单环刺螠纤溶酶UFE-Ⅰ的性质和溶栓活性

单环刺螠纤溶酶UFE-Ⅰ的最适反应温度为45 ℃;最适反应pH为7.0;Mg2+、Mn2+和Fe2+是该纤溶酶的强激活剂;Fe3+、Cu2+、Ag+、Hg+和Pb2+对该纤溶酶具有一定的抑制作用;SBTI和PMSF,完全抑制UFE-Ⅰ,说明该酶为丝氨酸蛋白酶;糜蛋白酶抑制剂部分抑制UFE-Ⅰ,亮抑酶肽、抑蛋白酶肽、苯甲脒较弱的抑制UFE-Ⅰ.与蚓激酶类似,UFE-Ⅰ不仅具有直接的纤溶活力更具有纤溶酶原激活活力(84.0%),另外分别将蚓激酶原料与该酶加入到家兔血栓块中,37 ℃孵育3 h,结果表明该酶具有比蚓激酶更为强大的溶栓能力.     

可口革囊星虫体内纤溶酶的初步研究

目的从可口革囊星虫中寻找到纤溶酶,并对其进行初步研究。方法采用匀浆、抽提离心、Sephacryl S-300凝胶过滤等方法对可口革囊星虫纤溶酶初步分离,用纤维蛋白平板法和合成发色底物法检测其纤溶活性,并用该酶进行体外溶血凝块实验。结果可口革囊星虫内脏中存在纤溶酶。此酶既直接降解纤维蛋白又间接激活纤溶酶原,它对体外血凝块有明显溶解作用。结论可口革囊星虫内脏中存在着一种既具直接降解纤维蛋白作用又具激活纤溶酶原作用的纤溶酶。     

一株产纤溶酶菌株的分离鉴定及其纤溶组分分析

【目的】筛选性能良好的产纤溶酶菌株,对菌株进行多项分类鉴定,分析其纤溶酶系的组成特征及纤溶能力。【方法】通过酪蛋白培养基初筛,琼脂-纤维蛋白双层平板复筛,从海泥、土壤等环境中筛选纤维蛋白降解菌,以尿激酶为标准测定纤溶酶活性。通过形态学、生理生化特征研究,结合16S rDNA基因序列分析菌株种类及系统分类地位。通过SDS-PAGE和纤维蛋白酶谱法分析胞外纤溶酶系的组成特征。【结果】筛选到一株能降解纤维蛋白的细菌CNY16,鉴定其为沙福芽孢杆菌(Bacillus safensis)。该酶为胞外酶,SDS-PAGE和纤维蛋白酶谱结果表明该纤溶酶系有至少两种分子量大小不同的纤溶酶,分别约33 kD和23 kD。能有效溶解血块中纤维蛋白,并且对红细胞无降解作用。【结论】细菌CNY16是一株新的纤溶酶产生菌,纤溶酶活性及稳定性较好,具有潜在开发价值。为获取新型纤溶酶提供了一种新的菌源。     

蛇毒纤维蛋白（原）溶酶

在蝰亚科、蝮亚科和眼镜科等蛇毒中存在着一类能直接溶解纤维蛋白 (原 )的酶 ,称为纤维蛋白 (原 )溶酶 (简称纤溶酶 ) [1] 。 1 976年 ,Ｏｕｙａｎｇ等第一次从尖吻蝮蛇毒中分离纯化得到纤溶酶[2 ] 。这些纤溶酶可用于溶解在心肌梗塞、中风、血栓等期间形成的血凝块[1] 。作为一种潜在的强有力的抗栓药物 ,纤溶酶已成为蛇毒蛋白酶领域的一个研究热点。1 .蛇毒纤溶酶的分类蛇毒纤溶酶的分类方法主要有 3种 :第一种根据纤溶酶对纤维蛋白原 (ｆｉｂｒｉｎｏｇｅｎ ,Ｆｇ)的作用方式 ;第二种是根据纤溶酶的结构特点[3] ;第三种是根据纤溶酶的分…     

一株产纤溶酶凝结芽孢杆菌的筛选及其生物学特性

为了筛选性能良好的产纤溶酶菌株,本研究通过脱脂乳平板及纤维蛋白平板双层筛选从传统发酵食品豆豉中,分离到1株具有溶解纤维蛋白能力的凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans) HQ-1。分析其发酵上清液中纤溶酶的纤溶能力、组成特征和作用方式,并研究菌株HQ-1生物学特性。结果表明:菌株HQ-1发酵上清液中的纤溶酶活力为383.1 U/mL;Native-PAGE实验表明HQ-1发酵上清液中能溶解纤维蛋白的纤溶酶组分仅有一种,并且通过激活纤溶酶原实现HQ-1降解纤维蛋白。HQ-1生物学特性实验表明:菌株HQ-1对阿莫西林等11种常见抗生素敏感;对沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用显著。菌株HQ-1产纤溶酶活性及稳定性较好,具有潜在开发价值,本研究结果为产纤溶酶微生物资源的开发提供理论依据。     

单环刺螠的分子生物学研究进展

单环刺螠是我国北方沿海地区常见底栖经济类无脊椎动物。由于海岸带开发导致的生境破坏,以及滥采滥捕、环境变化等因素,近年来单环刺螠的自然资源量明显减少。开展单环刺螠相关生理、生态及开发利用的研究,具有较好的经济价值和生态意义。综述了单环刺螠分子生物学方面的研究进展,围绕螠虫动物的归类、生殖发育、活性物质开发利用等,探讨以单环刺螠为代表的螠虫类动物的开发和利用前景。     

一株产纤溶酶菌株的分离、鉴定及其酶活特征的初步研究

[目的]分离筛选并鉴定产纤溶酶的菌株.[方法]采用血粉培养基富集,琼脂糖-纤维蛋白平板筛选,从自然界中分离筛选出一株产纤溶活性物质的菌株.通过形态学特征、生理生化特征研究,并结合16S rRNA基因序列分析及分子系统发育树的构建结果,确定菌株的种类.[结果]从自然界分离筛到一株产纤溶酶的菌株EF608,经鉴定该菌株为粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis). SDS-PAGE和纤维蛋白自显影表明该纤溶酶的分子量为37 kD,最适反应温度和pH分别为35℃和7.5,EDTA能完全抑制其纤溶活性,而PMSF对其活性无抑制作用.菌株EF608发酵液不仅可以直接水解纤维蛋白,而且具有体外溶栓的作用,对血红细胞没有溶解作用.[结论]筛选到一株具有纤溶活性的粪肠球菌——EF608,为获取新型纤溶酶提供了一种的新的菌源.     

蛹虫草无性型深层培养液中纤溶酶的分离纯化和酶学性质研究

【目的】确立蛹拟青霉深层培养液中高纯度、高纤溶活性纤溶酶的分离纯化方法并测定其酶学性质。【方法】采用硫酸铵盐析、Sephadex G-25凝胶色谱、Phenyl-Sepharose HP疏水相互作用色谱、CM-Sepharose FF弱阳离子交换色谱和Superdex 75凝胶色谱对蛹拟青霉纤溶酶进行分离。用Lowry法测定蛋白质浓度,纤维蛋白平板法测定其纤溶活性,SDS-PAGE鉴定其纯度并确定其分子量,IEF法测定其等电点。【结果】研究发现,以蔗糖和豆饼为培养基主要基质时,蛹拟青霉深层培养可以产生至少两种纤溶酶。提纯后的纤溶酶Ⅱ比活力达到800.46 U/mg,总纯化倍数为30.07倍。纤溶酶Ⅱ的相对分子量和等电点分别为32 kD和9.3±0.2。纤溶酶Ⅱ是一种糖蛋白,总含糖量为0.98%(W/V)。该酶可以顺次降解人血纤维蛋白(原)的α、β和γ链。其最适作用pH及温度分别为7.4和41°C。Aprotinine与PMSF对该纤溶酶的活性完全抑制,推测此纤溶酶可能是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶。【结论】单一的高纤溶活性纤溶酶的获得和酶学性质的确定,为该酶开发成为新型溶栓药物提供了理论依据。     

血纤维蛋白水解酶的研究进展

血纤维蛋白溶解酶是一类能直接降解血纤维蛋白的酶,在体外其主要来源于微生物、蚯蚓、蛇毒、某些海洋无脊椎动物和海藻等。使用外源的、能直接降解纤维蛋白的酶类可加强血浆纤溶活性,从而达到理想的溶栓效果。这方面的研究在理论研究和治疗学两方面,都有一定的意义。本文综述了这类酶的来源、结构、理化性质、药理作用及临床应用前景。     

重组枯草杆菌纤溶酶的酶学性质研究

对一种重组枯草杆菌纤溶酶 (rBSFE)的酶学性质进行了初步研究 ,结果表明 :酶作用最适温度为 35℃ ;最适反应pH为 8.0 ;酶活性能被PMSF抑制 ,是典型的丝氨酸蛋白酶。通过与尿激酶进行比较 ,发现该酶对纤维蛋白有直接降解作用 ,而对于纤维蛋白原的敏感性则低于尿激酶 ,提示该酶具有直接溶栓作用 ,又不致引起出血 ,是一种有潜力的新型溶栓剂。     

华广虻(Tabanusamaenus Walker)溶纤活性蛋白的纯化及生物活性分析

经过 ７５％ 饱和度硫酸铵沉淀、 Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ ７５ 凝胶过滤层析、 Ｌｙｓ Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４ Ｂ 亲和层析和电泳制备洗脱,从华广虻（ Ｔａｂａｎｕｓ ａｍ ａｅｎｕｓ Ｗ ａｌｋｅｒ）腹部组织匀浆液中分离纯化出分子量约为 ６７ｋ Ｄ 的溶纤活性蛋白 Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ经纤维蛋白平板测定表明, Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ 只具有纤溶酶作用,不具有激活纤溶酶原的作用;但 Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ 能分解纤溶酶原激活剂的生色底物—— Ｃｈｒｏｍ ｏｚｙｍ Ｕ Ｋ 及 Ｓ ２２８８还能水解胰蛋白酶专一底物 Ｂｚ Ｐｈｅ Ｖａｌ Ａｒｇ Ｎ Ａ 及 Ｃ Ｂ Ｚ Ｇｌｙ Ｐｒｏ Ａｒｇ Ｎ Ａ,表明 Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ具有类胰蛋白酶活性,专一水解精氨酸形成的酰胺键（或肽键） Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ无胰凝乳蛋白酶活性      

ut-PA抗PAI-1突变体的构建及在sf-9细胞中的表达

为使嵌合分子 ut- PA获得抗 PAI- 1抑制作用的性质 ,将删除了编码 u- PA中 R1 78- R1 79-H1 80 - R1 81的 1 2个核苷酸的 u- PA c DNA[u- PA( 1 ) ]的 Bam H - Eco R 部分酶切片段 ,克隆到含嵌合蛋白 ut- PA基因的转移载体 p VL 1 392 - ut- PA的相应位点中 ,构建了一个含有新的嵌合蛋白基因 ut- PA( 1 )的转移表达载体 p VL1 392 - ut- PA( 1 ) .在昆虫病毒表达系统 sf- 9细胞中表达该嵌合蛋白基因 ,表达上清具有纤溶性 ,用血纤维蛋白平板法和 S2 4 44 显色底物法分别测得活力为 2 4 8IU/ml和 380 IU/ml     

ut-PA抗PAI-1突变体的构建及在sf-9细胞中的表达

为使嵌合分子 ut- PA获得抗 PAI- 1抑制作用的性质 ,将删除了编码 u- PA中 R1 78- R1 79-H1 80 - R1 81的 1 2个核苷酸的 u- PA c DNA[u- PA( 1 ) ]的 Bam H - Eco R 部分酶切片段 ,克隆到含嵌合蛋白 ut- PA基因的转移载体 p VL 1 392 - ut- PA的相应位点中 ,构建了一个含有新的嵌合蛋白基因 ut- PA( 1 )的转移表达载体 p VL1 392 - ut- PA( 1 ) .在昆虫病毒表达系统 sf- 9细胞中表达该嵌合蛋白基因 ,表达上清具有纤溶性 ,用血纤维蛋白平板法和 S2 4 44 显色底物法分别测得活力为 2 4 8IU/ml和 380 IU/ml     

Construction and characterization of a recombinant chimeric plasminogen activator consisting of a fibrin peptide and a low molecular mass single-chain urokinase

A recombinant chimeric plasminogen activator (f beta/scuPA-32k), with a fibrin beta-chain peptide (comprising Gly15 through Arg 42) linked to the N-terminal of a low molecular mass (32 kDa) single-chain urokinase (scuPA-32k, comprising Leu144 through Leu 411) via a 50 amino acid linker sequence, was produced by expression the corresponding chimeric cDNA in Escherichia coli cells. After refolding in vitro, the chimeric protein was purified to homogeneity by zinc chelate-Sepharose chromatography, Sephacryl S200 chromatography and benzamidine-Sepharose chromatography in sequence. The apparent molecular mass was 36 kDa shown by SDS-PAGE analysis. The special activity was 87,000 IU/mg detected by fibrin plate determination. F beta/scuPA-32k could directly activate plasminogen following Michaelis-Menten kinetics with K(m) = 0.52 microM and k(2) = 0.0024 s(-1). Mediated by plasmin, the single-chain molecule could be converted to the active two-chain molecule. The chimeric protein had 3.3 times higher fibrin affinity than scuPA-32k in the fibrin concentration of 3.2 mg/mL, while the chimeric protein inhibited the fibrin clotting and platelet aggregation. F beta/scuPA-32k showed a higher thrombolytic potency in vitro plasma clot lysis than scuPA-32k and depleted less fibrinogen in plasma. These results showed that the chimeric protein had not only higher fibrinolytic activity but also anti-thrombus activity. Further evaluation of the thrombolytic potential in appropriate animal models is required.     

Kinetic studies on the effect of heparin and fibrin on plasminogen activators.

1. Possible interactions between fibrin(ogen) and heparin in the control of plasminogen activation were studied in model systems using the thrombolytic agents tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), urokinase and streptokinase.plasminogen activator complex and the substrates Glu- and Lys-plasminogen. 2. Both t-PA and urokinase activities were promoted by heparin and by pentosan polysulphate, but not by chondroitin sulphate or hyaluronic acid. The effect was on Km. 3. In the presence of soluble fibrin (and its mimic, CNBr-digested fibrinogen) the effect of heparin on t-PA was attenuated, although not abolished. In studies using a monoclonal antibody and 6-aminohexanoic acid, it was found that heparin and fibrin did not seem to share a binding site on t-PA. 4. The activity of t-PA B-chain was unaffected by heparin, so the binding site is located on the A-chain of t-PA (and urokinase). 5. Fibrin potentiated the activity of heparin on urokinase. The activity of streptokinase.plasminogen was unaffected by heparin whether or not fibrin was present. 6. If these influences of heparin and fibrin also occur in vivo, then, in the presence of heparin, the relative fibrin enhancement of t-PA will be diminished and the likelihood of systemic activation by t-PA is increased.     

A transitional state of pro-urokinase that has a higher catalytic efficiency against glu-plasminogen than urokinase.

Plasminogen activation by single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator or pro-urokinase (pro-UK) is accompanied by the generation of two-chain urokinase (UK) by plasmin which provides a positive feedback. In the present study, the time course of the activation of Glu-plasminogen and of Lys-plasminogen (10 microM) by pro-UK (1.0 nM) was studied. In the presence of native plasminogen (Glu-plasminogen), three distinct phases with different rates of plasmin generation were observed. The initial phase was slow and corresponded to the intrinsic activity of pro-UK as reflected by the activity of a plasmin-resistant mutant (Lys158----Ala). This was followed by a second phase which had the most rapid rate. The third phase had a plasminogen activation rate which was significantly slower than the second and paralleled the rate of activation by UK (1.0 nM). The second phase coincided with the time at which there was only about 50% conversion of pro-UK to UK, whereas the final phase coincided with essentially complete conversion. In the presence of fibrin fragment E-2 (20 microM), previously shown to strongly promote plasminogen activation by pro-UK, the identical phenomenon was observed, but at one-tenth the concentration of pro-UK. The most rapid rate of plasmin generation again coincided with transitional (25-60%) pro-UK to UK conversion. To further examine this phenomenon, the rate of pro-UK to UK conversion was controlled by using kallikrein in the presence of a plasmin inhibitor. In this experiment, the activation of Glu-plasminogen bound to solid-phase fibrin was measured. A similar three-phase sequence was observed, the highest rate of plasmin generation coinciding with about 45% conversion of pro-UK to UK. A mechanism for this transitional state phenomenon was postulated based on the established significantly higher affinity of pro-UK than of UK for Glu-plasminogen. This exceptional property for a proenzyme may enable a transient activity to be generated during the transition from pro-UK to UK corresponding to the more favorable KM of pro-UK and the kcat of UK. This hypothesis was supported by the results from experiments in which Lys-plasminogen was substituted for the Glu form. No transitional state activity was observed, consistent with the relatively high KM of pro-UK against Lys-plasminogen.     

Characterization of a recombinant chimeric plasminogen activator with enhanced fibrin binding

A recombinant chimeric plasminogen activator (GHRP-scu-PA-32K), consisting of the tetrapeptide Gly-His-Arg-Pro fused to the N-terminus of the low-molecular single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (Leu144-Leu411), was produced by expression in CHO cells. The stable expression cell line was selected for large-scale expression. The product was purified by antibody-Sepharose affinity chromatography with a recovery of 67%. The apparent molecular weight of purified GHRP-scu-PA-32K was 33 kDa according to SDS-PAGE. Its specific activity was 150000 IU/mg protein according to fibrin plate determination. The conversion of single-chain to two-chain molecules mediated by plasmin was comparable for GHRP-scu-PA-32K (K(m)=4.9 microM, k(2)=0.35 s(-1)) and scu-PA-32K. The activation of plasminogen by GHRP-scu-PA-32K (K(m)=1.02 microM, k(2)=0.0028 s(-1)) was also similar to that of scu-PA-32K. The fibrin binding of GHRP-scu-PA-32K was 2.5 times higher than that of scu-PA-32K at a fibrin concentration of 3.2 mg/ml. In contrast to scu-PA-32K in vitro 125I-fibrin-labeled plasma clot lysis, GHRP-scu-PA had a higher thrombolytic potency, whereas it depleted less fibrinogen in plasma. These results show that GHRP-scu-PA-32K as expected is a potential thrombolytic agent.     

Incorporation of fragment X into fibrin clots renders them more susceptible to lysis by plasmin

Bleeding, the most serious complication of thrombolytic therapy with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), is thought to result from lysis of fibrin in hemostatic plugs and from the systemic lytic state caused by unopposed plasmin. One mechanism by which systemic plasmin can impair hemostasis is by partially degrading fibrinogen to fragment X, a product that retains clottability but forms clots with reduced tensile strength that stimulate plasminogen activation by t-PA more than fibrin clots. The purpose of this study was to elucidate potential mechanisms by which fragment X accelerates t-PA-mediated fibrinolysis. In the presence of t-PA, clots containing fragment X were degraded faster than fibrin clots and exhibited higher rates of plasminogen activation. Although treatment with carboxypeptidase B, an enzyme that reduces plasminogen binding to fibrin, prolonged the lysis times of fragment X and fibrin clots, clots containing fragment X still were degraded more rapidly. Furthermore, plasmin or trypsin also degraded clots containing fragment X more rapidly than fibrin clots, suggesting that this effect is largely independent of plasminogen activation. Fragment X-derived degradation products were not preferentially released by plasmin from clots composed of equal concentrations of fibrinogen and fragment X, indicating that fragment X does not constitute a preferential site for proteolysis. These data suggest that structural changes resulting from incorporation of fragment X into clots promote their lysis. Thus, attenuation of thrombolytic therapy-induced fragment X formation may reduce the risk of bleeding.     

Conjugation to an antifibrin monoclonal antibody enhances the fibrinolytic potency of tissue plasminogen activator in vitro

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was covalently linked by disulfide bonds to a monoclonal antibody specific for the amino terminus of the beta chain of fibrin (antibody 59D8). The activity of the tPA-59D8 conjugate was compared with that of tPA, urokinase (UK), and a UK-59D8 conjugate. For lysis of fibrin monomer, tPA was 10 times as potent as UK, whereas both UK-59D8 and tPA-59D8 conjugates were 100 times as potent as UK and 10 times as potent as tPA. Conjugation of tPA or UK to antibody 59D8 produced a 3.2-4.5-fold enhancement in clot lysis in human plasma over that of the respective unconjugated plasminogen activator. However, the UK-59D8 conjugate was only as potent as tPA alone. Antibody-conjugated tPA or UK consumed less fibrinogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and plasminogen than did the unconjugated activators, at equipotent fibrinolytic concentrations. Antibody targeting thus appears to increase the concentration of tPA in the vicinity of a fibrin deposit, which thereby leads to enhanced fibrinolysis.     

High-level expression of a novel recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) in the milk of transgenic rabbits and its thrombolytic bioactivity in vitro

The human tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key kinase of fibrinolysis that plays an important role in dissolving fibrin clots to promote thrombolysis. The recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) has more thrombolytic advantages than the wild type tPA. To increase the half-life and thrombolytic activity of tPA, a mutant containing only the essential K2 fibrin-binding and P activating plasminogen domains of the wild type tPA was cloned. This fragment was then inserted into goat β-casein regulatory sequences. Then, a mammary gland-specific expression vector, PCL25/rhPA, was constructed, and the transgenic rabbits were generated. In this study, 18 live transgenic founders (12♀, 6♂) were generated using pronuclear microinjection. Six transgenic rabbits were obtained, and the expression levels of rhPA in the milk had a range of 15.2–630 µg/ml. A fibrin agarose plate assay of rhPA showed that it had strong thrombolytic bioactivity in vitro, and the highest specific activity was >360 (360 times more than that of alteplase). The results indicated that the rhPA containing only the K2 and P domains is efficiently expressed with higher thrombolytic bioactivity in the milk of transgenic rabbits. Our study also demonstrated a new method for the large-scale production of clinically relevant recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in the mammary glands of transgenic rabbits.