蔬菜害虫防治技术的发展与应用

<正> 我国幅员广、气候差异大、蔬菜品种多、茬口复杂、其害虫种类已达300多种,重要的有40余种。其发生情况常因蔬菜品种、栽培制度、气候类型不同而异。其     

轻型飞机防治森林害虫技术

论述海燕650B轻型飞机防治森林害虫的作业技术,系统探讨诸因素与防治效果和作业效率的关系。结果表明,海燕650B轻型飞机在风速小于3m/s,飞行高度在10-25m间,作业速度110km/h时,利用超低量喷洒技术,运用风动式雾化器喷洒白僵菌生物制剂与化学农药的混合剂防治森林害虫,防治效果好,经济效益高。     

枇杷害虫发生与防治技术研究

调查研究结果表明,福建枇杷发生常见害虫约35种。叶部主要害虫有枇杷瘤蛾、苹掌舟蛾,在6-8月份发生为害叶片;果实主要害虫有燕灰蝶、长卷蛾,在3-5月份发生为害果实。研究应用90％万灵WP和10％吡虫灵WP防治低龄瘤蛾幼虫,效果分别为92.61％和90.34％;采用喷5％齐螨素结合套袋（牛皮纸）保果能有效控制果蛀虫的为害,防效为96.5％。     

不同光波及光强度下棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)成虫的行为反应

运用室内行为实验方法研究了不同波长单色光和白光刺激刺激的棉铃虫「Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａ ａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（Ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）」成虫趋光、避光反应及其与光强度之间的相互关系,结果显示：（１）一定时间暗适应的棉铃虫蛾对单光和白光刺激均具有趋光行为反应,依其趋光反应率大小,其光谱反应曲线在３４０－６０５ｎｍ波谱范围内,表现为大小较复杂上峰,其中两个峰分别在蓝光区４８３ｎｍ、紫外３４０ｎｍ,另外近紫外的４０ｎ     

标志技术在研究小皱蝽成虫种群特征中的应用

应用标志－释放－回收技术研究小皱蝽成虫的主要种群特征,结果如下：（１）成虫扩散的偏离度Ｋｕ＝２．４,为一阶峻开曲线;（２）分别用Ｐｅｔｅｒｓｏｎ和Ｊａｃｋｓｏｎ方法对种群蜜度进行了估计,结果表明,Ｊａｃｋｓｏｎ的方法较好;（３）雄虫平均寿命４０－４５,虫平均寿命１２０－１３０。天。     

红麻全杆贮存期害虫研究——红麻全杆贮存期害虫名录及检索表

当今,红麻全杆（含皮)是造纸的一种新原料,采用红麻全杆制浆造纸．可节省大量木材和进口纸浆的外汇,前景十分广阔。但是,原料的安全贮存,是当前亟待解决的关键性问题．而影响原料的安全贮存．主要是虫害问题。虫害结果,致使红麻全杆造纸的纸浆得率和质量显下降(一般得率降低5-10％);而全杆重量损失大大上升(一般重量损失10-20％)。为了充分开发红麻全杆造纸,1992-1994年我们进行了红麻全杆贮存期害虫的综合防治研究。该研究系安徽省重点科研计划项目。本报道红麻全杆贮存期害虫名录及成虫检索表,为该研究的内容之一。(含螨)     

利用自然控制因素防治棉花害虫

长期以来,我国对棉花害虫的防治主要依靠化学农药。进入80年代,由于对取代有机氯农药的菊醋类杀虫剂长期不节制高频次单一使用,甚至滥用,棉蚜AphisgossypiiGlover、棉铃虫Heliothisarmigera（Hubner）对其抗性迅速产生,不仅防治费用增加,还严重污染了生态环境。因此研究和探索利用自然控制因素防治棉花害虫有重要意义[1]。我国利用自然控制因素防治棉花害虫有如下几方面情况：1耕作制度的改变大面积种植单一作物,缺乏桥梁食物,昆虫群落结构简单,常发性害虫的大发生频率就高;作物相复杂,混种程度高,昆虫群落组成较复杂,天敌昆…     

草坪害虫淡剑袭夜蛾生物学及防治技术的研究

淡剑袭夜蛾（Sidemia depravata Butler)在山东草坪草上1年发生4－5代,危害盛期在7－8月。田间发生量以冷季型草托亚黑麦草上最多,猎狗高羊茅和午夜早熟禾次之,暖季型草牙根上最少。4种草坪草品种对其幼虫发育历期、雌雄蛹重、单雌产卵量和存活率均有影响,但对蛹期影响不大。管理措施对幼虫的发生量有显影响,以长势好、田间湿度大、刈草不及时的地块发生重。拟除虫菊酯类的夜蛾必杀和高效氯氰菊酯。有机磷类的敌百虫、辛硫磷和奎硫磷对该虫都很敏感,在常用浓度下防效均达95％以上。Bt乳剂和灭幼脲3号对低龄期幼虫防治效果高,但速效性差。     

山东省棉花害虫的发生和综合防治技术

菏泽市地处鲁西南 ,是山东重点棉区之一 ,常年种植面积 1 0万 hm2 - 30万 hm2。棉蚜、棉铃虫是棉花害虫的优势种 ,自九十年代以来 ,由于生态、气候、品种等变化 ,对棉花害虫发生产生了较大影响 ,同时给防治工作提出了新的问题 ,为此我们进行了以防治棉铃虫为主的棉花害虫综合治理技术的研究 [1 - 5] ,现综述如下 :1　棉花种植结构的变化二十世纪九十年代以来 ,菏泽市棉花种植结构发生了显著变化。一是由于种植结构调整 ,蔬菜、果树面积扩大 ,棉花种植面积调减。 2 0 0 1年全市植棉 1 9.5万 hm2 ,较 1 992年 2 9.6万hm2 减少 34.2 % ;二是纯…     

Computer-aided technology for regional pest management: Towards agricultural sustainability

Sustainable agriculture is commonly accepted in China and is practised by means of agro-ecological engineering. Large scale agricultural production, supported by advanced technology and the dissemination of eco-agricultural knowledge, will be more important in the future. With the development of integrated pest management, increasing evidence suggests that, large- and very-large-scale ecological engineering techniques must be developed and used. Also, computer-aided techniques such as geographical information systems and expert systems offer a more effective way to resolve new problems in pest management. As a pilot investigation using computer-aided technology for regional pest management in China, a vegetable production information and decision system, BJ-CABBAGIS, has been developed. Design of the system, supporting software and hardware for its development, and its function and preliminary application are presented in detail.     

神经网络预警系统及其在害虫预测中的应用

利用神经网络的基本原理 ,结合气象因子以及江苏通州市田间褐飞虱发生程度的实测数据 ,建立了该地的神经网络长期预警系统。经实例验证 ,该方法的预测精度达 80 % ,为害虫的长期可预测性提供了一种新的方法     

A transgene-based,embryo-specific lethality system for insect pest management

Biological approaches to insect pest management offer alternatives to pesticidal control. In area-wide control programs that cover entire regions, the sterile insect technique (SIT) can be used to successfully suppress economically important pest species by the mass release of sterilized pest organisms. However, conventional sterilization by ionizing radiation reduces insect fitness, which can result in reduced competitiveness of the sterilized insects. Here we report a transgene-based, dominant embryonic lethality system that allows for generation of large quantities of competitive but sterile insects without the need of irradiation. The system involves the ectopic expression of a hyperactive pro-apoptotic gene that causes embryo-specific lethality when driven by the tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) under the regulation of a cellularization gene enhancer-promoter. We have successfully tested this system in Drosophila melanogaster. The embryonic lethality can be suppressed maternally, which will allow it to be combined with transgenic female-specific lethality systems to raise only vigorous but sterile males.     

油菜田害虫调查及蚜虫防治药剂筛选

田间调查试验表明,合肥市油菜田害虫的发生种类有15种,主要害虫为蚜虫类、油菜潜叶蝇Phytomyza horticola、小菜蛾Plutella maculipennis和菜青虫Pieris rapae。其中,以蚜虫类危害最重,全生育期在冬、春季各有一个峰值。油菜苗期以萝卜蚜、小菜蛾危害较重,后期以桃蚜Myzus persicae、油菜潜叶蝇危害较重。蚜虫防治药剂筛选试验表明,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治蚜虫药效高,持效期长,且对油菜安全,10%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂和25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂防效也较好,可作为70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂的轮换药剂。     

Pheromone trapping models for insect pest control

Pheromones have recently been suggested for use in insect pest control. We formulate a discrete version of a model with virgin females (or female equivalent of pheromone) in traps, and explore conditions under which this mechanism can eradicate the pest. Our model is density independent, thus when eradication is not possible, the pest increases without bound, in reality density dependent effects limit population growth. Successive refinements incorporating various features, show that delayed mating together with monogamy has a strong influence on the outcome, whereas other aspects of mating behaviour are relatively unimportant. All our models show that when males are in excess control is impossible but when some virgins are left unmated each day the outcome depends on the parameters. As the birth rate or survivorship increase, control by this method becomes more difficult.     

Cry1C蛋白对4种棉花害虫的致死效果

【背景】苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bt)属革兰氏阳性细菌,是目前世界上应用最广泛的杀虫剂。来自Bt的Cry1Ac基因自1997年商业化以来,其产生的蛋白对棉铃虫、红铃虫等鳞翅目害虫起到了很好的控制作用。但该基因对甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、玉米螟等害虫的控制作用较差,因此,需要寻找新的Bt基因亚型控制上述害虫。【方法】将Cry1C蛋白加到人工饲料上形成药膜后,接入低龄幼虫进行生物测定,以常规不加毒蛋白的饲料为对照,计算1、3、5、7 d后不同害虫的校正死亡率。【结果】随着Cry1C蛋白浓度的增加及时间的延长,甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的校正死亡率逐渐升高,Cry1C浓度为10μg·m L-1时,处理7 d后,甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的校正死亡率分别为100%和85.42%,表明甜菜夜蛾比斜纹夜蛾更敏感,而棉铃虫和玉米螟对Cry1C蛋白的敏感性较差。【结论与意义】Cry1C基因可作为控制棉田甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的有价值的候选基因,但是对棉铃虫和玉米螟无效。该研究为筛选新的Bt基因亚型用于防治不同的棉花害虫提供了数据参考。     

我国农业害虫综合防治研究现状与展望

害虫综合防治作为农业生产的一项重要策略,在农业可持续发展中具有举足轻重的作用。近年来,针对我国害虫防治所存在的技术需求,科技部等部门先后通过973计划、863计划、科技支撑计划和农业行业专项等对重要害虫防治研究立项支持。通过这些项目的实施,我国建成了一支由国家和省级科研单位和大学组成的专业科研队伍和研究平台,对害虫监测预警技术、基于生物多样性保护利用的生态调控技术、害虫生物防治技术、化学防治技术、抗虫转基因作物利用技术等方面的研究取得了一系列的重要进展,研究建立了棉花、水稻、玉米、小麦和蔬菜等作物重要害虫的综合防治技术体系,并在农业生产中发挥了重要作用。以基因工程和信息技术为代表的第二次农业技术革命的到来,推动了害虫综合防治的理论发展,为害虫综合防治技术的广泛应用提供了新的机遇。地理信息系统、全球定位系统等信息技术和计算机网络技术的应用,提高了对害虫种群监测和预警的能力和水平,转基因抗虫作物的商业化种植等技术的应用显著增强了对害虫种群的区域性调控效率。针对产业结构调整和全球气候变化所带来的害虫新问题,进一步发展IPM新理论与新技术将成为我国农业昆虫学研究的重要方向之一。     

Comparative conventional preventive strategies for insect pest of okra

The use of natural substances for pest control in agriculture is economically viable. It benefits both the human being and the environment due to its low persistence and toxicity. Therefore, the biopesticidal potential of three- plants-derived extracts (clove [Syzygium aromaticum], Hing [Hing (Asafetida)], and Wood Ash [Eucalyptus globulas]) was evaluated against different ' 'insect's pests on five okra varieties. All the treatments were sprayed at two stages, 1st before flowering and 2nd at the fruit-bearing stage. The results of the 24 h pre-spray revealed that the mean density of Aphis gossypii, Erias insulana, and Bemisia tabaci were significantly lower on a Shehzadi variety. However, among the treatments mean density of the A. gossypii and E. insulana after 1st and 2nd treatments were substantially more bass with E. globulas. Moreover, the Mean density of aphids was significantly lower after 72 h and 1-week time intervals. Furthermore, after 1st and 2nd treatments, the B. tabaci was considerably lower with hing on Shehzadi variety. It was found in the present study that the yield of five okra varieties was affected significantly by the application of the three treatments-pesticides. Among the various treatments, the application with E. globulas recorded a considerably higher crop yield. Therefore, clove, hing and E. globulas could be effective as alternative pest management methods. Furthermore, biopesticides generally are encouraged since they can proffer the solution of controlling insect pests without any environmental concern.     

Ontogeny of the circadian system controlling release of sperm from the insect testis.

In the gypsy moth, the release of sperm bundles from the testis into the vas deferens is rhythmic and is controlled by a circadian pacemaker located in the reproductive system. However, in males kept since pupation in constant darkness (DD) and temperature, the release of sperm was arrhythmic. The release of sperm became rhythmic when males were transferred from a light-dark cycle (LD 16:8) to DD 6-7 days after pupation. To further investigate the development of the circadian system during the pupal stage, we exposed DD pupae to a single 8-hr pulse of light or 8-hr pulse of a 4 degrees C temperature increase on different days after pupation. The pattern of sperm release was determined 5-6 days after the pulse. Males that were exposed to light or temperature pulses 5 days after pupation subsequently showed nonrhythmic sperm release. However, about half of the pupae that received the pulse on day 6 and most of the pupae that received it on day 7 subsequently showed synchronized sperm release. These results suggested that the clock underlying rhythmic release of sperm becomes operational at approximately 6 days after pupation--that is, 2 days prior to initiation of rhythmic sperm release from the testis.