Immunolocalization of atrial natriuretic peptide in mast cells of human and rat pericardium

It is known that various heart disorders are accompanied by an elevated level of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis, in the pericardial fluid. Which cells produce ANP in the pericardial cavity is unclear. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we examined ANP localization in human and rat pericardium. ANP-immunobinding material was found in granules of mast cells (MC) localized in pericardial connective tissue. In rat pericardium, the average MC size is 6.5 × 12.5 μm and the MC density is about 50 cells per 1 mm² section area. For the human pericardium, these parameters are 9.1 × 13.6 μm and 10 cells per 1 mm², respectively. The results show that MCs are probably implicated in the pericardial endocrine function and in controlling the ANP level in the pericardial cavity.     

心钠素表达细胞移植降低高血压大鼠的血压和增加其尿量

为探讨心钠素基因转移治疗高血压和慢性心肾功能衰竭等慢性疾病的潜力,首先利用逆转录病毒载体获得可表达和分泌人心钠素的遗传工程细胞,然后将这种细胞植于自发性高血压大鼠SHR的皮下。结果发现,人心钠素遗传工程细胞的移植可使动物血浆中的心钠素浓度在移植后第7天时明显升高。在整个实验期间,虽然实验组动物的血压会随个体发育而逐渐升高,但在实验开始后的42 d内却始终明显低于空载体组,其中第14天血压的差异高达33 mm Hg。在实验开始后的第14天和第21天,实验组动物的尿量也明显增加。以上结果说明,人心钠素遗传工程细胞的皮下移植可明显抑制SHR大鼠血压的上升趋势和改善其泌尿功能,提示该方法具有治疗高血压和慢性心肾功能衰竭等慢性疾病的潜力。     

Interaction of atrial natriuretic factor and endothelin-1 signals through receptor guanylate cyclase in pulmonary artery endothelial cells

The endothelial cell has a unique intrinsic feature: it produces a most potent vasopressor peptide hormone, endothelin (ET-1), yet it also contains a signaling system of an equally potent hypotensive hormone, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). This raises two related curious questions: does the endothelial cell also contain an ET-1 signaling system? If yes, how do the two systems interact with each other? The present investigation was undertaken to determine such a possibility. Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells were chosen as a model system. Identity of the ANF receptor guanylate cyclase was probed with a specific polyclonal antibody to the 180 kDa membrane guanylate cyclase (mGC) ANF receptor. A Western-blot analysis of GTP-affinity-purified endothelial cell membrane proteins recognized a 180 kDa band; the same antibody inhibited the ANF-stimulated guanylate cyclase activity; the ANF-dependent rise of cyclic GMP in the intact cells was dose-dependent. By affinity cross-linking technique, a predominant 55 kDa membrane protein band was specifically labeled with [¹²⁵I]ET-1. ET-1 treatment of the cells showed a migration of the protein kinase C (PKC) activity from cytosol to the plasma membrane; ET-1 inhibited the ANF-dependent production of cyclic GMP in a dose-dependent fashion with an EC₅₀ of 100 nM. This inhibitory effect was duplicated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a known PKC-activator. The EC₅₀ of PMA was 5 nM. A PKC inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinyl-sulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine (H-7), blocked the PMA-dependent attenuation of ANF-dependent cyclic GMP formation. These results demonstrate that the 180 kDa mGC-coupled ANF and ET-1 signaling systems coexist in endothelial cells and that the ET-1 signal negates the ANF-dependent guanylate cyclase activity and cyclic GMP formation. Furthermore, these results support the paracrine and/or autocrine role of ET-1.     

侧脑室注入心钠素对清醒大鼠高渗氯化钠诱发的加压素释放的影响

本实验利用放射免疫分析方法观察了侧脑室注入心钠素(ANF)对清醒大鼠高渗NaCl诱发的精氨酸加压素(AVP)释放的影响。结果表明,侧脑室注入高渗NaCl有明显刺激AVP释放的作用,ANP的预处理对高渗NaCl诱发的AVP释放则具有明显的抑制作用。ANF对AVP的基础释放无明显影响。这提示ANF在脑内可能作为一种神经递质或神经调制物影响渗透性AVP释放。     

血管钠肽、 C型钠尿肽和心房钠尿肽舒血管作用的对比

本实验采用离体血管灌流方法,观察和比较血管钠肽（ＶＮＰ）,Ｃ型钠尿肽（ＣＮＰ）和心房钠尿肽（ＡＮＰ）对大鼠肺动脉,腹主动脉和腹腔静脉的舒张作用。．结果表明,ＶＮＰ,ＣＮＰ和ＡＮＰ对离体大鼠的保留内皮与去内皮的肺动脉,腹主动脉和腹腔静脉均有浓度依赖性舒张作用。     

吗啡耐受大鼠心房心钠素的释放及其基因转录

本工作应用心钠素放射免疫测定和分子杂交技术首次发现,吗啡耐受大鼠血浆心钠素水平显著降低,心房内心钠素含量明显升高,同时心房内心钠素特异性mRNA水平也相应提高,提示在吗啡耐受时大鼠心房内心钠素的合成和贮存增加,释放减少。     

Three immunologically similar atrial natriuretic factor receptors

One of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) receptors is a 180 kDa protein (180 kDa mGC) which possesses the extraordinary characteristic of being bifunctional: it is both a receptor and a guanylate cyclase. In addition to the 180 kDa mGC, there exists another 120–130 kDa protein which is also bifunctional and a 120 kDa disulfide-linked dimeric cell surface protein that is an ANF receptor, but is not a part of guanylate cyclase. A fundamental question that needs to be resolved is: Are these three apparently biochemically distinct ANF receptors structurally similar? With the aid of affinity crosslinking techniques, a highly specific antibody to the 180 kDa mGC, and GTP-affinity techniques, we now demonstrate the presence of three immunologically similar proteins in rat adrenal gland and testes. These proteins migrate as 180 kDa, 130 kDa and 65 kDa under denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specifically bind ANF, raising one or more of the following possibilities about their relationships: 1) Degradation of 180 kDa to 130 kDa and 65 kDa occurs during purification; 2) 180 kDa bears a precursor-product relationship with 130 kDa and 65 kDa, suggesting the role of a protease in the processing procedure; 3) these proteins are a result of gene splicing; or 4) they are the products of three separate, but very closely related genes.     

Alterations in atrial natriuretic peptide and its receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat kidneys

In this study the effect of diabetes mellitus on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rat kidneys was studied. Moreover, plasma ANP concentration was evaluated in diabetic and control rats by using radioimmunoassay. In addition, the expression of ANP in the kidneys of control and diabetic rats was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Body-weight loss and increased glucose levels were used as indices of diabetes mellitus in the STZ-induced rats. There was a significant loss in the body weight of the diabetic rats compared to controls. The efficacy of STZ administration was confirmed by rising blood glucose levels, which were significantly higher in diabetic rats compared to controls. Plasma ANP concentration was significantly greater in the diabetic rats in comparison with controls. Moreover, our immunohistochemical results show that the expression of ANP in diabetic rats was higher than that in age-matched controls. ANP was observed in the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules in the cortex. The distribution and levels of ANP receptors in the kidneys of diabetic rats and age-matched controls were investigated using quantitative receptor autoradiography. Our results demonstrate significant decrease in ANP receptors in the kidneys of the diabetic rats compared to controls. The significant decrease was found in the juxtaglomerular medulla, inner medulla, and the papillae. The decrease in ANP receptors observed in the diabetic kidneys could have pathological consequences resulting in renal resistance to ANP in diabetes. (Mol Cell Biochem 261: 3–8, 2004)     

High-affinity binding sites for bombesin on mouse colonic mucosal membranes

Summary We examined the possibility that rat atrial granules may contain a pro-ANF processing protease. Isolated atrial granules were lysed either by detergent, osmotic shock or sonication and incubated at 37° C. Pro-ANF processing and/or degradation were followed by radioimmunoassays and Western blotting using three antibodies which are specific either to the N-terminus, the C-terminus or the processing site (98–99) of pro-ANF. Whatever the method used for the lysis of the granules, we failed to detect any production of ANF (99–I26) and ANF (1–98). However, slight degradation of pro-ANF was recorded probably due to contamination by lysosomal proteases. The in vitro system was validated by addition of thrombin to lysed granules which resulted in a rapid disappearance of the immunoreactivity related to the processing site. These results suggest that the rat atrial granules do not contain any active processing enzyme unless adequate incubation conditions were not met to express its enzymatic activity. The atrial granules may not be directly involved in the maturation of pro-ANF.     

Rat atrial natriuretic factor: Isolation,structure and biological activities of four major peptides

Four peptides possessing both natriuretic activity and smooth muscle relaxant activity were isolated from rat atrium and their amino acid sequences determined. The four peptides designated ANF-I, ANF-II, ANF-III and ANF-IV containing 35, 31, 30 and 25 amino acid residues, respectively, were obtained in a molar ratio of 4:60:20:16. The predominant species ANF-II, which may represent the native form of ANF, has the following sequence: (H₂N)-G-P-R-S-L-R-R-S-S-C-F-G-G-R-I-D-R-I-G-A-Q-S-G-L-G-C-N-S-F-R-Y-(COOH) in which Cys-10 and Cys-26 are disulfide linked. Cleavage of the aspartyl linkage at position 16 by staphylococcal protease caused complete inactivation, indicating that the ring conformation is essential. The dose-response relationships determined for the four pepdides in relaxing norepinephrine-induced contraction of rabbit thoracic aorta showed half-maximum relaxation at concentrations ranging from 1.5 × 10^?9 to 2.5 × 10^?9 M. Comparable dose-response relationships were observed in relaxation of carbacol-induced contraction of chick rectum strips as tested with ANF-II and ANF-IV.     

心房钠尿肽对内毒素血症大鼠肺动脉和主动脉舒缩的影响

目的:探讨心房钠尿肽(ANP)对内毒素血症大鼠(ETR)肺动脉和主动脉内皮和平滑肌细胞的调节作用.方法:24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组,模型组(LPS组),治疗组(ANP组).各组分别静脉注射生理盐水、2 mg/kg的LPS和2 mg/kg LPS与2μg/kg的ANP,4 h后处死动物分离肺动脉、主动脉,进行离体血管务体外灌注实验.结果:LPS组、ANP治疗组主动脉环和LPS组肺动脉环对去甲肾上腺素(NE)引起的收缩作用在NE低浓度时较对照组减弱(P＜0.01),在较高浓度时较对照组均明显增强(P＜0.01);主动脉环ANP治疗组与LPS组无显著差异(P＞0.05);肺动脉环ANP治疗组与对照组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05).ANP可明显改善ETR离体主动脉和肺动脉对乙酰胆碱(ACh)的舒张反应(P＜0.01),ANP可提高ETR离体主动脉和主动脉环对硝普钠(SNP)引起的舒张反应的敏感性(P＜0.01).结论:ANP对ETR肺动脉和主动脉内皮和平滑肌细胞可能存在调节作用.     

牵拉猫左心房所致的肾效应

本实验在50只麻醉猫中研究了牵拉左心房(LAS)对尿量(UV)、尿钠(U_(Na)V)和尿钾(U_KV)排出量的影响。在迷走神经完整的动物,LAS 导致 UV,U_(Na)V 和 U_KV(P<0.001)明显增加。切断迷走神经后 LAS 仍能使 UV,U_(Na)V 有所增加(p<0.01),但增加量明显低于迷走神经完整的动物(P<0.005)。在迷走神经完整的猫滴注肝素(10U/min/mg)后,LAS 也能引起 UV,U_(Na)V 和 U_KV 的增加,但增值明显低于没有滴注肝素的猫。在迷走神经切除后滴入肝素,则 LAS 的肾效应消失(p>0.05)。切断左侧肾神经后,LAS 引起神经完整肾尿量和尿钠排出显著增加(P<0.001)。而去神经肾对 LAS 的效应虽减弱,但其增值仍有显著性。两侧肾效应的差异,在统计学上是显著的(P<0.05)。上述结果说明,LAS 在麻醉猫中能引起尿量,尿钠和尿钾明显增加,这些效应是神经反射和体液机制共同作用的结果。     

基因定点诱变删除及天然α型心钠素的分泌型表达

用基因定点诱变技术,删除了pO_1α ANF表达质粒中的33对碱基,使人α型心钠素结构基因直接与大肠杆菌分泌型表达质粒pIN-Ⅲ-OmPA中的信号肽酶切位点编码区相连,构成天然人α型心钠素的表达质粒pANF,在IPTG诱导下表达28肽的天然人α型心钠素。纯化后的表达产物具有天然心钠素的放免活性和很强的舒张血管的生物活性。     

Central natriuretic peptides regulation of peripheral atrial natriuretic factor release

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) receptors have been described in encephalic areas and nuclei related to the regulation of cardiovascular as well as sodium and water homeostasis. Stimulation of the anterior ventral third ventricular region of the brain modifies plasma ANF concentration, suggesting the participation of the central nervous system in the regulation of circulating ANF. The aim of this work was to study the effect of centrally applied ANF or CNP on plasma ANF. Normal and blood volume expanded rats (0.8 ml isotonic saline/100 g body weight) were intra cerebralventricularly injected with 1, 10 or 100 ng/μl/min ANF. Blood volume expanded animals were also centrally injected with the same doses of CNP. Blood samples were collected at 5 and 15 min. after intracerebralventricular administration of either ANF or CNP. Centrally applied ANF did not affect circulating ANF in normal blood volume rats. In blood volume expanded animals both ANF (1, 10 or 100 ng/μl/min) and CNP (1 ng/μl/min) decreased plasma ANF concentration after 15 min. Moreover, CNP (10 and 100 ng/μl/min) lowered circulating ANF levels not only at 15 min but also at 5 min. Neither ANF nor CNP elicited any change in mean arterial pressure and heart rate in normal and blood volume expanded rats. These results suggest the existence of a central regulation exerted by natriuretic peptides on circulating ANF levels. Furthermore, this is the first study reporting an effect on plasma ANF induced by centrally applied CNP.     

The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) system in the pronephros and mesonephros of Bufo bufo larvae

In this study on the excretory apparatus of the Bufo bufo larvae, the ultrastructural features and the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-system were examined using cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods. The early embryonic kidney, the pronephros, is replaced by a later stage, the mesonephros. The pronephros degenerates at the time of metamorphosis and the mesonephros becomes the functional kidney in the adult. Both these organs are targets for ANP, demonstrated by the presence of the specific receptors, indirectly highlighted by the cytochemical localization of the guanylate cyclase in the presence of exogenous atrial natriuretic peptide. This study concluded that the mesonephros produces ANP and thus clusters of cells containing ANP-like granules, positive to the anti-α ANP immunolocalization, were present along the mesonephric proximal tubule. The atrial natriuretic peptide system carries out an important osmoregulatory role in the excretory apparatus.     

心房钠尿因子对豚鼠窦房结自律性的影响

用微电极技术研究表明,分别灌流心房钠尿因子(ANF)0.025和0.05μmol/L 7min 后,豚鼠窦房结细胞的自发节律无明显变化,而用0.1μmol/L 灌流时,其自发节律明显降低7%(P<0.01)。但当上述三种浓度 ANF 和异丙肾上腺素混合液灌流时,自发节律分别降低4,12和22%。这些结果表明,ANF 能抑制异丙肾上腺素的阳性变时效应。其机理可能与 ANF 阻滞窦房结细胞的 T 型钙通道电流有关。     

Distribution of atrial natriuretic factor in fetal rat atria and ventricles

Summary An immunohistochemical study of rat fetal hearts at 20 days of gestation revealed the presence of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in cardiocytes of the left and right atria as well as in certain cells is the left and right ventricles. In the atria, cells of the adluminal pectinate muscles appear more densely labeled than the more peripheral mural cells. In the ventricles, immunoreactive cells were found only in adluminal cardiocytes of the presumptive trabeculae and papillary muscles. The results indicate that ANF is synthesized in the perinatal heart, and that the presence of this hormone in the ventricular cardiocytes may be of only temporary nature during certain stages of pre- and postnatal development.Supported by Miami Valley Chapter of American Heart Association MVH-86-019 and MVH-86-010     

大鼠侧脑室注射高渗盐水引起血压上升过程中心房钠尿肽和血管升压素的变化

为研究中枢渗透压刺激升压的机制,在大鼠侧脑室内给予高滲人工脑脊液,记录颈动脉压和心率变化,给药10min 后,用放射免疫法测定血浆、下丘脑和垂体中的心房钠尿肽和升压素。结果表明:中枢给予高渗人工脑脊液后,血浆中升压素水平明显增加,心房钠尿肽没有明显改变,下丘脑和垂体中的心房钠尿肽含量增加,而升压素含量下降。     

Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits adenylate cyclase activity

The synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) (8- 33AA ) inhibited adenylate cyclase activity in aorta washed particles, mesenteric artery, and renal artery homogenates in a concentration dependent manner with an apparent Ki between 0.1 to 1nM . The extent of inhibition of adenylate cyclase by ANF varied from tissue to tissue. The adenylate cyclase from mesenteric artery and renal artery was inhibited to a greater extent as compared to that from aorta. ANF was also able to inhibit the stimulatory effects of hormones on adenylate cyclase activity and of agents such as F- and forskolin which activate adenylate cyclase by receptor- independent mechanism. In addition, ANF showed an additive effect with the inhibitory response of angiotensin II on adenylate cyclase from rat aorta. These studies for the first time demonstrate that ANF is an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase of several systems.     

C型钠尿肽的扩血管作用及机制

目的和方法：用常规离体血管灌流方法,观察钠尿肽家族新成员C型钠尿钛（CNP）对家兔腹主静脉及腹主动脉的作用及作用机制。结果：CNP在10^-1-10^-6mol/L浓度范围内对家兔静脉及动脉均呈剂量依赖性的舒张效应。其对静脉的作用与硝酸甘油（NTG）相似,且扩血管作用无ANP强,以腹主动脉为主对象分别施加阿托品（10^-7mol/L）,酚妥拉明（20μg）或消炎痛（20μg）等均不影响CNP的舒血管作用,优降糖和心得安可明显降低CNP对腹主动脉的舒张作用。CNP在基础状态下提前加入不抑制NE的缩血管反应。结论：CNP可能是一种静脉系统的扩张剂,同时亦是调节动脉张力的选择性调节肽,CNP舒血管作用机制至少有两途径：一是与K^ -ATP通道的开放有关,二是与激活β受体有关。