波斯小麦醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

应用APAGE技术对来源于16个国家(地区)96份波斯小麦材料进行醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析,结果表明,波斯小麦具有丰富的醇溶蛋白等位变异,共分离出55条迁移率不同的带纹。每份材料可电泳出13～26条,平均18.6条,带纹多态性为100%。96份材料共出现了75种电泳图谱类型,其中31份材料共同拥有10种图谱,剩余的65份材料的电泳图谱各不相同。供试材料间GS值变异范围为0.176～1.000,平均值为0.538。聚类分析表明,在GS值0.538水平上供试材料可聚为五大类群,且遗传聚类关系与材料的地理来源有一定的相关性。     

鹅观草种质资源醇溶蛋白遗传多样性研究

以8个地理类群的90份鹅观草野生种质材料为研究对象,采用A-PAGE(酸性聚丙烯酰胺)凝胶电泳技术进行蛋白质水平遗传多样性检测.研究结果表明,来源于不同居群的鹅观草共分离出26条谱带,每个材料可以分离出5～26条迁移率不同的谱带, 平均谱带数为16.39条,其中平均多态性谱带为12.65条,多态性比例为77.22%;基于供试材料醇溶蛋白每个位点谱带出现的频率,分别计算了地理类群内多样性指数(0.345)和总多样性指数(0.471),类群间的遗传分化系数为26.8%,表明鹅观草变异的73.2% 来源于类群内;90份供试材料醇溶蛋白的Jaccard遗传相似系数变异范围为0.133 3～1.000,平均遗传相似系数为0.395 7;利用种子醇溶蛋白可将90份材料分为12类,鹅观草种质资源之间的亲缘关系呈现出一定的地域性规律;不同地理类群间的遗传多样性指数从高到低的排列顺序依次为云南＞四川＞内蒙古＞新疆＞山西＞甘肃＞宁夏＞河北.因此在进行鹅观草种质资源收集和原地保护时,建议对云南和四川地区的鹅观草种质资源应给予极大关注.     

119份小麦种质资源醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

利用A-PAGE对119份小麦种质资源进行了醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析。结果显示,共分离出蛋白带1 938条,迁移率不同的谱带类型116种,其中编号为10和14的2种谱带出现频率最高,分别为54.62%和96.44%,其余114种谱带类型具有较强的多态性;每个种质材料的醇溶蛋白谱带数为10~24条,大部分为13~19条;供试种质间遗传距离在0.24~0.83,平均为0.54;聚类分析将所测材料分为6大类,与种质资源所反映的系统关系类似,表明醇蛋白在一定程度上能反映种质间的亲缘关系。     

普通小麦品种间醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A—PAGE)对43个不同来源的普通小麦品种进行了醇溶蛋白位点特异性检测,分析了不同基因型间醇溶蛋白的遗传差异和遗传多样性。结果表明：43个供试品种在醇溶蛋白带型上差异显著。醇溶蛋白电泳共分离出51条迁移率不同的带,其中有4条稳定表达带(均为100％表达)．47条具有多态性,占97．6％。供试品种间遗传距离(GD)在0．35～0．82之间,平均值为0．58,遗传变异较大。聚类分析可将其分为5大类。分析认为：供试品种醇溶蛋白变异丰富,存在广泛的遗传多样性。     

人工合成六倍体小麦醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

运用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)技术,对96份人工合成六倍体小麦的醇溶蛋白多样性进行了分析。结果显示,96份人工合成小麦中,共分离出65条不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,其中ω区22条,β和γ区各17条,α区9条,但各醇溶蛋白在电泳图谱中出现的频率差异较大,其变化范围为1.04%~91.67%。醇溶蛋白遗传多样性指数(H′)及多态性信息含量(PIC)分析结果显示,β、ω两个谱带区醇溶蛋白组成最为丰富,而α区最低;聚类分析结果显示,材料间的平均遗传距离为0.86,在遗传距离为0.83水平上,96份材料被划分为4个主要类群,类群间的关系基本反映了合成双二倍体的亲缘关系。研究结果表明,人工合成六倍体小麦醇溶蛋白基因位点表现出广泛的遗传变异,具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

东方小麦(Triticum turanicum Jakubz.) 醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

为了进一步利用东方小麦(Triticum turanicum Jakubz.)遗传资源,对来自埃塞俄比亚、伊拉克、伊朗、阿塞拜疆、阿富汗、摩洛哥等国家共87份东方小麦醇溶蛋白位点的遗传多样性进行了分析.结果发现,供试材料存在丰富的遗传变异,87份材料共产生72种谱带类型,分离出33条带纹,每份材料可电泳11～22条带,平均16条;在α、β、γ和ω四个区均差异较大,分别有16、11、20和20种谱带变异类型.聚类分析发现,醇溶蛋白揭示的材料间遗传多样性与其地理来源有一定关系.     

中国小麦地方品种内和品种间醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

为了揭示中国小麦地方品种内遗传异质性和品种间的遗传多样性,采用A-PAGE方法,对72份来自不同生态区的地方品种进行醇溶蛋白构成分析。结果发现,全部供试地方品种共观察到101条迁移率不同的务带,构成229种醇溶蛋白构型,每个品种醇溶蛋白条带数目为14—24。63份（87．5％）地方品种在品种内具有2种以上醇溶蛋白变异类型,其中,变异类型最多的品种二红皮小麦（ZM004659）30个子粒中有14种之多,多数品种具有2—3种变异类型。品种内醇溶蛋白构型一致的品种共有9个,占12．5％。这表明供试的大多数小麦地方品种内个体间在醇溶蛋白构成上具有遗传异质性。聚类分析表明,相同生态区的地方品种没有整齐地聚为一类。     

基于醇溶蛋白的20份小麦种质遗传完整性分析

采用醇溶蛋白电泳技术对同一品种不同繁殖年份的20份小麦种质进行遗传完整性分析。结果表明：供试种质中有10份具有一种醇溶蛋白谱带带型的同质性种质;另外10份具有2～4种醇溶蛋白谱带带型的异质性种质,其中6份为地方品种。表明地方品种具有较高的遗传多样性。在10份异质性种质中,两个繁殖年份种质之间的醇溶蛋白带型频率变化差异不显著的有5份,其第一繁殖年份的种质发芽率均高于75％,而另外5份存在显著差异的种质,第一年份的发芽率都低于66％。进一步分析表明,这10份异质性种质在两个繁殖年份之间,其发芽率差值与带型频率差值之间呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0．8665。上速结果表明,小麦更新时较高的发芽率是维持异质性种质遗传完整性的关键因素。     

野生垂穗披碱草种质的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE) 对采集自中国新疆、青海、四川、西藏四省区的33份垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans材料进行醇溶蛋白分析,获得下述结果:（1）供试材料共分离出38条带纹,多态率达92.10%。4个电泳分区（α、β、γ、ω）的平均Shannon指数为0.55,Nei-Li遗传相似系数（GS）变异范围为0.36~0.93,平均值为0.63。这些结果说明供试野生垂穗披碱草材料具有较为丰富的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性。（2）对所有材料的聚类分析和主成分分析发现,在GS值为0.67的水平上供试材料可聚成7个类群,绝大部分来自于相同或相似生态地理环境的材料聚成一类,即醇溶蛋白图谱类型与材料的生态地理环境具有一定的相关性。（3）基于Shannon 多样性指数估算了5个垂穗披碱草地理类群内和类群间的遗传分化,发现类群内遗传变异占总变异的42.94 %,而类群间的遗传变异占总变异的57.06 %。这可能与该草以自花传粉为主的繁育系统有关。（4）对各地理类群基于Nei氏无偏估计的遗传一致度的聚类分析表明,各地理类群间的遗传分化与其所处的地理生态环境具有较高的相关性。 .     

青藏高原青稞品种醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性

利用A-PAGE（acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis）法对来自中国青藏高原地区67份青稞品种进行了醇溶蛋白位点的遗传多样性研究。共分离出29条相对迁移率不同的条带,多态性为100％。所有材料在Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ醇溶蛋白位点分别发现了36、46和7种等位变异类型,总变异数以四川材料为最高,甘肃材料为最少,等位变异类型频率在地区间的分布存在显著或极显著差异。4个青稞群体醇溶蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅱ位点的遗传多样性均略大于Ⅲ位点的遗传多样性,4个地区材料的平均遗传多样性无显著性差异。聚类分析结果表明,67份材料可分成A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H8类,材料聚类与其生长的地区有明显的相关性。     

醇溶蛋白水平上甘、青两省春小麦品种间的遗传多样性现状及演变趋势

用APAGE技术检测了43个春小麦品种在醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传变异,在计算Jaccard相似系数的基础上用UPGMA方法进行聚类分析。共得到42种不同的带型,电泳共分离出37条带,其中33条具有多态性。品种间在醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传距离变异范围很大(0．0000～0．8148),平均遗传距离GD=0．5073。说明43个品种在醇溶蛋白编码位点上存在较大变异。聚类结果显示,除佛手麦白成一类外(GS=0．28),地方品种和引进品种与大多数育成品种(GS=0．46)分属不同的亚类,说明育成品种同地方品种和引进品种在醇溶蛋白编码基因上存在较大变异。育成品种间在醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传多样性程度不高,这一结果提示在这一地区进行与醇溶蛋白相关的品质育种很难在现有的育成品种间杂交的基础上取得成功。从遗传多样性的演变趋势来看,历史上以地方品种间醇溶蛋白的遗传变异程度最大(GD=0．5455),50年代引进品种变异程度最小(GD=0．3310)。从60～90年代,育成品种醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传多样性有一先增后减的过程,但总体上变异程度要低于地方品种,其原因与亲本单一和育种目标由高产到优质变化条件下人工选择压由弱到强有关。     

小麦耐盐种质遗传多样性的RAPD分析

选用２２个引物对２４份小麦耐盐种质进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,共产生２００条扩增片段,多态性片段数为１７２条,扩增片段的多态性百分率为８６％,利用ＮＹＳＴＳ软件根据Ｊａｃｃａｒｄ系统分析ＲＡＰＤ结果,并按ＵＰＧＭＡ类平均法进行聚类。２４份材料相似系数在０．２１￣０．９７之间,其中含有多枝赖草、黑麦和偃麦草等外源染色体的多１７４、ＷＲ８３０和南前１２７被分别在３个独立的组,多１７４和南前１２７的亲关系最远,相     

Genetic diversity in Chinese modern wheat varieties revealed by microsatellite markers

Genetic diversity of 1680 modern varieties in Chinese candidate core collections was analyzed at 78 SSR loci by fluorescence detection system. A total of 1336 alleles were detected, of which 1253 alleles could be annotated into 71 loci. For these 71 loci, the alleles ranged from 4 to 44 with an average of 17.6, and the PIC values changed from 0.19 to 0.89 with an average of 0.69. (1) In the three genomes of wheat, the average genetic richness was B>A>D, and the genetic diversity indexes were B>D>A. (2) Among the seven homoeologous groups, the average genetic richness was 2=7>3>4>6>5>1, and the genetic diversity indexes were 7>3>2>4>6>5>1. As a whole, group 7 possessed the highest genetic diversity, while groups 1 and 5 were the lowest. (3) In the 21 wheat chromosomes, 7A, 3B and 2D possessed much higher genetic diversity, while 2A, 1B, 4D, 5D and 1D were the lowest. (4) The highest average genetic diversity index existed in varieties bred in the 1950s, and then it declined continually. However, the change tendency of genetic diversity among decades was not greatly sharp. This was further illustrated by changes of the average genetic distance between varieties. In the 1950s it was the largest (0.731). Since the 1960s, it has decreased gradually (0.711, 0.706, 0.696, 0.695). The genetic base of modern varieties is becoming narrower and narrower. This should be given enough attention by breeders and policy makers.     

Genetic diversity in Chinese modern wheat varieties revealed by microsatellite markers

Genetic diversity of 1680 modern varieties in Chinese candidate core collections was analyzed at 78 SSR loci by fluorescence detection system. A total of 1336 alleles were detected, of which 1253 alleles could be annotated into 71 loci. For these 71 loci, the alleles ranged from 4 to 44 with an average of 17.6, and the PIC values changed from 0.19 to 0.89 with an average of 0.69. (1) In the three genomes of wheat, the average genetic richness was B>A>D, and the genetic diversity indexes were B>D>A. (2) Among the seven homoeologous groups, the average genetic richness was 2=7>3>4>6>5>1, and the genetic diversity indexes were 7>3>2>4>6>5>1. As a whole, group 7 possessed the highest genetic diversity, while groups 1 and 5 were the lowest. (3) In the 21 wheat chromosomes, 7A, 3B and 2D possessed much higher genetic diversity, while 2A, 1B, 4D, 5D and 1D were the lowest. (4) The highest average genetic diversity index existed in varieties bred in the 1950s, and then it declined continually. However, the change tendency of genetic diversity among decades was not greatly sharp. This was further illustrated by changes of the average genetic distance between varieties. In the 1950s it was the largest (0.731). Since the 1960s, it has decreased gradually (0.711, 0.706, 0.696, 0.695). The genetic base of modern varieties is becoming narrower and narrower. This should be given enough attention by breeders and policy makers.     

Genetic diversity of French common wheat germplasm based on gliadin alleles

 Analysis of gliadin electrophoretic (APAGE) patterns made it possible to identify 79 alleles at six Gli-1 and Gli-2 loci (from 9 to 18 per locus) and 173 gliadin genotypes in the 187 French common wheat cultivars considered. Six new alleles were registered in the catalogue of gliadin alleles. The genetic diversity of French common wheats was found to be high (H=0.714) and had not changed much during the last 25–50 years. Analysis of genetic distances showed some gradual changes in French wheat germplasm over the course of time. Genetic distances between French and several European wheat germplasm were analysed; genotypes of European wheats were found to relate very distantly to Canadian genotypes. The considerable differentiation of wheat genotypes from different countries and cereal companies might be caused by breeders’ personal preferences and by hidden natural selection specific to each local environment. In French cultivars, genetic variation in earliness, and in the North/South habit of the cultivars studied, correlated significantly with allelic variation at Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-D2 for earliness, and at Gli-D2 for the North/ South habit. Early and late cultivars are grown mainly in Southern and Northern France, respectively (r ²=0.30). Cultivars having either the 1B/1R translocation or allele Gli-D2g are, on average, later and more resistant to cold; they hence are grown in the North of France. Alternatively, cultivars with the allele Gli-D2m are earlier and cold-sensitive, and are grown in the South of France. Received: 5 February 1997 / Accepted: 19 September 1997     

小麦抗旱种质资源的遗传多样性

在雨养和灌水条件下,田间栽培小麦抗旱材料。根据结实器官建成与物候期、生育期的对应关系,通过供试材料产量构成因素的旱、水表现,分析在各因素形成时期的抗旱性。分别以抗旱系数和抗旱指数作为评价抗旱性的指标,通过聚类分析供试材料的遗传多样性。结果发现有些材料表现为全生育期抗旱,而有些材料只在苗期、拔节期、开花期和灌浆期等一个或几个生育时期表现抗旱;有的材料表现为抗旱高产,但有的材料产量水平较低;同时还发现部分抗旱种质资源在灌水条件下有较大的增产潜力。     

小麦籽粒品质性状的杂种优势和相关分析

以6个小麦品种（系）组配的6个杂交组合F1为供试材料,对其籽粒品质性状进行了杂种优化、性状相关和亲子相关分析。结果表明：（1）粉质参数中的形成时间和稳定时间杂种优势最强,分别为56.49％和32.23％;籽粒蛋白质含量和硬度的优势最弱,分别为-2.73％和-0.9046％;沉淀值和湿面筋含量的优势居中,分别为6.88％和5.88％。（2）粉质参数中的吸水率、稳定时间同其它几个指标之间呈显著或极显著相关;沉淀值与籽粒蛋白质含量呈正相关,但不显著,与湿面筋含量呈显著负相关;湿面筋含量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著负相关。（3）杂种F1的籽粒Zeleny沉淀值与高亲值,低亲值和中亲值呈显著和极显著正相关;籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量与高亲值,低亲值和中亲值呈负相关或不相关。     

Genetic diversity in a collection of old and new bread wheat cultivars from Iran as revealed by simple sequence repeat-based analysis

Genetic diversity in a collection of 70 bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) genotypes was studied using 73 microsatellite [simple sequence repeat (SSR)] loci evenly spaced on wheat chromosomes. A total of 592 alleles with an average of 8.53 allele/locus were detected, of which 185 (31.25%) occurred only in a specific group of genotypes. A set of SSR markers consisted of 22 loci with polymorphic information content values of 0.80 or higher were selected for rapid fingerprinting of many genotypes. Average of gene diversity was 0.74 ± 0.017, and significant difference between observed and maximum theoretical values of gene diversity in the analysed SSR loci was obtained using a paired t -test. Genetic distance-based clustering methods including unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average and neighbour joining (NJ) were used for grouping of genotypes. The resulted dendrogram based on NJ and number of differences coefficient hinted of the existence of three groups. This grouping was in agreement with the pedigree information and confirmed by high within-group bootstrap value. A comparatively higher genetic diversity in the studied wheat collection as revealed by presence of high allelic diversity and large number of specific alleles could be utilised in development of new cultivars with desired characteristics.     

小麦种子活力性状的遗传变异和相关研究

本研究利用12个普通小麦品种对10个种子活力性状的遗传变异和相关研究,表明除正常幼苗百分率外,其余种子活力性状在品种间均存在显著的差异。种子贮藏物质转换效率、电导率两个性状问及与其它性状均无显著的遗传相关,因此对他们的选择不会影响到其它性状。通径分析表明幼苗干重主要取决于种子贮藏物质转换效率、种子贮藏物质利用速率;发芽指数主要由平均发芽时间决定。电导率、发芽势、幼苗于重、种子干重、发芽指数、种子贮藏物质消耗比率6个性状表现中到高的遗传力、遗传变异系数和相对遗传进展,指明通过遗传育种手段改良这些性状是可能的。