Attractiveness and toxicity of an attracticide formulation on adult males of ash leaf cone roller, Caloptilia fraxinella

A biodegradable attracticide formulation containing the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin and the sex pheromone of the ash leaf cone roller, Caloptilia fraxinella (Ely) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was tested for attractiveness and toxicity to males of this invasive pest of horticultural ash, Fraxinus spp. Marsh. (Oleaceae). Trap capture in attracticide‐baited traps was equal to capture in traps baited with rubber septa lures releasing the known attractive pheromone. Pheromone response by male C. fraxinella was not affected by the presence of permethrin as equal numbers of males were captured in traps baited with the attracticide formulation with and without permethrin. Attraction to the attracticide containing both pheromone and insecticide active ingredients did not vary with dose as 10, 50, and 100 mg droplets of the formulation attracted similar numbers of male moths in a field experiment. Equal numbers of male moths were captured in traps baited with droplets that had aged for 0–5 weeks in a laboratory fume hood before deployment in the field. The permethrin constituent of the attracticide formulation was toxic to male moths treated through tarsal contact and resulted in 73 and 100% mortality at 24 and 72 h post‐treatment, respectively. Leg autotomy occurred in over 80% of males 24 h post‐treatment to formulations containing permethrin. Mortality of moths was greater 24 h after treatment with a fresh attracticide source as compared to a 5‐week‐old source. However, mortality as a result of treatment with fresh and aged attracticide droplets was equal at 48, 72, and 96 h post‐treatment. This formulation has the potential to become a useful tool in an integrated pest‐management system for C. fraxinella on horticultural ash.     

Male oriental fruit moth response to a combined pheromone-based attracticide formulation targeting both oriental fruit moth and codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Combined attracticide formulations targeting Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), and codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were tested in a field trapping experiment. Capture of male codling moths in traps baited with the combined formulation was reduced compared with traps baited with the codling moth formulation alone, whereas capture of male Oriental fruit moth was increased compared with traps baited with the Oriental fruit moth formulation alone. Subsequent wind tunnel experiments showed that a single locus of the mixed attracticide formulation or close parallel presentation of the two formulations enhanced source contact by male Oriental fruit moths but did not influence earlier behaviors. However, the two formulations presented in a serial arrangement to Oriental fruit moth males in the wind tunnel resulted in enhanced lock-on, upwind flight, and source contact behaviors. In addition, male Oriental fruit moths remained on mixed pheromone droplets of the paste matrix longer than on droplets of the Oriental fruit moth formulation alone. The increased time spent on the mixed droplet was correlated with a more rapid poisoning and a greater proportion of poisoned males compared with males exposed to the Oriental fruit moth attracticide alone. These results demonstrate that a combined attracticide formulation will have different effects on each of the targeted species. It is anticipated that, due to decreased attractiveness, a combined formulation would be less effective against the codling moth. However, a mixed formulation, due to increased attractiveness and toxicity, could be more effective against the Oriental fruit moth under field conditions.     

甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae Linnaeus飞行能力研究

【目的】测定日龄、性别、交配等因素对农业迁飞性害虫甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae Linnaeus飞行能力的影响,为其迁飞行为研究和异地测报提供理论依据。【方法】在气温为(24±1)℃、相对湿度为75%±5%的实验室环境下,利用飞行磨系统对甘蓝夜蛾实验室种群1~5日龄未交配个体、已交配的3日龄个体以及野外迁飞种群分别进行连续24 h吊飞测试,记录其累计飞行时间、累计飞行距离、平均飞行速率等参数。【结果】甘蓝夜蛾实验室种群的飞行能力随日龄增长而变化,初羽化时即具有较强的飞行能力,2~3日龄达到峰值,4~5日龄的飞行能力显著下降;雌性甘蓝夜蛾的飞行能力强于雄性甘蓝夜蛾;交配的甘蓝夜蛾平均飞行速率显著小于处女甘蓝夜蛾,但二者的平均飞行时间和飞行距离均无显著差异。此外,渤海湾迁飞种群中晚季节南迁种群的飞行能力显著强于早季节北迁种群和过渡种群。【结论】日龄和交配状态是影响甘蓝夜蛾飞行能力的关键因素。     

Activity of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in and around flour mills

Studies were conducted at two flour mills where male Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), were captured using pheromone-baited traps. Objectives were to determine the distribution of male P. interpunctella at different locations in and around the mills throughout the season, and to monitor moth activity before and after one of the mills was fumigated with methyl bromide to assess efficacy of treatment. Commercially available sticky traps baited with the P. interpunctella sex pheromone were placed at various locations outside and within the larger of the two mills (mill 1). Moths were captured inside mill 1 after methyl bromide fumigations. The highest numbers of P. interpunctella were caught outside the facility and at ground floor locations near outside openings. Additional traps placed in the rooms above the concrete stored-wheat silos at mill 1 during the second year captured more moths than did traps within the mill's production and warehouse areas. In another study, moths were trapped at various distances from a smaller flour mill (mill 2) to determine the distribution of moths outdoors relative to the mill. There was a negative correlation between moth capture and distance from the facility, which suggested that moth activity was concentrated at or near the flour mill. The effectiveness of the methyl bromide fumigations in suppressing moth populations could not be assessed with certainty because moths captured after fumigation may have immigrated from outside through opened loading bay warehouse doors. This study documents high levels of P. interpunctella outdoors relative to those recorded inside a food processing facility. Potential for immigration of P. interpunctella into flour mills and other stored product facilities from other sources may be greater than previously recognized. Moth entry into a food processing facility after fumigation is a problem that should be addressed by pest managers.     

Mating frequency in dispersing potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, and its influence on the design of refugia to manage resistance in Bt transgenic crops

Mating of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), was investigated in relation to the dispersal of males in laboratory and field trials. The effect of stimulating the flight of males to light sources in a large cage on their mating ability was estimated for three age groups, and compared with similar estimates for confined moths. Although the mating of males declined with ages of up to 15 days, simulated dispersal had no effect on subsequent mating when the males were paired with virgin females. The dispersal of male moths was also categorised by the initial flight activity of untethered moths to a light source. Scores for poor, moderate, and good flight provided a repeatable measure of initial male flight activity, but the degree of activity was not related to their subsequent mating ability. In the field, virgin female potato tuber moths were tethered at various distances from the edge of isolated potato crops and then dissected to determine their mating status. Female mating frequency averaged 75% at the crop margin, remained above 50% up to 200 m, and then declined to 19% at 360 m from the margin. Derivation of the mating probability for an individual male potato tuber moth confirmed earlier work by other researchers that has indicated a tendency for dispersal prior to mating, and that males retain their ability to mate as they disperse from a crop. The influence of dispersal and mating on gene flow between crops, and its potential effects on refuge size required to minimise the development of resistance to Bt transgenic potato crops was examined.     

Factors influencing the effectiveness of an attracticide formulation against the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

An attracticide formulation, LastCall?OFM, was tested against the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in replicated small plot field trials in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen), orchards in South‐eastern Pennsylvania, USA. Attracticide treatments were applied using a calibrated hand pump, and treated plots were compared to similar untreated plots. Male moth activity was monitored using virgin female‐baited traps, and the potential for reduction in mating activity was assessed using sentinel virgin females. A comparison of application rates showed that 1500 droplets per ha of the attracticide formulation was as effective as 3000 droplets per ha, and both application rates reduced captures in synthetic pheromone‐baited traps for prolonged periods. Droplets placed either at high or low positions within the canopy significantly reduced trap capture and mating with sentinel females. In addition, the only sentinel females that mated in the treated plots were located in the untreated portion of the tree canopy. Mate finding behaviour was equally disrupted by formulations with and without insecticide. Therefore, under the test conditions, the mechanism by which the attracticide formulation worked was by disruption of male orientation, and not by the removal of males due to insecticide poisoning. Two field cage experiments tested the impact of population density on the competitiveness of the attracticide formulation compared to virgin females. A significant proportion of males were captured in female‐baited traps at the highest female‐to‐droplet ratio tested. Equal proportions of males were captured in attracticide‐baited traps at male moth densities of 10, 20, 40, and 80 males per cage. These results clarify some of the factors influencing the effectiveness and possible mechanisms of an attracticide management tactic against the Oriental fruit moth.     

Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): spatial relationship between trap catch and distance from a source of emerging adults

The Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), was selected as a representative stored-product moth to test the validity of contour mapping of trap catch for pest monitoring in warehouses and retail stores. Three experiments, each replicated five times, were conducted in a 3.2 by 9.0-m aluminum shed. Each experiment involved placing pupae at a single release point (source) and recording the numbers of emerging adult males captured after 24, 48, and 72 h in each of four pheromone-baited sticky traps. The experiments differed only with respect to the point of release. Distribution of trap catch reflected the general distribution of moths in the shed; and consecutive contour maps tracked their dispersal from the source. As emergence and dispersal progressed, cumulative trap catch increased throughout the shed, but it remained highest near the source. The observed spatial patterns of trap catch relative to sources of infestation and the inverse relationship of trap catch to distance from a source support the validity of contour mapping as a means of monitoring stored-product moths and locating foci of infestation. The relationship between trap catch and distance from a source of infestation was well described by two-parameter exponential decay, both in P. interpunctella and in the previously studied Lasioderma serricorne (F.). Analysis of data from retail pet stores also showed exponential decline in trap catch of P. interpunctella with distance from centers of infestation.     

Multiple mating of male and female codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards treated with sex pheromone

Studies were conducted with codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., to evaluate the mating status of male and female moths in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen), orchards treated with and without sex pheromone dispensers. Laboratory studies first examined the effect of multiple mating of male and female moths on female fecundity and egg fertility. Females that had mated three times had a significantly higher fecundity than singly mated moths. Sequential mating by male moths had no effect on the fecundity of female moths or egg fertility. However, male moth age did impact female fecundity, with significantly fewer eggs laid after mating with virgin 1- versus 3-d-old males. The mean size of the first spermatophore transferred by males was significantly larger than all subsequent spermatophores. Classifying spermatophores based on size was used in field sampling to categorize the mating status of the female's partner. The proportion of mated females with small spermatophores (partner had previously mated) was significantly higher in treated versus untreated orchards. The proportion of female moths caught in traps baited with pear ester that were virgin was low (相似文献   

Sublethal effects of neuroactive compounds on pheromone response thresholds in male oriental fruit moths

The pheromone-mediated flight behavior of male Oriental fruit moths in a sustained-flight tunnel was observed after males were treated topically with sublethal concentrations of permethrin, carbaryl, chlordimeform, dieldrin, octopamine, serotonin, yohimbine, and cyproheptadine. With the exception of serotonin all compounds were found to disrupt one or more specific elements of the male precopulatory flight sequence. Among the insecticides, dieldrin was least active, whereas permethrin, carbaryl, and chlordimeform induced unique effects at specific phases of the sequence. Octopamine induced a hypersensitivity to the olfactory signal and mimicked one of the effects observed with chlordimeform. Yohimbine and cyproheptadine significantly decreased moth activation to the chemical signal but did not alter flight performance in responding moths. Yohimbine and cyproheptadine also reversed the effects induced by octopamine. The results of our study show that the complex precopulatory sequence of behaviors exhibited by males is very sensitive to sublethal concentrations of a range of neuroactive compounds.     

Monitoring codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with passive interception traps in sex pheromone-treated apple orchards

Male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were monitored with passive interception traps (PI-traps) in apple orchards treated with sex pheromone dispensers. The proportion of mated females recaptured by PI-traps was significantly higher than the proportion released after the release of both sexes into a codling moth-infested orchard. However, no significant difference occurred between the proportion of mated females recaptured and released when only females were released into uninfested orchards. Replicated nine-tree apple plots situated either on the edge or in the center ofpheromone-treated apple orchards were monitored with PI-traps during first moth flight in 1995 and during both flights in 1996. Moths caught on PI-traps were predominately males. The first male moths were captured 7-10 d before females during the first flight in both years. Initial capture of virgin and mated females on PI-traps coincided in 1995. Mated females were captured 14 d after the first virgin females in 1996. The mean proportion of females that were mated ranged from 32 to 55% during the first flight and 85 to 92% during the second flight. Moth catch and fruit injury were significantly higher in the edge versus the center plots. The numbers of total and female moths caught with PI-traps were significantly correlated with fruit injury for each generation. The percentage of female moths caught on PI-traps that were mated was 32% lower and the mean oocyte load of all females was 42% higher in a pheromone-treated apple orchard than in the untreated crabapple grove monitored during May and June 1997.     

黄地老虎飞行能力研究

黄地老虎Agrotis segetum是一种重要的农业迁飞性害虫,研究飞行生物学对明确其迁飞机理有重要意义。本项研究利用昆虫飞行磨系统对黄地老虎的飞行能力进行了测定。对实验室种群飞行能力的测定结果表明:1日龄成虫的飞行能力最弱;3日龄飞行能力最强,其24 h平均飞行时间、平均飞行距离和平均飞行速率分别达到12.16±0.74 h、48.94±3.40 km和3.76±0.12 km/h。雌蛾与雄蛾间的各项飞行参数均无显著差异,但处女成虫平均飞行距离和平均飞行速率均显著高于已交配个体。对渤海湾野外迁飞种群飞行能力的测定显示,早季节北迁个体和晚季节回迁个体的平均飞行时间和平均飞行距离无显著差异,但皆显著低于实验室种群。黄地老虎具有较强的飞行能力,日龄和交配是影响其飞行能力的关键因素。     

Combined control of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) and Ephestia elutella (Hbn.) in a tobacco processing facility by attracticide method

Results on application of attracticide method in the combined control of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne and tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella, infesting a tobacco processing facility are reported. Experimental devices with cross-panel stripes treated with microencapsulated permethrin at 6% (a.i.) and baited at same time with (4,6-dimethyl-7-hydroxynonan-3-one) serricornin and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1 ol acetate (TDA) were used for 2 years (2017 and 2018) in an Italian tobacco processing facility. The experiment demonstrated that the presence of both serricornin and TDA dispensers on cross-panel striped devices had no affect on the numbers of L. serricorne and E. elutella male adults caught. After 2 years, the densities of adult males were clearly suppressed in room treated with attracticide compared to control room. Thus, the 2017–2018 experiment suggests that attracticide devices with two pheromone lures and microencapsulated permethrin at 6% (a.i.) can be effective suppression tools for managing combined pest populations of L. serricorne and E. elutella in tobacco facilities. The reduction of male infestation by L. serricorne ranged from 36% to 87%, and in E. elutella, the reduction of infestation ranged from 63% to 91%.     

Effects of exposure to pheromone and insecticide constituents of an attracticide formulation on reproductive behavior of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The effect of exposure to both the pheromone and insecticide constituents of an attracticide formulation on subsequent pheromonal response of male oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was tested in several wind tunnel bioassays. Male response to the attracticide formulation was significantly reduced in all behavioral categories, including source contact 1 h after sublethal exposure (both by voluntary contact in the wind tunnel and forced application in the laboratory) to the attracticide formulation containing inert ingredients, pheromone, and insecticide. Sublethal exposure to the attracticide formulation in the laboratory (forced application) 24 h before the bioassay resulted in a significantly lower proportion of males subsequently responding to attracticide droplets in the wind tunnel. However, voluntary contact of male moths with the toxic formulation in the wind tunnel had no effect on subsequent response 24 h later. Exposure of males to different constituents of the attracticide formulation demonstrated that both pheromone and insecticide exerted effects on subsequent male pheromonal response. Exposure to the formulation containing the inert ingredients plus the pheromone (no insecticide) significantly reduced male behavioral responses to an attracticide droplet in the wind tunnel 1 h but not 24 h after exposure, compared with males treated with inert ingredients alone. Response to attracticide droplets was further reduced by exposure to the entire attracticide formulation containing inert ingredients, pheromone and insecticide at both 1 and 24 h postexposure. Similarly, males exposed to inert ingredients plus pheromone were less likely to orient to female-produced plumes 1 h but not 24 h after exposure than males treated with inert ingredients alone. Response to female-produced plumes was further reduced at 1 h but not at 24 h after exposure to the entire attracticide formulation. Mating success of males was significantly reduced by exposure to the entire attracticide formulation but not to the formulation without insecticide when placed with females 1 and 24 h postexposure. These findings suggest that sublethal poisoning of males exposed to the attracticide formulation will enhance the effectiveness of this formulation under field conditions.     

The behavioural basis of a pheromone monitoring system for pea moth, Cydia nigricana

The flight and mating behaviour of the pea moth (Cydia nigricana) was studied at overwintering sites and in pea fields to see whether it could be exploited to provide early warning of adult immigration into pea crops. The field threshold temperature for take-off is 18 ^CC. Most flight activity-occurred in June and July between 16.00 and 18.00 B.S.T. with peak activity at 17.04 h. Moths were not caught in suction traps at heights above 0–4 m, but they can probably travel several km by fluttering above vegetation in winds of up to 10 km/h. Female moths produce a sex pheromone(s) highly attractive to males; ‘calling’ by females and mating occur during the period of maximum flight activity. Suction traps and egg counts detected the presence of moths in crops at about the same time. On average, sticky and water traps containing live virgin females as a lure caught respectively 17 and 130 times more males than suction traps and, on occasions, 25 and 300 times more; these attractive traps should detect the arrival of immigrants sooner than suction traps or egg counts. Extracts of virgin females dispensed from filter paper at doses of one and five female-equivalents (FE) attracted males rapidly but temporarily. Rubber dispensers with extracts of twenty FE remained attractive for 6 days. Several synthetic attractants were screened using doses of o-i mg on rubber dispensers in sticky traps. CYs-8-dodecenyl acetate and erans-8, frans-io-dodeca-dienol at doses of o-i mg were slightly attractive; the latter at doses of 1 -o mg was more attractive than twenty FE doses of extract and could be used for experimental monitoring of pea moth until its own synthetic sex pheromone(s) is available.     

Tethered flight of the potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella

ABSTRACT. The effects of sex, age and mated state on average flight speed, duration and distance were determined for potato moths, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae), tethered to flight mills. Moths were classified as non-fliers (NFs), good-fliers (GFs) and remaining-fliers (RFs) on the basis of their performance over the first two flights. Some moths flew for over 5 h non-stop, while others tethered overnight flew between 20 and 30 km. Speed, duration and distance flown were greater during the first flight. First flight duration and distance flown by females decreased with age, whereas no trend was evident for males. Mated males and females flew slower first flights with increasing age, whereas virgin moths showed no marked trend. The analysis of fliers and NFs revealed that GFs were heavier than both RFs and NFs, GFs were faster than RFs, the percentage of NFs increased with age especially for mated females, and the percentage of GFs decreased with age. Age and mated state are important factors influencing flight performance especially for female moths. The relevance of these results to the field situation and the possible application of tethered flight to tests of potato moth quality are discussed.     

Long flights in Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) measured by a flight mill: influence of sex, mated status and age

Abstract. The flight capacity of Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was measured in the laboratory by using computer-linked flight mills. Codling moths showed a large variation in flight capacity between individuals. We defined arbitrarily a longest single flight (LSF) of more than 5 km as an index for long-flyers. About 16.7% of virgin and 10.0% of mated males and 20.0% of virgin and 7.4% of mated females undertook such flights. Based on the LSF and the total distance flown (TDF^we concluded that males and females have little or no difference in flight capacity and that both the within-and between-habitat flights are similar in number and magnitude for both sexes. In the field, females are therefore potentially able to undertake flights of up to 11 km, as reported for males by other authors. This ability was highest at ages of 2–7 days after emergence, i.e. the first third of their lifetime, for virgin and mated male moths and for virgin female moths. Mated females showed peak flight capacity between 1 and 3 days after eclosion, which corresponded with the major egg-laying period. Few long flights were undertaken before oviposition. These findings do not agree with the oogenesis flight syndrome described by other authors, and this theory is believed not to apply to C.pomonella. Our laboratory results are discussed in relation to field experiments in general and hypotheses are developed about the significance of long-flyers for this species.     

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND SYNTHESIS OF THE FEMALE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE TEA TUSSOCK MOTH, EUPROCTIS PSEUDOCONSPERSA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIDAE)

Abstract The sex attractant pheromone of the tea tussock moth, a serious economic pest of tea plantations in southern China, has been identified as 10,14-dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate. A synthesis of the racemic form of the pheromone was developed, and traps baited with the synthetic compound at doses of 40–1000 micrograms captured male moths. The synthetic pheromone was as effective as a trap bait as, virgin female moths, or extracts of female moths.     

茶黄毒蛾Euproctis pseudoconspersa(Strand)性外激素的分离鉴定和合成(英)

茶黄毒蛾是中国南方茶树上的重要害虫,其性引诱外激素经鉴定为10,14——二甲基十五碳异丁酸酯。本研究发展了一种外消旋式外激素合成法。装有40-1000μg的诱芯能够诱扑雄蛾。合成外激素的引诱性能相当于未交配雌蛾或雌蛾提取物。     

High duty cycle pulses suppress orientation flights of crambid moths

Bat-and-moth is a good model system for understanding predator–prey interactions resulting from interspecific coevolution. Night-flying insects have been under predation pressure from echolocating bats for 65 Myr, pressuring vulnerable moths to evolve ultrasound detection and evasive maneuvers as counter tactics. Past studies of defensive behaviors against attacking bats have been biased toward noctuoid moth responses to short duration pulses of low-duty-cycle (LDC) bat calls. Depending on the region, however, moths have been exposed to predation pressure from high-duty-cycle (HDC) bats as well. Here, we reveal that long duration pulse of the sympatric HDC bat (e.g., greater horseshoe bat) is easily detected by the auditory nerve of Japanese crambid moths (yellow peach moth and Asian corn borer) and suppress both mate-finding flights of virgin males and host-finding flights of mated females. The hearing sensitivities for the duration of pulse stimuli significantly dropped non-linearly in both the two moth species as the pulse duration shortened. These hearing properties support the energy integrator model; however, the threshold reduction per doubling the duration has slightly larger than those of other moth species hitherto reported. And also, Asian corn borer showed a lower auditory sensitivity and a lower flight suppression to short duration pulse than yellow peach moth did. Therefore, flight disruption of moth might be more frequently achieved by the pulse structure of HDC calls. The combination of long pulses and inter-pulse intervals, which moths can readily continue detecting, will be useful for repelling moth pests.     

Evaluation of dyes for marking painted apple moths (Teia anartoides Walker, Lep. Lymantriidae) used in a sterile insect release program

Abstract  Two methods of marking painted apple moth ( Teia anartoides Walker, Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), internal and external dyes, were investigated for use with the sterile insect technique, to ensure that wild and released moths could be distinguished absolutely during the eradication program. Calco Red dye was used to mark all moths internally. It was added to artificial diet and was detectable in the adults. Dye was incorporated into the larval diet at four rates. No differences were observed in mortality of the larvae, fertility of the adult female or response of male moths to virgin females in a flight tunnel. Fluorescent powder dyes were used throughout the sterile insect program to identify irradiated moths, as well as their release location and colony. However, the powdered dyes reduced the ability of male moths to detect a component of the sex pheromone in electro-antennogram tests and to respond to a calling virgin female in flight tunnel trials. Field trials suggest that moths may subsequently overcome these negative effects and respond to female moths, as moths heavily coated in dye were recaptured.