Examining Differences between Homebound Older Adult Pet Owners and Non-pet Owners in Depression,Systemic Inflammation,and Executive Function

Homebound older adults are prone to depression, which is linked to systemic inflammation that promotes executive function decline. A companion animal may reduce the negative biobehavioral processes asso- ciated with depression, inflammation, and reduced executive function in homebound older adults. The primary aim of this study was to examine dif- ferences between homebound older adult pet owners and non-pet owners in depression, salivary C-reactive protein (CRP), and executive function. The secondary aim was to determine if the level of attachment to pets was as- sociated with depression, salivary CRP, and executive function. The study was cross-sectional and investigated homebound older adult pet owners and non-pet owners (n = 88) using psychometrically reliable and valid instru- ments (Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form and CLOX 1). Salivary CRP was assessed with immunoassay. Level of attachment to pets was measured using a Likert scale (0–10). Mean age for the total sample was 75 years (SD = 9). Forty-eight (55%) participants owned pets (56% dogs, 25% cats, 4% other pets, 15% both cats and dogs). Pet owners reported a high level of attachment to pets (Median = 10). Pet owners had significantly higher ex- ecutive function than non-pet owners (t = –2.07; p = 0.04) but there were no significant differences in executive function between cat owners and dog owners (t = 1.53; p = 0.14). Pet owners and non-pet owners were similar in depression (t = –1.80, p = 0.08) and salivary CRP levels (t = 0.27, p = 0.79). Level of attachment to pets was significantly and positively correlated with executive function (r = 0.30; p = 0.04) but was not significantly correlated with depression (r = 0.04, p = 0.77) or salivary CRP (r = –0.04, p = 0.80). Compared with non-pet owners, pet owners had better executive function but similar depression and salivary CRP levels. Reasons for these findings are unclear. Significant positive correlation be- tween pet attachment and executive function suggests further investigation in this area. Future studies with larger samples and a longitudinal design are needed to investigate the biobehavioral changes over time in relation to pet ownership, level of attachment to pets, and executive func- tion in homebound older adults.     

Use of Accelerometers to Measure Stress Levels in Shelter Dogs

Stress can compromise welfare in any confined group of nonhuman animals, including those in shelters. However, an objective and practical method for assessing the stress levels of individual dogs housed in a shelter does not exist. Such a method would be useful for monitoring animal welfare and would allow shelters to measure the effectiveness of specific interventions for stress reduction. In this pilot study, activity levels were studied in 13 dogs using accelerometers attached to their collars. Behavioral stress scores as well as urinary and salivary cortisol levels were measured to determine if the dogs' activity levels while confined in the kennel correlated with behavioral and physiological indicators of stress in this population. The results indicated that the accelerometer could be a useful tool to study stress-related activity levels in dogs. Specific findings included a correlation between the salivary cortisol and maximum activity level (r = .62, p = .025) and a correlation between the urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio and average activity level (r = .61, p = .028) among the study dogs. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationship between stress and activity level among dogs in a kennel environment.     

Elephant

ABSTRACT

The aim of this exploratory study was to determine heart rate and the levels of oxytocin, cortisol, and insulin in dogs and their owners in response to a short-term interaction. In addition, the dogs' behavior was studied. The owners' responses were compared with those obtained from a control group. Ten female volunteers and their own male Labrador dogs participated in an experiment during which the owner stroked, petted, and talked with her dog during the first 3 minutes. Blood samples were collected from both dog and owner before (0) and at 1, 3, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the start of the interaction. Blood samples were analyzed by EIA. Heart rate was monitored telemetrically. The data were analyzed using linear mixed models and paired t-tests. The dogs' oxytocin levels were significantly increased 3 minutes after the start of the interaction (p = 0.027). Cortisol levels were significantly increased after 15 and 30 minutes (p = 0.004 and p = 0.022, respectively), and heart rate was significantly decreased after 55 minutes (p = 0.008). The dogs displayed normal behaviors during the experiment. The owners' oxytocin levels peaked between 1 and 5 minutes after interaction (p = 0.026). No such effect was seen in the controls. Cortisol levels displayed a significant decrease at 15 or 30 minutes in both owners and controls, and insulin levels did so at 60 minutes (p = 0.030, p = 0.002 and p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, respectively). Heart rate decreased significantly in the owners at 55 and 60 minutes (p = 0.0008) but not in the controls. In conclusion, short-term sensory interaction between dogs and their owners influences hormonal levels and heart rate. However, further studies need to be performed in order to better understand the effects of interaction between dogs and their owners.     

Self-disclosure with Dogs: Dog Owners’ and Non-dog Owners’ Willingness to Disclose Emotional Topics

Many owners talk to their pets about a wide range of issues, but there is very little research that has considered the content of this, or its impact on owner wellbeing. Verbal disclosure brings a range of potential health benefits, yet a number of factors may prevent individuals from confiding in their partners or friends (confidants). As such, in some circumstances, dogs may provide a more favorable alternative focus for disclosure. In a survey, we assessed dog owners’ (n = 286) and non-dog owners’ (n = 64) self-reported willingness to talk to their dog (dog owners only), their partner and their confidant. We used the Emotional Self Disclosure Scale (ESDS) for non-dog owners, and an adapted version of this for dog owners: Emotional Self Disclosure Scale–Dog Owners (ESDS-DO). Both dog owners and non-dog owners demonstrated a greater willingness to disclose to their partner than a confidant. For dog owners, their dog appeared to play a similar role as their partner, with greater willingness to talk to their dog about depression, jealousy, anxiety, calmness, apathy, and fear-related emotions, compared with a confidant. When talking about jealousy and apathy, dog owners reported greater willingness to talk to their dog than their partner or a confidant, but between-group comparisons (dog owner vs non-dog owner) revealed that dog owners and non-dog owners did not significantly differ in their willingness to talk to their partner or confidant, suggesting human relationships were not negatively affected by confiding to the dog. Participant age and length of relationship with their partner did not affect disclosure patterns for dog owners or non-dog owners. Males and females showed different willingness to disclose to confidants, but not to dogs. The results have implications for considering the value of dogs for human psychological health.     

Dyadic relationships and operational performance of male and female owners and their male dogs

In the paper we investigate how owner personality, attitude and gender influence dog behavior, dyadic practical functionality and the level of dog salivary cortisol. In three meetings, 12 female and 10 male owners of male dogs answered questionnaires including the Neo-FFI human personality inventory. Their dyadic behavior was video-taped in a number of test situations, and saliva samples were collected. Owners who scored highly in neuroticism (Neo-FFI dimension one) viewed their dogs as social supporters and spent much time with them. Their dogs had low baseline cortisol levels, but such dyads were less successful in the operational task. Owners who scored highly in extroversion (Neo-FFI dimension two) appreciated shared activities with their dogs which had relatively high baseline cortisol values. Dogs that had female owners were less sociable-active (dog personality axis 1) than dogs that had male owners. Therefore, it appears that owner gender and personality influences dyadic interaction style, dog behavior and dyadic practical functionality.     

The Effect of a Real Dog,Toy Dog and Friendly Person on Insecurely Attached Children During a Stressful Task: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACT

The regulation of stress by an attachment figure is a key feature of attachment relationships. Previous research suggests that in some cases animal companionship may be regarded as an attachment relationship. This may be particularly important for persons with an insecure or disorganized attachment pattern who may find it more difficult than securely attached individuals to accept social support from humans. In our study, we investigated whether 31 boys (aged 7–12 years) with insecure/disorganized attachment would profit more from the presence of a dog (n = 11) than of a friendly human (n = 11) or a toy dog (n = 9) as support during a socially stressful situation (Trier Social Stress Test for Children, TSST-C). Stress levels were assessed via salivary cortisol recorded five times before, during, and after the TSST-C. The behavior of the children was coded from video recordings. Self-reported stress levels did not significantly differ between the groups before and after the TSST-C. Salivary cortisol, however, was significantly lower in the real dog condition than in the other two conditions (Kruskal-Wallis H test on area under the curve increase (AUCi): χ² = 15.17, df = 2, p = 0.001). Also, the more the children stroked the dog, the less pronounced was their stress reaction (r_s = ?0.818, p = 0.002). Our data suggest an important role of physical contact in the stress reducing effect. We conclude that the children investigated profited more from interacting with a friendly dog than with either a human or a toy dog in a stressful situation. We discuss the relevance of our findings for animal-assisted interventions.     

The Impact of Abbreviated Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Salivary Cortisol and Salivary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA)

This study examined the acute effects of relaxation training on salivary cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Members of age- and gender-matched undergraduate student pairs were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Forty-one experimental subjects were led through Abbreviated Progressive Relaxation Training (APRT) during a 1-h laboratory session; 14 control subjects merely sat quietly in the laboratory for an equal amount of time. All subjects provided pre- and post-intervention saliva samples and self-report data on state anxiety, perceived stress, and relaxation levels. Heart rate was also monitored immediately before and after APRT or quiet sitting. Results indicated that a brief relaxation exercise led to experimental subjects having significantly lower levels of post-intervention salivary cortisol (p = .036) and significantly higher levels of post-intervention sIgA concentration (p < .001) and secretion rate (p < .001) than control subjects. The data suggest that relaxation training may play a role in immunoenhancement.     

CIRCADIAN PATTERN OF BLOOD PRESSURE,HEART RATE,AND DOUBLE PRODUCT IN LIVER GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE

The objective of this study was to determine systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and MAP), heart rate (HR), double-product (DP: SBP×HR), and activity levels and their 24h pattern in liver glycogen storage disease (LGSD) patients. A case series of 12 (11 pediatric and one adult) diurnally active LGSD (seven type I, three type III, and two type IX) subjects were simultaneously assessed by 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and wrist actigraphy. Nine subjects were judged to be hypertensive based on the criterion of an elevated 24h mean SBP and/or DBP being elevated beyond reference standards or the SBP and/or DBP load (percentage of time BP exceeds normal values) being greater than 25%. Two of the three other subjects, not viewed as hypertensive based on their 24h average SBP or DBP, exhibited daytime or nighttime SBP and/or DBP load hypertension. Each study variables displayed statistically significant (p<0.001) group circadian rhythmicity. The SBP, DBP, and MAP displayed comparable 24h patterns of appreciable amplitude (total peak–trough variation equal to 17.7, 23.6, and 19.6%, respectively, of the 24h mean) with highest values (orthophase) occurring ～11 h after the commencement of daytime activity. The sleep-time trough (bathyphase) occurred ～4.5 h before morning awakening. The statistically significant (p<0.006) circadian rhythms of HR (amplitude equal to 33.2% of the 24h mean) and DP (amplitude equal to 49.4% of the 24h mean) peaked earlier, ～7.4 h into the daytime activity span. The sleep-time trough occurred ～3 h before morning awakening. The 24h pattern in the cardiovascular variables was correlated with the 24h pattern of activity, with r ranging from 0.50 for DBP to 0.39 for HR.     

依托咪酯用于乳腺癌手术的麻醉效果及对患者应激水平和术后苏醒质量的影响

目的:探讨依托咪酯用于乳腺癌手术的麻醉效果及对患者应激水平和术后苏醒质量的影响。方法:选择我院2017年7月～2018年7月收治的93例乳腺癌患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组(43例)和研究组(50例),对照组予以丙泊酚静脉维持麻醉,研究组予以依托咪酯静脉维持麻醉,比较两组不同时点促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、醛固酮、皮质醇水平、心率(HR)、舒张压(DBP)、收缩压(SBP)、Ramsay镇静评分,术后苏醒质量和不良反应的发生情况。结果:气管插管时,研究组ACTH浓度较麻醉诱导前上升,醛固酮、皮质醇浓度相应下降,对照组ACTH、醛固酮、皮质醇均较麻醉诱导前上升,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后24 h,两组ACTH、醛固酮、皮质醇较麻醉诱导前无统计学意义(P0.05);气管插管时,对照组HR、DBP、SBP均上升,研究组变化不明显,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05);拔管后即刻,两组Ramsay评分较麻醉诱导前下降,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组拔管时间、睁眼时间、定向力恢复时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组总不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:依托咪酯用于乳腺癌手术可获得良好的麻醉效果,能够抑制机体应激反应,维持血流动力学的稳定,术后苏醒质量满意,安全性高。     

Biopsychosocial Factors and Cognitive Function in Cat Ownership and Attachment in Community-dwelling Older Adults

ABSTRACT

Few studies consider the health benefits of pet ownership from a biopsychosocial perspective, and a paucity of studies investigate cat ownership. The current study was designed to determine if psychosocial factors (stress, loneliness, and depression), biological levels of stress and inflammation (salivary cortisol, interleukin-1β, and C-reactive protein [CRP]), and cognitive function were associated with companion cat ownership/attachment in community-dwelling older adults. Community-dwelling older adults (n = 96, mean age = 76.6 years) who either owned a cat and no dog (n = 41) or owned neither a cat nor a dog (n = 55) completed questionnaires (Perceived Stress Scale, Revised–UCLA Loneliness Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale) and provided saliva specimens which were assayed for stress and inflammatory biomarkers. The majority of participants screened positive for mild cognitive impairment, reported low levels of stress, loneliness, and depression, and the biomarkers reflected fairly low levels of stress and inflammation. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that psychosocial factors, salivary biomarkers, and cognitive function were not significantly associated with cat ownership. Age was the only significant predictor of cat ownership (OR = 0.92, p < 0.01) with the odds of cat ownership decreasing by 8.3% per year of advancing age. On average, cat owners were “somewhat attached” to their cats; however, 26% were “strongly attached” to their cats. Correlation analyses revealed the level of attachment to cats was not associated with study outcomes. These results show that cat ownership declined with each advancing year, which lessens the opportunity for older adults to form attachment bonds. The level of pet attachment supports the consideration of cats as a source of an attachment relationship for older adults, including those with cognitive impairment.     

Validation of a Health-related Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire for Owners of Dogs with Heart Disease

ABSTRACT

In humans, heart disease is associated with high caregiver burden and stress, which can negatively affect the health-related quality of life (hrQoL) of both patient and caregiver. The effect of a dog’s heart disease on owners’ hrQoL has not been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and validate a hrQoL questionnaire for owners of dogs with heart disease, with the hypothesis that heart disease would impact the hrQoL of owners. Owners of dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy were eligible for the study. A 7-item questionnaire was developed, with a possible range of scores from 0–35 (higher scores indicated worse owner hrQoL). The questionnaire was self-administered by owners and results were analyzed to determine validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency. The Functional EvaluaTion of Cardiac Health (FETCH) questionnaire was used to assess dogs’ hrQoL. Two hundred and seventeen owners of dogs with heart disease were enrolled. Median owner hrQoL score was 6 (range, 0–31) and median FETCH hrQoL score was 7 (range, 0–70). The owner hrQoL score was correlated with the FETCH score (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) and severity of dogs’ disease (r = 0.53, p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability was high (r = 0.83, p < 0.001). These results suggest that the owner hrQoL questionnaire has good reliability and validity, and that further testing of this questionnaire is warranted to optimize communication with owners regarding the care of dogs with heart disease.     

依托咪酯联合丙泊酚用于老年精神疾病患者行无抽搐电休克治疗的安全性分析

目的:探讨依托咪酯联合丙泊酚用于老年精神疾病患者行无抽搐电休克治疗的安全性。方法:选取我院准备进行无抽搐电休克治疗的≥60岁的老年精神疾病患者96例,随机分为依托咪酯组、丙泊酚组和依托咪酯联合丙泊酚组,每组32例。丙泊酚组予以2 mg/kg丙泊酚静注后给予改良电抽搐疗法(MECT)治疗,依托咪酯组予以0.3 mg/kg依托咪酯静注后给予改良电抽搐疗法(MECT)治疗,依托咪酯联合丙泊酚组予以依托咪酯(0.15 mg/kg)和静注丙泊酚(1 mg/kg)后予以改良电抽搐疗法(MECT)治疗。分别于麻醉诱导前、诱导中、电刺激即刻、电刺激后5分钟、10分钟检测患者的心率及血压指标。结果:与麻醉诱导前相比,三组患者麻醉诱导后HR、SBP、DBP均下降(P0.05),电刺激即刻HR、SBP、DBP均明显升高(P0.05);与电刺激即刻相比,三组患者电刺激后5 min HR、SBP、DBP显著下降(P0.05);与丙泊酚组及依托咪酯组相比,依托咪酯联合丙泊酚组麻醉诱导后HR较低,电刺激即刻HR、SBP、DBP水平较低(P0.05)。托咪酯联合丙泊酚组不良反应发生率低于依托咪酯组、丙泊酚组(P0.05)。结论:依托咪酯联合丙泊酚组在老年精神障碍患者进行无抽搐电休克治疗时的安全性较单用依托咪酯组或丙泊酚更高。     

8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine,reactive oxygen species and ambulatory blood pressure in African and Caucasian men: The SABPA study

Abstract

Various studies indicate a relationship between increased oxidative stress and hypertension, resulting in increased DNA damage and consequent excretion of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). The aim of this study was to compare urinary 8-oxodG levels in African and Caucasian men and to investigate the association between ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and pulse pressure (PP) with 8-oxodG in these groups.

We included 98 African and 92 Caucasian men in the study and determined their ambulatory BP and PP. Biochemical analyses included, urinary 8-oxodG, reactive oxygen species (ROS) (measured as serum peroxides), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity.

The African men had significantly higher systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (both p < 0.001). Assessment of the oxidative stress markers indicated significantly lower 8-oxodG levels (p < 0.001) in the African group. The African men also had significantly higher ROS (p = 0.002) with concomitant lower FRAP (p < 0.001), while their GSH levels (p = 0.013) and GR activity (p < 0.001) were significantly higher. Single and partial regression analyses indicated a negative association between urinary 8-oxodG levels with SBP, DBP and PP only in African men. These associations were confirmed in multiple regression analyses (SBP: R² = 0.41; β = ?0.25; p = 0.002, DBP: R² = 0.30; β = ?0.21; p = 0.022, PP: R² = 0.30; β = ?0.19; p = 0.03).

Our results revealed significantly lower urinary 8-oxodG in African men, accompanied by a negative association with BP and PP. We propose that this may indicate a dose-response relationship in which increased oxidative stress may play a central role in the up-regulation of antioxidant defence and DNA repair mechanisms.     

双侧股神经阻滞用于双膝关节置换术患者的麻醉效果和对血清炎性因子水平的影响

目的:研究双侧股神经阻滞术用于双膝关节置换术患者麻醉效果和对患者血清炎性因子水平的影响。方法:选择2015年10月～2018年10月在我院进行双膝关节置换术的110例患者,按照其入院顺序经随机数字表法分为两组,每组55例。对照组采用全身麻醉,研究组采用双侧股神经阻滞联合全身麻醉。比较两组的麻醉情况,治疗前后血清炎性因子白介素6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、舒张压(DBP)、收缩压(SBP)、心率(HR)水平的变化。结果:两组麻醉时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);研究组拔管、恢复室停留和苏醒时间均显著短于对照组(P0.05)。两组术后24 h、48 h血清炎性因子IL-6、CRP水平均高于术前,但研究组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组术中DBP、SBP、HR水平均较术前显著降低(P0.05),但研究组DBP、SBP、HR水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),两组术后DBP、SBP、HR水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与单纯采用全身麻醉相比,双侧股神经阻滞可有效改善双膝关节置换术患者的麻醉效果,并降低其血清炎症因子和稳定其血流动力学。     

Companion-Animals’ Effectiveness in Managing Chronic Pain in Adult Community Members

ABSTRACT

Therapy animals have been found to alleviate pain in healthcare settings, but companion-animal owners report greater discomfort and use more analgesics than people who do not own one or more companion animals. To investigate this anomaly, 173 adults completed an online survey that included questions about themselves and any companion animal they owned, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales, the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and a modified version of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-42. Participants were also invited to contact the researchers to expand on their responses in a semi-structured interview, to which seven owners responded. There was no significant difference between reported pain levels in owners versus non-owners. However, companion-animal owners who reported actively using human–animal interactions to manage their pain rated this as moderately helpful and reported lower pain levels than other owners. There were also no significant differences between owners’ and non-owners’ anxiety or stress levels. Companion-animal owners reported more depressive symptoms than non-owners, but owners with animals perceived as more friendly reported fewer depressive symptoms. Dog owners comprised most of the sample and, for these participants, there was a negative association between perceived dog friendliness and levels of depression and anxiety. Those with more disobedient dogs also experienced greater stress. Interviewees reported that their companion animals helped them cope with pain in many ways, including provision of social and emotional support and by providing a sense of purpose in life. These findings indicate that some, but not all, companion animals may be beneficial for participants with chronic pain. Since the benefits appear to be associated with the species and personality of the animal, and with whether the person actively uses human–animal interactions as a pain-coping mechanism, care should be taken before recommending companion-animal ownership to persons suffering from chronic pain.     

Pet owner behaviors and attachment to yard versus house dogs

Abstract

The majority of research on the human–nonhuman animal bond has considered its advantages for the human. Research investigating the benefits of the bond for the companion animal has focused primarily on the relationship between owner attachment and the relinquishment or abandonment of pets. Shore, Douglas and Riley (2005) compiled a list of 67 behaviors of pet owners of potential benefit to the dog or cat, categorized the behaviors as Essential, Standard, Enriched, or Luxury Care, and studied the relationship between these behaviors and a measure of attachment. The present study continues the investigation of more routine pet-keeping activities by examining the prevalence of such behaviors among a subset of dog owners who keep their dogs out of doors as compared with those whose dogs live primarily in the house. Participants were 322 largely non-traditional college students at a university in the Midwestern United States. Scores on two attachment measures were significantly higher for owners of house dogs as compared with those of owners of yard dogs. Although the majority of both house and yard dogs received basic care, fewer yard dogs received as high levels of attention to some of their physical and safety needs. The gap between yard and house dogs widened as the category of care moved from Essential to Enriched. Involvement in agility training, being taken to events for pets, and exercising with a member of the family were notable exceptions, in that they occurred in equal proportions for yard and house dogs, and perhaps represent opportunities for yard dogs to be in closer contact with a human caretaker. The results suggest that adoptions of sheltered or rescued dogs to people who plan to keep the pet outside can be made with confidence that the dog will be cared for, but that programs to educate the public on the social needs of dogs and the benefits of keeping dogs indoors might result in increased attention to the needs of the animals, strengthening of the human–nonhuman animal bond, and reduction of relinquishment.     

Physiological Effects of Slot Play in Women

The purpose of this study is to describe the physiological responses occurring during slot gambling in 23 females with problematic and non-problematic gambling backgrounds in two sites: at a casino using their own money and at a casino laboratory without wagering money. Using the National Opinion Research Center Diagnostic Screen (NODS), 12 women were not-at-risk gamblers and 11 were at-risk, problem, or pathological gamblers. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), skin conductance (SC), and skin temperature (ST) were measured for 5 min before gambling (baseline), 10 min while gambling, and 5 min after gambling (recovery). In the casino, SBP (p = .001), DBP (p = .031), HR (p = .030), and RR (p = 004) rose during gambling and fell during recovery; ST rose throughout the study (p = .006). There were no differences between subjects based on NODS score. A total of 12 subjects were also studied in the laboratory. SBP (p = .004), DBP (p = .000); HR (p = .023); RR (p = .000) and SC (p = .002) rose during gambling and fell during recovery; ST rose throughout the study (p = .006). There were no significant differences by location. The observed effects suggest that females find slot play physiologically arousing, with or without financial stakes, because physiological changes were consistent with an arousal response.     

不同麻醉方法对二氧化碳气腹致应激激素和循环功能的影响

目的：观察比较全麻和全麻复合硬膜外麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）时,对CO2气腹致应激激素和循环功能的影响。方法：40例LC患者随机分为全麻组（A组,n=20）和全麻复合硬膜外麻醉组（B组,n=20）,连续监测SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、ECG、SpO2、PETCO2,记录两组患者麻醉前（T1）、插管后（T2）、气腹后10min（T3）、气腹后20min（T4）和放气后10min（T5）的SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、同时抽静脉血测定血糖（Glu）、血浆皮质醇（Cor）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）和血管紧张素-Ⅱ（AT-Ⅱ）。结果：T1时两组所有检测值比较差异无显著性（P＆gt;0.05）;在T2、T3、T4、T5时A组SBP、DBP、MAP值明显升高,B组较基础值下降,组间差异显著（P＆lt;0.05）;气腹建立后A组HR,Glu、Cor、ACTH、AT-Ⅱ明显上升（P＆lt;0.05）,B组无显著变化（P＆gt;0.05）,（除ACTH外）组间差异显著（P＆lt;0.05）。结论：全麻复合硬膜外麻醉用于LC手术时,能相对更好的的抑制CO2气腹所致应激激素的升高,使循环更稳定。