCT)及人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测对宫颈癌前病变筛查的应用价值。方法:选取2015年1月～2018年1月于我院行宫颈癌筛查的1794例妇女作为研究对象,所有研究对象均接受FRD、TCT、HPV检测,以经阴道镜取样活检结果为阳性标准,对比分析三种不同检测方法以及联合检测的诊断效能。结果:病理科活检检出阳性111例,检出率为6.19%;FDR检测检出阳性114例,检出率为6.35%,漏诊率为16.22%;TCT检测检出阳性115例,检出率为6.41%,漏诊率为19.82%;HPV检测检出阳性108例,检出率为6.02%,漏诊率为19.82%;FRD检测与TCT、HPV检测的检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。FRD检测敏感度为83.78%,特异度为98.75%,阳性预测值为81.58%,阴性预测值为98.93%;TCT检测敏感度为80.18%,特异度为98.46%,阳性预测值为77.39%,阴性预测值为98.69%;HPV检测敏感度为80.18%,特异度为98.87%,阳性预测值为82.41%,阴性预测值为98.70%;FRD、TCT、HPV联合检测敏感度为93.69%,特异度为99.52%,阳性预测值为92.86%,阴性预测值为99.58%;FRD、TCT、HPV联合检测与FRD、TCT、HPV单独检测的敏感度、阳性预测值比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:FRD、TCT、HPV检测对宫颈癌前病变的诊断效能相当,而FRD、TCT、HPV联合检测的诊断效能优于各方法单独检测。     

基于景观尺度下的鄱阳湖湿地浅层土有机碳的空间特征

湿地土壤有机碳研究是全球碳循环研究的基础性工作, 对于准确评估湿地固碳增汇和全球温室气体减排都具有重要意义。以鄱阳湖国家自然保护区为研究区域, 选择六种景观类型(湿地洲滩景观包括受人工控制的碟形湖泊常湖池、半人工控制的碟形湖泊蚌湖、不受人工控制的洲滩前缘泗洲头以及岗地景观包括林地、田地和菜地), 湿地洲滩景观在各1 m高程(泗洲头和蚌湖采样高程10-17 m, 常湖池采样高程12-17 m)内的浅土壤采取3个土壤样品, 岗地景观浅层土壤各采取3个土壤样品, 分析浅层土壤有机碳含量。结果表明, 鄱阳湖不同景观类型的浅层土壤有机碳含量差异性显著。湿地洲滩浅层土壤(特别是0-10 cm土层)的有机碳随高程梯度变化呈现倒U型变化, 即低海拔与高海拔土壤有机碳的含量较中海拔土壤有机碳的含量低, 泗洲头洲滩土层0-10 cm的有机碳含量最高值出现在13-14 m高程, 其中0-10 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为1.56-12.29 g·kg-1, 10-20 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为0.96-8.19 g·kg-1; 蚌湖洲滩土层0-10 cm的有机碳含量最高值出现在14-15 m高程, 其中0-10 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为6.36-23.32 g·kg-1, 10-20 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为4.14-8.88 g·kg-1; 常湖池洲滩土层0-10 cm的有机碳含量最高值出现在16-17 m高程, 其中0-10 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为6.51-18.91 g·kg-1, 10-20 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为3.83-10.05 g·kg-1。岗地浅层土壤有机碳(特别是0-10 cm土层)田地的土壤有机碳含量最高, 菜地土壤有机碳含量最低。比较六种景观类型的浅层土壤有机碳含量, 泗洲头洲滩浅层土壤有机碳含量最低, 蚌湖洲滩浅层土壤有机碳含量最高。六种景观类型的浅层土壤有机碳含量呈现一致的现象是土层0-10 cm的机碳含量明显高于土层10-20 cm的有机碳含量, 说明鄱阳湖国家自然保护区内土壤有机碳含量主要富集在土壤浅层的特征。土壤pH值对湿地土壤有机碳呈显著负相关性, 而土壤含水量、地上部分生物量与土壤有机碳呈显著正相关性。     

人正常腺上皮组织中MUC6基因的表达

应用免疫组织化学和原位杂交方法检测人正常腺上皮中MUC6基因的表达,揭示MUC6基因在正常人腺上皮组织中的分布异质性及其特点.结果显示MUC6基因编码的核心蛋白及其mRNA主要分布于正常胃粘膜胃腺的基底部,上皮细胞无MUC6基因表达,呈细颗粒状,位于细胞核周,胃底、胃窦的表达无区别;十二指肠绒毛上皮内的表达呈弥漫性,均质状,杯状和柱状细胞的表达类似,杯状细胞的粘液滴内未测得MUC6基因产物;空肠、结肠组织中无MUC6基因的表达;胆囊上皮组织内有强阳性MUC6核心蛋白的表达,而宫颈上皮中表达较弱.实验提示MUC6基因的表达存在异质性及器官特异性.     

深圳地铁碳排放量

本文从列车牵引用电和地铁站场用电两方面分析了深圳地铁的碳排放量。首先,计算出深圳地铁2008年牵引用电量为2514万度,2009年为2635万度;地铁站场2008年的用电量为1.08亿度,2009年为1.12亿度。其次,根据南方电网单位电力碳排放量计算出深圳地铁2008年的碳排放量为28053.695吨,旅客人均耗电量为0.984度,旅客人均碳排放量207.025克;2009年为碳排放量28572.561吨,旅客人均耗电量为1.002度,旅客人均碳排放量206.697克。然后,与深圳公交、出租车和香港地铁进行了比较。2008年,由于运量客较少,深圳地铁的旅客人均碳排放量,约为出租车的46%,是深圳公交大巴的1.99倍、中巴的1.26倍。此外,深圳地铁的旅客人均耗电量与香港地铁大致相当,由于香港地铁所用电力的碳排放较低,使得深圳地铁旅客人均碳排放量是香港地铁的1.24倍。最后,对2012年深圳地铁的碳排放进行了预测。结果显示,2012年,深圳地铁的碳排放总量将可能增加9.32倍。客运量约为11.62-7.26亿人次,相应地,旅客人均碳排放量将增加10.86-77.39%。     

Distribution of isotopic label after the oral administration of free and bound 14C-labelled glucosamine in rats

The metabolic fate of [1-(14)C]glucosamine, of N-acetyl[1-(14)C]glucosamine and of glycoproteins labelled with [1-(14)C]glucosamine was studied in rats for a period of 24hr. after these materials were given orally or injected. When [1-(14)C]glucosamine was injected 26.3% of the label was excreted in the urine, 19.7% was expired as carbon dioxide and 12.7% was incorporated into plasma proteins. When the same compound was given orally, 49.2% of the label was expired as carbon dioxide, with little appearing in the urine or in the plasma. When N-acetyl[1-(14)C]glucosamine was injected, 51.3% of the label was excreted in the urine with 12.3% appearing in carbon dioxide, but there was little incorporation into plasma protein. When this compound was given orally, 46.5% of the label was expired as carbon dioxide, 7.4% was recovered in the urine and 1.7% was incorporated into plasma protein. After the injection of (14)C-labelled glycoprotein 21.0% of the label was expired as carbon dioxide, whereas when it was given orally 49.8% of the label was recovered in carbon dioxide. The differences observed between the metabolic fate of the amino sugars when they were given orally and their fate when injected could not be accounted for by the action of the intestinal microflora or by the rate of administration of the material. It is concluded that amino sugars undergo metabolic alteration or degradation during absorption.