FAM3基因家族功能研究概况

蛋白序列相似度为3的类细胞因子家族(family with similarity 3,FAM3)是2002年发现的新基因家族,其包括四个成员FAM3A、FAM3B、FAM3C和FAM3D。因FAM3B高表达于胰腺胰岛细胞中,又被称为胰腺衍生因子(pancreatic derived factor,PANDER)。PANDER已被证实在胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病发展过程中起重要作用,其可能成为2型糖尿病的新干预靶点。FAM3C被发现在胚胎发育和视网膜功能调控,上皮细胞间充质转化及胰腺癌发生过程中起重要作用。FAM3D被发现可能介入了机体能量代谢异常、结肠癌及嗜睡等疾病的发生发展过程。目前尚未见有关FAM3A生物学功能的研究报道。总之,现有研究表明FAM3基因家族成员可能在包括糖尿病和肿瘤在内的多种重大疾病发生发展过程中起重要作用。本综述将对FAM3基因家族的最新研究进展进行简要总结及讨论。     

热休克蛋白gp96在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

热休克蛋白90B1又称为糖蛋白96 (gp96). gp96属于热休克蛋白90家族,是一种高度保守且普遍存在的糖蛋白.作为一种内质网蛋白,gp96在维持内质网稳态、内质网应激、钙稳态等方面起着重要的调控作用,这些调控网络在肿瘤的发生发展过程中起着重要的作用. gp96作为分子伴侣在稳定和激活客户蛋白等方面有众多报道,其中包括HER2、整合素和Toll样受体等多个客户蛋白.大量研究表明,gp96在肝癌、乳腺癌、胃癌等不同类型的肿瘤中高表达,并在肿瘤的生长、侵袭和转移等方面起着重要的作用.本文从gp96的基本结构和功能及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用等方面进行综述,并着重阐述细胞膜gp96相关的研究进展.最后,重点介绍基于胞膜gp96结构所设计的选择性小分子抑制剂、抗体和多肽等药物在肿瘤靶向治疗中的潜在应用.     

心脏特异表达人源FAM55A转基因小鼠的建立

目的建立心脏特异表达的人源FAM55A转基因小鼠,为研究该基因在心肌病发病中的作用提供模型。方法 Western blot检测FAM55A在野生型小鼠与cTnTR141W转基因小鼠心脏组织中的表达变化及其在野生小鼠的组织表达谱。克隆人源FAM55A基因入α-MHC启动子下游构建a-MHC-FAM55A表达载体,显微注射法建立FAM55A转基因小鼠。PCR鉴定转基因首建鼠的基因型。Western blot鉴定人源FAM55A在转基因小鼠心脏中的表达,超声检测转基因小鼠心脏的几何构型和功能。HE染色检测转基因小鼠心脏的病理改变。结果 FAM55A在野生型小鼠心脏中有少量表达,在扩张型心肌病小鼠的心脏中表达增加。建立了1个心脏组织特异表达人源FAM55A转基因小鼠品系。与野生型小鼠相比,FAM55A转基因小鼠的心脏收缩期和舒张期左室前壁从1月龄到5月龄持续增厚,3月龄转基因小鼠心脏射血分数和短轴缩短率稍有增强,1月龄和5月龄转基因小鼠心脏功能则与同龄野生型小鼠相比无变化。组织学检测显示,转基因小鼠心脏左室心肌细胞不均匀肥大,但不发生紊乱。结论 FAM55A在扩张型心肌病小鼠的心脏中表达上调,建立了心脏特异表达的人源FAM55A转基因小鼠,为进一步和心肌病小鼠模型杂交,研究该基因在心肌病发病中的作用提供了工具。     

细胞因子FAM3家族研究进展

FAM3家族是2002年新发现的一个细胞因子样基因家族,由FAM3A、FAM3B、FAM3C和FAM3D4个成员组成,分别编码含有224—235个氨基酸残基的多肽,它们在二级结构上都具有4个α螺旋。这种二级结构特征与一些细胞因子相似。本文综述了FAM3家族成员的基因定位及结构、基因表达和分泌的调控,以及生理功能和病理意义的研究进展。     

人FAM33A基因启动子的克隆与鉴定

目的鉴定人FAM33A基因的启动子,为进一步研究其转录调控机制奠定基础。方法采用5’RACE技术（5’端cDNA快速扩增）鉴定FAM33A的转录起始位点。采用PCR定向克隆、酶切亚克隆等策略,构建FAM33A启动子荧光素酶报告基因。采用Lipofeetamine^TM2000转染H1299细胞,并通过Dual-Lu-ciferase@ Reporter Assay System进行荧光素酶报告基因活性检测。结果确定了FAM33A的转录起始位点,构建了覆盖FAM33A 5’端ATG附近约2kb区域的一系列FAM33A启动子荧光素酶报告基因。启动子活性分析表明,这些重组体均具有较高的启动子活性,同时含有典型的GC盒以及Sp1、E2F和GATA-1等潜在的转录因子结合位点。结论FAM33A启动子区域主要定位于转录起始位点附近约590bp的区域内。     

FAM160A2功能缺失性突变可能诱发心房颤动

心房颤动(atrial fibrillation, AF)是临床最常见的心律失常,对AF致病基因的研究,有助于AF早期筛查。本文旨在家族性AF人群和散发性AF人群中筛选具有潜在发病意义的易感基因,并对其在AF发生机制进行初步探讨。首先对4名家族性AF进行全外显子组测序(WES),鉴定AF相关基因。然后用Sanger测序在非家族性AF人群和健康人群中证实易感基因突变情况,应用Western印迹分析其蛋白质表达情况,利用膜片钳技术分析突变基因对外向钾离子电流的影响。家族共有39人,其中有4人发生AF,这4名AF患者存在2个共有的突变基因FAM160A2(纯合突变,rs77726581 c.1375C>T)和MUC5B(杂合突变,rs199736618 c.12272C>T)。在52例非家族性AF患者中,有5例存在FAM160A2相同位点杂合突变,在健康人群中未发现此突变;而MUC5B在非家族性AF人群和健康人群中均发生杂合突变。FAM160A2蛋白在非家族性AF散发人群和健康人群中表达水平并无显著性差异。FAM160A2基因突变明显降低外向钾离子电流(与野生型比较,P<0...     

Ska2/FAM33A:一个参与细胞周期调控与肿瘤发生的新基因

Ska2(spindle and KT associated 2),也称FAM33A(family with sequence similarity 33,member A),是一个最近鉴定的参与细胞周期调控与肿瘤发生发展的新基因。现有研究初步证实,Ska2参与组成Ska复合体,在有丝分裂中期纺锤体检验点关闭中起重要作用;Ska2在小细胞肺癌和乳腺癌中呈现表达上调,可通过糖皮质激素受体等途径参与细胞增殖调节和肿瘤发生发展;NF-κΒ和CREB等转录因子可能参与Ska2的表达调控。Ska2有望成为一个恶性肿瘤诊断和靶向治疗的新靶点。     

MIP与NFκB关键调节因子NEMO相互作用的初步研究

人类基因MIP是一个2000年克隆得到的抑癌基因。已有研究表明它可以与FASP1、MafF等多个蛋白相互作用,具有参与信号传导、调节基因转录等功能。有关MIP抑制某些肿瘤细胞生长的确切机制目前还不明确。本研究首先以MIP为诱饵基因对人胎盘cDNA文库进行了酵母双杂交筛选,发现了一个新的MIP相互作用蛋白片段——NFκB关键调节因子NEMO（NFκB essential modifier）蛋白的部分片段,     

FAM92A1-289基因的真核表达载体构建和亚细胞定位

利用PCR方法扩增FAM92A1-289全长,经BamH I和Xho I酶切后连接入pEGFP-N1真核表达载体,构建pEGFP-N1-FAM92A1-289重组表达质粒,转染Hela细胞,利用荧光显微镜观察FAM92A1-289在细胞中的定位。经双酶切和核酸序列分析证实重组质粒包含有正确编码的FAM92A1-289读码框。荧光显微镜观察到空质粒pEGFP-N1转染后,整个细胞内弥散绿色荧光,而转染pEGFP-N1-FAM92A1-289重组载体后,可见绿色荧光分布于Hela细胞核中,显示FAM92A1-289定位于细胞核。成功构建人FAM92A1-289真核表达载体,FAM92A1-289定位于哺乳细胞的细胞核中。     

Gp96蛋白的免疫学及其临床应用研究进展

热休克蛋白Gp96属于HSP90家族,是内质网中最丰富的蛋白质之一,在细胞内发挥着分子伴侣的作用。在天然免疫中,Gp96则通过与Toll样受体等相互作用刺激抗原呈递细胞 (如DC等) 产生各种细胞因子激活免疫系统;而在获得性免疫中,Gp96抗原胶通过抗原交叉呈递给MHC-I类分子,诱发机体抗原特异性细胞毒T细胞免疫应答,清除病原物感染和肿瘤;近年来的研究还发现Gp96具有免疫佐剂的功能。以下从Gp96的生物学特性、免疫学机制以及其在抗病原感染和抗肿瘤免疫中的应用等方面做一小结,为设计以Gp96-抗原肽为新一代疫苗的临床研究提供理论基础。     

Identification of FAM96B as a novel prelamin A binding partner

Prelamin A accumulation causes nuclear abnormalities, impairs nuclear functions, and eventually promotes cellular senescence. However, the underlying mechanism of how prelamin A promotes cellular senescence is still poorly understood. Here we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen using a human skeletal muscle cDNA library to search for prelamin A binding partners, and identified FAM96B as a prelamin A binding partner. The interaction of FAM96B with prelamin A was confirmed by GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Furthermore, co-localization experiments by fluorescent confocal microscopy revealed that FAM96B colocalized with prelamin A in HEK-293 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrated the physical interaction between FAM96B and prelamin A, which may provide some clues to the mechanisms of prelamin A in premature aging.     

FAM98A associates with DDX1-C14orf166-FAM98B in a novel complex involved in colorectal cancer progression

Protein Arginine Methyl Transferase 1 (PRMT1) is deemed to be a potential oncogenic protein considering its overexpression in several malignancies including colorectal cancer. However, the molecular pathogenesis regarding PRMT1 overexpression and overall poor patient survival involved in this devastating and life threatening cancer remains obscured. In our previous study, we have identified FAM98A as a novel substrate of PRMT1 and also identified its role in ovarian cancer progression. Here, we showed that the two structural homologs FAM98A and FAM98B included in a novel complex with DDX1 and C14orf166 are required for PRMT1 expression. Analysis of the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and clinical colorectal cancer specimens also demonstrated a strong positive correlation and co-occurrence of PRMT1, FAM98A and FAM98B. These findings provide a mechanistic insight into how knockdown of FAM98A or FAM98B can suppress the malignant characteristics of cancer cells. Besides, we showed that FAM98A and FAM98B are working in the same axis as knockdown of both proteins together does not cause additional reduction in the cellular proliferation and colony formation of colorectal cancer cells.     

Adenovirus vector-mediated FAM176A overexpression induces cell death in human H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells

FAM176A (family with sequence similarity 176 member A) is a novel molecule related to programmed cell death. A decreased expression of FAM176A has been found in several types of human tumors in including lung cancers. In the present study, we investigated the biological activities of FAM176A on the human non–small cell lung cancer cell line H1299 cells. We constructed a recombinant adenovirus 5-FAM176A vector (Ad5-FAM176A) and evaluated the expression and anti-tumor activities in vitro. Cell viability analysis revealed that the adenovirus-mediated increase of FAM176A inhibited the growth of the tumor cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was mediated by both autophagy and apoptosis that involved caspase activation. In addition, cell cycle analysis suggested that Ad5-FAM176A could induce cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, all of which suggested that adenovirus-mediated FAM176A gene transfer might present a new therapeutic approach for lung cancer treatment. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(2): 104-109]     

Role of FAM134 paralogues in endoplasmic reticulum remodeling,ER‐phagy,and Collagen quality control

Degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via selective autophagy (ER‐phagy) is vital for cellular homeostasis. We identify FAM134A/RETREG2 and FAM134C/RETREG3 as ER‐phagy receptors, which predominantly exist in an inactive state under basal conditions. Upon autophagy induction and ER stress signal, they can induce significant ER fragmentation and subsequent lysosomal degradation. FAM134A, FAM134B/RETREG1, and FAM134C are essential for maintaining ER morphology in a LC3‐interacting region (LIR)‐dependent manner. Overexpression of any FAM134 paralogue has the capacity to significantly augment the general ER‐phagy flux upon starvation or ER‐stress. Global proteomic analysis of FAM134 overexpressing and knockout cell lines reveals several protein clusters that are distinctly regulated by each of the FAM134 paralogues as well as a cluster of commonly regulated ER‐resident proteins. Utilizing pro‐Collagen I, as a shared ER‐phagy substrate, we observe that FAM134A acts in a LIR‐independent manner and compensates for the loss of FAM134B and FAM134C, respectively. FAM134C instead is unable to compensate for the loss of its paralogues. Taken together, our data show that FAM134 paralogues contribute to common and unique ER‐phagy pathways.     

DNMT3B-mediated FAM111B methylation promotes papillary thyroid tumor glycolysis,growth and metastasis

Over the past decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) rapidly increased all over the world, with the papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounting for the vast majority of TC cases. It is crucial to investigate novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for PTC and explore more detailed molecular mechanisms in the carcinogenesis and progression of PTC. Based on the TCGA and GEO databases, FAM111B is downregulated in PTC tissues and predicts better prognosis in PTC patients. FAM111B suppresses the growth, migration, invasion and glycolysis of PTC both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, estrogen inhibits FAM111B expression by DNMT3B methylation via enhancing the recruitment of DNMT3B to FAM111B promoter. DNMT3B-mediated FAM111B methylation accelerates the growth, migration, invasion and glycolysis of PTC cells. In clinical TC patient specimens, the expression of FAM111B is inversely correlated with the expressions of DNMT3B and the glycolytic gene PGK1. Besides, the expression of FAM111B is inversely correlated while DNMT3B is positively correlated with glucose uptake in PTC patients. Our work established E2/DNMT3B/FAM111B as a crucial axis in regulating the growth and progression of PTC. Suppression of DNMT3B or promotion of FAM111B will be potential promising strategies in the estrogen induced PTC.     

Cancer cells adapt FAM134B/BiP mediated ER-phagy to survive hypoxic stress

In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells experience hypoxia resulting in the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins largely in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Consequently, ER proteotoxicity elicits unfolded protein response (UPR) as an adaptive mechanism to resolve ER stress. In addition to canonical UPR, proteotoxicity also stimulates the selective, autophagy-dependent, removal of discrete ER domains loaded with misfolded proteins to further alleviate ER stress. These mechanisms can favor cancer cell growth, metastasis, and long-term survival. Our investigations reveal that during hypoxia-induced ER stress, the ER-phagy receptor FAM134B targets damaged portions of ER into autophagosomes to restore ER homeostasis in cancer cells. Loss of FAM134B in breast cancer cells results in increased ER stress and reduced cell proliferation. Mechanistically, upon sensing hypoxia-induced proteotoxic stress, the ER chaperone BiP forms a complex with FAM134B and promotes ER-phagy. To prove the translational implication of our mechanistic findings, we identified vitexin as a pharmacological agent that disrupts FAM134B-BiP complex, inhibits ER-phagy, and potently suppresses breast cancer progression in vivo.Subject terms: Cell biology, Cancer