多功能降解菌Pseudomonas putida KT2440-DOP的构建与降解特性研究

三唑磷水解酶基因为研究发现的一个新的广谱有机磷水解酶基因,通过PCR从有机磷降解菌株Ochrobactrum sp. Mp4总DNA扩增了tpd,将tpd定向克隆到pBBRMCS5载体上,构建重组质粒pTPD,在辅助质粒pRK2013 的帮助下,通过三亲接合将pTPD转移到模式菌株Pseudomonas putida KT2440中,获得的工程菌Pseudomonas putida KT2440DOP可以降解多种有机磷农药及芳香烃化合物;KT2440DOP的有机磷水解酶活较出发菌株MP4提高了一倍左右,且遗传性状稳定。     

甲基对硫磷水解酶的重组表达及其纯化和性质研究

用PCR方法获得甲基对硫磷水解酶编码基因,构建了重组表达质粒pET29a_mpd,将其转化至Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导表达,得到C末端含有6个寡聚组氨酸的甲基对硫磷水解酶,用NiNTA亲和层析纯化得到具有活性的甲基对硫磷水解酶。测定了环境因素对酶活性的影响及酶动力学参数。甲基对硫磷水解酶水解甲基对硫磷时,最适pH86～8.8,最佳反应温度15℃;Mn2+、Zn2+、Cu2+可使酶活性增加15%～20%,Ca2+、Mg2+微弱地促进酶的作用,Ni2+对酶活性几乎无影响;1mmol/L EDTA·Na2+几乎不影响酶的活性,而10mmol/L EDTA·Na2+对甲基对硫磷水解酶有较强的抑制作用。甲基对硫磷水解酶水解乙基对硫磷时,最适pH86。25℃时,该酶对甲基对硫磷的米氏常数Km为（68.6 ± 5.1）μmol/L,kcat为（45 ± 6 ）S-1;对乙基对硫磷的米氏常数Km为（59.5 ± 6.0）μmol/L,kcat为（8 ± 1） S-1。Kcat/Km表明甲基对硫磷水解酶对甲基对硫磷的催化效率更高。     

同源重组法构建多功能农药降解基因工程菌研究

构建遗传稳定的多功能农药降解基因工程菌可以为农药污染的生物修复提供良好的菌种资源,然而,构建遗传稳定且不带入外源抗性的基因工程菌是一个难点。通过以受体菌的16S rDNA为同源重组指导序列、sacB基因为双交换正筛选标记构建同源重组载体,二亲结合的方法将甲基对硫磷水解酶基因（mpd）整合到呋喃丹降解菌Sphingomonas sp.CDS1染色体的16S rDNA位点,分别成功构建了含1个和2个mpd基因插入到rDNA位点且不带入外源抗性的基因工程菌株CDSmpd和CDS-2mpd。同源重组单交换的效率为3.7×10^－7～6.8×10^－7。通过PCR和Southern杂交的方法验证了同源重组事件。基因工程菌遗传稳定,能同时降解甲基对硫磷和呋喃丹。甲基对硫磷水解酶（MPH）的比活在各生长时期均高于原始出发菌株,比活最高达6.22 mu/μg。     

阿维链霉菌bkdF的基因中断对阿维菌素合成的影响

以阿维菌素 B组分菌株Streptomyces avermitilis Bjbm0006为出发菌株,用PCR方法构建支链α酮酸脱氢酶基因bkdF（Branchedchain αketo acid dehydrogenase gene）的重组质粒pHJ5816 (pHZ1358/bkdF&Ermr)对其进行基因中断,得到重组菌株Bjbm5816。经HPLC检测和核磁共振分析发现,Bjbm5816发酵产物产生的单一组分新化合物为OligomycinA。     

双价杀虫蛋白基因在荧光假单胞菌中的表达及增效

利用广宿主质粒载体pJMS6αlac将苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)杀虫晶体蛋白基因cry1Ac和cry2Aa基因分别及一起进行克隆,将重组质粒导入能在多种作物上定殖、对植物病菌有良好抑菌和防治作用的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)P303菌株,分别得到工程菌株IPP101、IPP201和IPP202。PCRRFLP和Southern blot检测均证明目的基因已经导入了工程菌。SDSPAGE电泳显示工程菌中存在明显的Cry1Ac蛋白带;透射电镜观察发现含cry1Ac基因的两个菌株IPP101和IPP202中杀虫蛋白形成了典型的菱形晶体和蛋白包含体,而在野生P303菌株中均无这些结构。这些结果说明,工程菌中cry1Ac基因得到了很好表达。室内杀虫试验表明：工程菌对棉铃虫初孵幼虫的致死中浓度(LC50),只含cry1Ac的IPP101为000812mL/g饲料,只含cry2Aa的IPP201为002604mL/g饲料,含双基因的IPP202为000186mL/g饲料;HD73为000170mL/g饲料。cry1Ac和cry2Aa双基因表达产物具有显著增效作用,共毒系数达3328。     

一株硅酸盐细菌的鉴定及其系统发育学分析

从南京地区黄棕壤中分离的一株好氧、革兰氏阴性、产芽孢的硅酸盐细菌NBT菌株,能产生丰厚的荚膜,具有鞭毛,能水解淀粉、产生吲哚、液化明胶,全细胞脂肪酸为硬脂酸C16∶0、软脂酸C18∶1(Δ9)和anteisoC15,DNA的G+C mol%为537%。16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育学分析的结果表明,该菌株与胶质芽孢杆菌B7519（Bacillus mucilaginosus）、土壤芽孢杆菌B7517（B. edaphicus）亲缘关系最近。该菌株与B. edaphicus B7517的总DNA杂交率为69%,在形态、生理生化特征上有差异,故可把NBT菌株定为Bacillus edaphicus的一个亚种。     

编码1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶基因的克隆和表达

采用PCR法克隆了巴氏梭菌（Clostridium pasteurianum）CpN86菌株编码1,3丙二醇氧化还原酶基因（dhaT基因）;完成了dhaT基因测序、表达载体构建和在大肠杆菌中表达;分离和纯化了dhaT基因表达的重组蛋白。实验结果：（1）PCR法克隆的dhaT基因和肺炎克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella pneumoniae菌株dhaT基因的序列同源性为829%;（2）dhaT基因表达蛋白的酶活为108U/mg;（3）dhaT基因表达的蛋白分子量为43kD;（4）Western blot确定了dhaT基因表达的蛋白和 CpN86菌株天然蛋白有相同的抗原反应。     

对硝基苯酚降解菌P3的分离、降解特性及基因工程菌的构建

分离到一株假单胞菌 (Pseudomonassp .)P3 ,该菌能够以对硝基苯酚为唯一碳源和氮源进行生长。在有外加氮源的条件下 ,P3降解对硝基苯酚并在培养液中积累亚硝酸根。P3有比较广泛的底物适应性 ,对多种芳香族化合物都有降解能力。不同金属离子对P3降解对硝基苯酚有不同的作用。葡萄糖的存在对P3降解对硝基苯酚无明显促进作用 ,而微量酵母粉可以大大促进P3对硝基苯酚的降解。以P3为受体菌 ,通过接合转移的手段将甲基对硫磷水解酶基因mpd克隆至P3菌中 ,获得了表达甲基对硫磷水解酶活性的基因工程菌PM ,PM能够以甲基对硫磷为唯一碳源进行生长。工程菌PM具有较高的甲基对硫磷降解活性及稳定性     

扣囊复膜孢酵母β-葡萄糖苷酶基因在毕赤酵母中的克隆与表达

利用PCR技术,从扣囊复膜孢酵母的总DNA中扩增得到β-葡萄糖苷酶（β-Glucosidase）基因 (BGL1),长度为2596 bp,连接到pGEMT载体上,用限制性内切酶切下目的基因,插入到巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,使之位于α-因子信号肽下游,且与之同框, 构建成重组质粒pSHL9K。 通过电转化将重组质粒pSHL9K插入到Pichia pastoris GS115菌株染色体中,获得高效表达BGL1基因的毕赤酵母重组工程菌株。重组酶的最适温度为50℃,最适pH为5.4。培养基中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高可达47U/mL。     

瑞氏木霉内切葡聚糖酶基因在工业啤酒酵母中的整合和表达

用PCR合成的瑞氏木霉（T.reesei）β-内切葡聚糖酶Ⅰ（EGⅠ）的cDNA, 构建了由酵母醇脱氢酶 （ADH1）启动子和终止子引导表达、β-内切葡聚糖酶自身信号肽序列引导分泌、由酵母rDNA序列引导同源整合的酵母YIP型β-内切葡聚糖酶表达分泌质粒pA15PET。采用pA15PET与酵母YEP型G418抗性表达质粒的共转化,将EGⅠ表达单元整合到已整合有α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（α-ALDC）表达单元的啤酒酵母工程菌BE9711的染色体rDNA序列中,获得同时表达胞内α-ALDC和胞外β-内切葡聚糖酶的啤酒酵母工程菌。     

Diversity of organophosphorus pesticide-degrading bacteria in a polluted soil and conservation of their organophosphorus hydrolase genes

Seven methyl parathion-degrading bacteria were isolated from a long-term methyl parathion contaminated soil and were found to belong to the genera Pseudaminobacter, Achromobacter, Brucella, and Ochrobactrum. Southern blot analysis using an mpd gene probe revealed that their hydrolase genes were similar to the mpd gene from Plesiomonas sp. strain M6 and were all located on the chromosome. Gene libraries were constructed from genomic DNA of each of the 7 organophosphorus pesticide-degrading bacteria, and their mpd genes were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that their hydrolase genes were conserved, and that the G+C content of the mpd genes were distinctly different from that of the chromosome-located 16S rRNA gene, suggesting that the mpd gene could be transferred and expressed among a variety of bacterial hosts.     

Cloning of mpd gene from a chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium and use of this strain in bioremediation of contaminated soil

An effective chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium (named strain YC-1) was isolated from the sludge of the wastewater treating system of an organophosphorus pesticides manufacturer. Based on the results of phenotypic features, phylogenetic similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences and BIOLOG test, strain YC-1 was identified as the genus Stenotrophomonas. The isolate utilized chlorpyrifos as the sole source of carbon and phosphorus for its growth and hydrolyzed chlorpyrifos to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Parathion, methyl parathion, and fenitrothion also could be degraded by strain YC-1 when provided as the sole source of carbon and phosphorus. The gene encoding the organophosphorus hydrolase was cloned using a PCR cloning strategy based on the known methyl parathion degrading (mpd) gene of Plesiomonas sp. M6. Sequence blast result indicated this gene has 99% similar to mpd. The inoculation of strain YC-1 (10(6) cells g(-1)) to soil treated with 100 mg kg(-1) chlorpyrifos resulted in a higher degradation rate than in noninoculated soils. Theses results highlight the potential of this bacterium to be used in the cleanup of contaminated pesticide waste in the environment.     

Simultaneous biodegradation of methyl parathion and carbofuran by a genetically engineered microorganism constructed by mini-Tn5 transposon

A genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) capable of simultaneous degrading methyl parathion (MP) and carbofuran was successfully constructed by random insertion of a methyl parathion hydrolase gene (mpd) into the chromosome of a carbofuran degrading Sphingomonas sp. CDS-1 with the mini-transposon system. The GEM constructed was relatively stable and cell viability and original degrading characteristic was not affected compared with the original recipient CDS-1. The effects of temperature, initial pH value, inoculum size and alternative carbon source on the biodegradation of MP and carbofuran were investigated. GEM cells could degrade MP and carbofuran efficiently in a relatively broad range of temperatures from 20 to 30°C, initial pH values from 6.0 to 9.0, and with all initial inoculation cell densities (10⁵–10⁷ CFU ml⁻¹), even if alternative glucose existed. The optimal temperature and initial pH value for GEM cells to simultaneously degrade MP and carbofuran was at 30°C and at pH 7.0. The removal of MP and carbofuran by GEM cells in sterile and non-sterile soil were also studied. In both soil samples, 50 mg kg⁻¹ MP and 25 mg kg⁻¹ carbofuran could be degraded to an undetectable level within 25 days even if there were indigenous microbial competition and carbon sources effect. In sterile soil, the biodegradation rates of MP and carbofuran were faster, and the decline of the inoculated GEM cells was slower compared with that in non-sterile soil. The GEM constructed in this study was potential useful for pesticides bioremediation in natural environment.     

多功能降解菌Pseudomonas putida KT2440-DOP的构建与降解特性研究

三唑磷水解酶基因为研究发现的一个新的广谱有机磷水解酶基因,通过PCR从有机磷降解菌株Ochrobactrumsp.mp-4总DNA扩增了tpd,将tpd定向克隆到pBBRMCS-5载体上,构建重组质粒pTPD,在辅助质粒pRK2013的帮助下,通过三亲接合将pTPD转移到模式菌株Pseudomonas putidaKT2440中,获得的工程菌PseudomonasputidaKT2440-DOP可以降解多种有机磷农药及芳香烃化合物;KT2440-DOP的有机磷水解酶活较出发菌株MP-4提高了一倍左右,且遗传性状稳定。     

利用枯草芽孢杆菌ytkA和ywoF基因启动子与信号肽重组分泌表达mpd基因

用大肠杆菌-枯草芽孢杆菌穿梭载体pNW33N和去除了信号肽编码序列的成熟mpd基因构建了穿梭启动子探针pNW33N-mpd。用该探针从质粒pMPDP3和pMPDP29上克隆来自于枯草芽孢杆菌ytkA和ywoF基因上游的启动子功能片段,构建了穿梭表达载体pNYTM和pNYWM。将表达载体pNYTM和pNYWM转入枯草芽孢杆菌1A751获得表达菌株1A751(pNYTM)和1A751(pNYTM),mpd基因在ytkA和ywoF基因的启动子和信号肽的带动下实现了分泌表达且具有天然活性,结果表明ytkA基因的启动子强度强于ywoF基因的启动子。利用ytkA基因的强启动子和nprB基因的分泌型信号肽编码序列构建了新的穿梭分泌表达载体pYNMK,并使mpd基因在枯草芽孢杆菌WB800中得到了更高水平的分泌表达,表达菌株WB800(pYNMK)在培养到第84h时甲基对硫磷水解酶酶活达到最高值为10.40u/mL,是出发菌株邻单胞菌M6表达量的10.8倍,重组表达产物有91.4%分泌在培养基中。     

Isolation of methyl parathion-degrading strain M6 and cloning of the methyl parathion hydrolase gene

A degradative bacterium, M6, was isolated and presumptively identified as Plesiomonas sp. strain M6 was able to hydrolyze methyl parathion to p-nitrophenol. A novel organophosphate hydrolase gene designated mpd was selected from its genomic library prepared by shotgun cloning. The nucleotide sequence of the mpd gene was determined. The gene could be effectively expressed in Escherichia coli.     

High-level expression and secretion of methyl parathion hydrolase in Bacillus subtilis WB800

The methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH)-encoding gene mpd was placed under the control of the P43 promoter and Bacillus subtilis nprB signal peptide-encoding sequence. High-level expression and secretion of mature, authentic, and stable MPH were achieved using the protease-deficient strain B. subtilis WB800 as the host.     

Expression, purification, and characterization of a novel methyl parathion hydrolase

The mpd gene coding for a novel methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) was previously reported and its putative open reading frame was also identified. To further confirm its coding region, the intact region encoding MPH was obtained by PCR and expressed in Escherichia coli as a hexa-His C-terminal fusion protein. The fusion protein was purified to homogeneity by metal-affinity chromatography. The enzyme activity and zymogram assay showed that the fusion protein was functional in degrading methyl parathion. The amino terminal sequencing of the purified recombinant MPH indicated that a signal peptide of the first 35 amino acids was cleaved from its precursor to form active MPH. A rat polyclonal antiserum was raised against the purified mature fusion protein. The results of Western blot and zymogram demonstrated that mature MPH in native Plesiomonas sp. strain M6 was also processed from its precursor by cleavage of a putative signal peptide at the amino terminus. The production of active MPH in E. coli was greatly improved after the coding region for the signal peptide was deleted. HPLC gel filtration of the purified mature recombinant MPH revealed that the MPH was a monomer.